Medical Advisor Journals : June 2017

Friday, June 30, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid cancer and I-131 therapy

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), produced by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in regulation of metabolism, including directly boosts energy metabolism and triggers rapid protein synthesis and regulates mitochondrial gene transcription, etc. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3and T4, deficiency of Iodine can lead to enlarge thyroid grand and goitre.

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid cancer and I-131 therapy

In the study in overview of the benefits of I-131 therapy for ablation, adjuvant treatment, and treatment of locoregional and/or metastasis of well-differentiatedthyroid cancer and considers the risks of complications of I-131 therapy, showed that although there are never-ending controversies regarding I-131 therapy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer, the benefits and risks are becoming better understood. This in turn helps the treating physician and patient in making decisions regarding therapy(63).

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(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001720

Thursday, June 29, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid hormone: Treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is known to have a poor prognosis due to its aggressive and rapid metastasis with median survival of less than 6 months. In a retrospectively reviewed medical records of 13 anaplastic thyroid cancer patients who received multidisciplinary treatment between 2006 and 2010, showed thatthe median patient age at diagnosis was 69 years, and six patients had stage IVc diseases. Eight patients received primary surgery followed by radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Five patients received weekly doxorubicin-based definitive CCRT, but only one patient's condition remained stable, while the rest experienced rapid disease progression. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months (95% CI, 1.2-4.4 months), and the median overall survival was 3.8 months (95% CI, 3.0-4.6 months)(62).

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(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318823

Wednesday, June 28, 2017

Thyroid hormone Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid hormone Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

In the study to to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ATC expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, with the goal of finding differences between patients surviving ≥6 months and <6 months, found that ATC showed female predominance. Patients initially presented with neck mass, and median age was 55 years. In patients with ATC who are expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, surgery should actively be considered as primary therapy for patient survival when the size is <5 cm(61).

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(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22977757

Tuesday, June 27, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid Nodule Size and Cancer

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid Nodule Size and Cancer

In the study to evaluate the association of nodule size upon cancer risk in a retrospective cohort analysis at an academic hospital with 4955 consecutive patients evaluated between 1995 and 2009, found that Increasing thyroid nodule size impacts cancer risk in a nonlinear fashion. A threshold is detected at 2.0 cm, beyond which cancer risk is unchanged. However, the risk of follicular carcinomas and other rare thyroid malignancies increases as nodules enlarge(60).

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(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23275525

Monday, June 26, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (HMTC)

Thyroid hormone: Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (HMTC)

In the study to investigate the role of germline inheritance of polymorphisms in CYP1A2*F, CYP1A1m1, GSTP1, NAT2 and TP53 genes in hereditary medullarythyroid carcinoma (HMTC) patients of 132 patients with HMTC, 88 first-degree relatives of HMTC patients and 575 control individuals, found that
the inheritance of specific genes determining the individual response to environmental toxins may contribute to the risk and phenotypic variability that exists in patients with HMTC(59).

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(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23278115

Sunday, June 25, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood

Thyroid function in pregnancy is characterised by a T4 surge at 12 weeks declining thereafter. Fetal brain development depends on T4 transport into the fetus which in turn depends on sufficient maternal iodine supply. In the study to measure free T4 using direct equilibrium dialysis, as well as total T4 and TSH in 287 pregnant women at 27 weeks' gestation, found that Increasing maternal TSH was related to better performance on tests of cognition and language at 12 months but not at later ages. At 60 months, there was inconsistent evidence that higher TSH was related to improved attention. We found no convincing evidence that maternal TH during the second half of pregnancy was related to impaired child neurodevelopment(58).

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(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22132346

Saturday, June 24, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy

In the study to evaluate the intellectual development of children of mothers who had M-SCH during the pregnancy for these children with 68 children were recruited, after excluding those age < 4 or age > 15, 44, found that IQ level and cognitive performance of children born to LT4-treated hypothyroid mothers is similar in those whose mothers have M-SCH during pregnancy compared with those whose mothers have normal serum TSH concentrations during pregnancy(57).

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(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943136

Friday, June 23, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid physiology and common diseases in pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid physiology and common diseases in pregnancy

Thyroid diseases are common during pregnancy and an adequate treatment is important to prevent adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, such as neurodevelopment complications in the fetus. According to the study by Artemisia Fetal-Maternal Medical Center, found that large-scale intervention trials are urgently needed to assess the efficacy of preconception or early pregnancy screening for thyroid disorders. Accurate interpretation of both antepartum and postpartum levels of thyroid hormones is important in preventing pregnancy-related complication secondary to thyroid dysfunction(56).

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(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22419883

Thursday, June 22, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone levels and vegetative dysfunction and heart connective tissue dysplasia (HCTD)

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone levels and vegetative dysfunction and heart connective tissue dysplasia (HCTD)

Heart connective tissue dysplasia (HCTD) are known to be subject to infectious and inflammatory diseases due to peculiarities of their immune system. In the study of 181 patients with HCTD depending on thyroid hormone levels and vegetative dysfunction. indicated that HCTD was shown to be associated with a significant decrease of IgM levels and increase of circulating immune complexes. The IgG level in patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), anomalous chord localization, and combination of MPV and tricuspid valve prolapse was significantly higher than in the absence of HCTD(55).

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(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285764

Wednesday, June 21, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function and postmenopause

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function and postmenopause

The rate of thyroid cancer increases with age. The incidence of thyroid disease in a population of postmenopausal women is as follows: clinical thyroid disease, about 2.4%; subclinical thyroid disease, about 23.2%. Among the group with subclinical thyroid disease, 73.8% are hypothyroid and 26.2% are hyperthyroid. According to the Institute for Medical Research and Education (IMRE), Essen, It is of importance that even mild thyroid failure can have a number of clinical effects such as depression, memory loss, cognitive impairment and a variety of neuromuscular complaints. Myocardial function has been found to be subtly impaired. There is also an increased cardiovascular risk, caused by increased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein. These adverse effects can be improved or corrected by L-thyroxine replacement therapy(54).

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(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724022

Tuesday, June 20, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism treatment?

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism treatment?

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is characterized by normal levels of thyroid hormones but abnormal values of thyrotropin (TSH) in an asymptomatic individual. It is a common disorder with a prevalence of about 7 to 8% in women (most frequently in females over 50 years), and about 3% in men. In the study of Is there a need for treatment in subclinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism?, researchers indicated that most frequently, this disorder is caused by exogenous L-thyroxine treatment. The endogenous form of subclinical hyperthyroidism mainly caused by nodular goiter has a prevalence of up to 20% in patients with large goiters. In patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, there is an increased risk for development of atrial fibrillation and for a decrease in bone mass in postmenopausal women. In the majority of patients measurable TSH levels can be detected before or after stimulation with TRH. This formally excludes overt hyperthyroidism in such patients. Frequently, there is no need for treatment but follow-up is important. However, in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism associated with atrial fibrillation a therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-blockers or radioiodine must be considered(53).

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(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10434773

Monday, June 19, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid dysfunction are not associated with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid dysfunction are not associated with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia

In the study to assess in a clinically healthy, middle-aged population of employees the prevalence of thyroid function disorders and their relation to demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors, found that the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with mild subclinical hypothyroidism was not different from subjects with normal TSH levels. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.8% in normocholesterolemic (cholesterol <5.2 mmol/l) and 1.4% in hypercholesterolemic subjects (n.s.). One woman each with the subclinical form of the disease developed hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism after 21 and 11 months of follow-up, respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism were rarely observed in a target group for coronary heart disease prevention. Mild subclinical hypothyroidism was not associated with any adverse cardiovascularrisk profile. These results argue against indiscriminate measurements of TSH concentrations in clinically healthy subjects either with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia(52).

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(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10880781

Sunday, June 18, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular functions

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular functions

Thyroid hormone is well known for its direct effects in regulating cardiovascularfunction and metabolism. In the recent meta-analyses of population-based studies with long-term follow-up have clarified the risk of cardiovascular disorders in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction, researchers at the Inwendige Geneeskunde - Endocrinologie en Metabolisme, showed that treatment of patients with TSH levels between 0.1-0.4 mU/l or 4-10 mU/l should depend on other risk factors and patient age, with no treatment for persons with a TSH level of 4-10 mU/l who are older than 65 years(51).

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(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218037

Saturday, June 17, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Hypothyroidism belongs to the most common endocrinopathies affecting women of childbearing age. Accordin g to the study by Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in pregnant patients may be complicated by the fact that pregnancy has a considerable impact on thyroid homeostasis. Even overt hypothyroidism in these patients may be characterized by nonspecific signs or symptoms that are easily confused with complaints common to pregnancy itself. Unrecognised or untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes that can be ameliorated or prevented by adequate therapy with thyroxine(49).

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(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891567

Friday, June 16, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Adiposopathy and thyroid disease

Thyroid hormone: Adiposopathy and thyroid disease

Adiposopathy, defined as functionally disturbed adipose tissue mainly composed of large adipocytes and induced by chronic excess of food intake, has been associated with immune, metabolic and endocrine derangements promoting inflammation and, eventually, cardiovascular disease. According to the study by Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, adiposopathy may positively influence thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, by raising leptin levels, and triggering autoimmunity. In this regard, it is hypothesized that the increased thyrotropin-stimulating hormone is independent of the negative regulation of the thyroid hormone, thereby constituting a secondary phenomenon and not a causal effect(48).

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(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894634

Thursday, June 15, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism treatments

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism treatments

Hypothyroidism denotes deficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland and can be primary (abnormality in thyroid gland itself) or secondary/central (as a result of hypothalamic or pituitary disease), according to the study by Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, treatment of hypothyroidism can be started with the full calculated dose for most young patients. However, treatment should be initiated at a low dose in elderly patients, patients with coronary artery disease and patients with long-standing severe hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, treatment is monitored with serum TSH, with a target of 0.5-2.0 mIU/L. In patients with central hypothyroidism, treatment is tailored according to free or total T4 levels, which should be maintained in the upper half of the normal range for age. In patients with persistently elevated TSH despite an apparently adequate replacement dose of LT4, poor compliance, malabsorption and the presence of drug interactions should be checked. Over-replacement is common in clinical practice and is associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis, and hence should be avoided(46).

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(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191793

Wednesday, June 14, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction

Thyroid hormone: Heart failure and thyroid dysfunction

In the study to review the results of the prospective studies that evaluated the risk of HF in patients with overt and subclinical thyroid disease and discuss the mechanism of this dysfunction, showed that the outcome of this analysis suggests that patients with untreated overt thyroid dysfunction are at increased risk of HF. Moreover, persistent subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with the development of HF in patients with serum TSH <0.1 or > 10 mU/l. The timely recognition and effective treatment of cardiac symptoms in patients with thyroid dysfunction is mandatory because the prognosis of HF may be improved with the appropriate treatment of thyroid dysfunction(47).

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(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22956554

Tuesday, June 13, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a clinical disorder commonly encountered by the primary care physician. Untreated hypothyroidism can contribute to hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility, cognitive impairment, and neuromuscular dysfunction. Acording to the study by Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, the prevalence increases with age, and is higher in females than in males. Hypothyroidism may occur as a result of primary gland failure or insufficient thyroid gland stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common etiology of hypothyroidism in the United States. Clinical symptoms of hypothyroidism are nonspecific and may be subtle, especially in older persons. The best laboratory assessment of thyroid function is a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone test. There is no evidence that screening asymptomatic adults improves outcomes. In the majority of patients, alleviation of symptoms can be accomplished through oral administration of synthetic levothyroxine, and most patients will require lifelong therapy(45).

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(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22962987

Monday, June 12, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid storm

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid storm

Thyroid storm, also referred to as thyrotoxic crisis, a rare disorder with a sudden onset, rapid progression and high mortality due to hypermetabolic state induced by excessive release of thyroid hormones. There is a report of a case of thyroid storm which had a devastating course, including multiple organ failure (MOF), severe hypoglycemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and stroke. It was difficult to make a diagnosis of thyroid storm in the present patient, because she did not have a history of thyroid disease and her serum FT3 level was normal. Clinicians should be aware that thyroid storm can occur even when there is an almost normal level of thyroid hormones, and that intensive anticoagulation is required for patients with atrial fibrillation to prevent stroke after thyroid storm(44).

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(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975553

Sunday, June 11, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Kidney and thyroid dysfunction

Thyroid hormone: Kidney and thyroid dysfunction

Thyroid hormones influence renal development, kidney structure, renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration rate, the function of many transport systems along the nephron, and sodium and water homeostasis. In the study by Service de néphrologie, hôpital de Pitié-Salpêtrière, showed that
latients with hypothyroidism can have clinically important reductions in GFR, so screening for hypothyroidism should be considered in patients with unexplained elevations in serum creatinine. patients with thyroid disorders are also at risk for immune-mediated glomerular diseases. Finally, patients with nephrotic syndrome, as well as acute and chronic kidney injury, have alterations in thyroid gland physiology that can impact thyroid function and the testing of thyroid function status(43).

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(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23022287

Saturday, June 10, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Depression and thyroid axis function in coronary artery disease

Thyroid hormone: Depression and thyroid axis function in coronary artery disease

In the study to examine the relationship between depression and thyroid axis function in patients with CAD, showed that The patients with CAD with depressive symptoms had a higher prevalence of cardiac failure (p = 0.04), higher NT-pro BNP concentrations (p = 0.02), and lower free triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (p = 0.04) than patients with CAD but without depressive symptoms. They also showed a strong trend (p = 0.058) toward a higher incidence of the low T3 syndrome. Higher NT-pro BNP concentrations were related to lower total T3 concentrations (r = -0.294, p = 0.011) and to higher reverse T3 concentrations (r = 0.353, p = 0.002). In men, higher scores of depression were related to lower total T3 concentration (r = -0.289, p = 0.034) and to higher NT-pro BNP concentration (r = 0.380, p = 0.005)(42).

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(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16649727

Friday, June 9, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid axis hormones and Fatigue in patients with coronary artery disease

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid axis hormones and Fatigue in patients with coronary artery disease

In people with coronary artery disease, the association between endocrine measures and fatigue is not well understood. We evaluated possible associations of fatigue and exercise capacity with function of adrenal axis and thyroid axis. In the study by Behavioral Medicine Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences in a sample of Sixty-five men and 18 women (mean age 55 years), showed that In coronary artery disease patients, increased thyroid hormone concentrations are associated with decreased physical fatigue and decreased exertion fatigue, and increased cortisol concentrations with decreased mental fatigue. Exercise capacity is not associated with endocrine factors(41).

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(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023678

Thursday, June 8, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Episodes of Thyrotoxicosis

Thyroid hormone: Resistance to Thyroid Hormone and Episodes of Thyrotoxicosis

In the study of a 44-year-old Japanese woman with resistance to thyroid hormone, which was confirmed by the P453A mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor ß (TRß) gene, showed a slight elevation of the basal levels of thyroid hormones, which indicated that her pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone was mild. She experienced a slight exacerbation of hyperthyroxinemia concomitant with TSH suppression, showed that Mild pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone can be overcome by slight exacerbation of hyperthyroxinemia during mild thyrotoxicosis. When pituitary resistance is severe and TSH is not suppressed, thyrotoxicosis may be overlooked(29).

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(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240983

Wednesday, June 7, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Progesterone Therapy increases Free Thyroxine Levels

Thyroid hormone: Progesterone Therapy increases Free Thyroxine Levels

Thyroid hormones and progesterone both influence core temperature, metabolism and are crucial during pregnancy. In the study to discover whether progesterone therapy caused changes in thyroid physiology compared with placebo, researchers at the University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, found that progesterone caused a significant FreeT4 increase that was discovered during this randomized controlled VMS trial. The clinical importance of this increased FreeT4 level remains to be documented(28).

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(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252963

Tuesday, June 6, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Vitamin E management of oxidative damage-linked dysfunctions of hyperthyroid tissues

Thyroid hormone: Vitamin E management of oxidative damage-linked dysfunctions of hyperthyroid tissues

Thyroid hormones affect growth, development, and metabolism of vertebrates, and are considered the major regulators of their homeostasis and elevated circulating levels of thyroid hormones are associated with modifications in the whole organism (weight loss and increased metabolism and temperature) and in several body regions. Indeed, tachycardia, atrial arrhythmias, heart failure, muscle weakness and wasting, bone mass loss, and hepatobiliary complications are commonly found in hyperthyroid animals and humans. In the study of vitamin E and oxdative linked dysfunctions of huperthroid tissues, showed that vitamin E has a primary function to destroy peroxyl radicals, thus protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids biological membranes from oxidative damage. However, results are also available indicating that protective vitamin E effects against oxidative damage can be obtained even through different mechanisms(27).

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Sources
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23255045
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252963
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240983

Monday, June 5, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Maternal hyperthyroidism and the pattern of expression of cardiac renin-angiotensin system components

Thyroid hormone: Maternal hyperthyroidism and the pattern of expression of cardiac renin-angiotensin system components

Changes in perinatal environment can lead to physiological, morphological, or metabolic alterations in adult life. In the study to evaluate the effect of maternal hyperthyroidism on cardiac RAS components in pups during development, showed that Maternal hyperthyroidism is associated with alterations in fetal development and altered pattern of expression in RAS components, which in addition to cardiac hypertrophy observed on GD20 may represent an important predisposing factor to cardiovascular diseases in adult life(26).

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(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23257210

Sunday, June 4, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Transient Willis-Ekbom's disease (restless legs syndrome) during pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Transient Willis-Ekbom's disease (restless legs syndrome) during pregnancy

Willis-Ekbom's disease (WED), formerly called restless legs syndrome, is more common in pregnant than in non-pregnant women, implying that the physiological and biochemical changes during pregnancy influence its development. Researchers at the Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí, Rua Francisco Telles, found that during pregnancy, the activity of the thyroid axis is enhanced to meet the increased demand for thyroid hormones during this state. Dopamine is a neuroendocrine hormone that diminishes the levels of thyrotropin and consequently of thyroxine, and one of the roles of the dopaminergic system is to counteract the activity of thyroid hormones. When the activity of dopamine is not sufficient to modulate thyroid hormones, WED may occur(25).

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Sources
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23257652

Saturday, June 3, 2017

Thyroid hormone; Thyroid hormones and TSH in chronic active hepatitis

Thyroid hormone; Thyroid hormones and TSH in chronic active hepatitis

The study of a total and free circulating thyroid hormones, rT3, TBG and TSH behaviour on chronic liver disease in 11 subjects with cirrhosis of the liver with ascites(C.E.) and in 6 subjects with chronic active hepatitis (E.C.A.) in comparison with 15 healthy and euthyroid controls, indicated that serum T3,FT3,T4 and FT4 levels were decreased significantly and serum rT3 values increased significantly both in the subjects with C.E. and in patients with E.C.A. Moreover no significantly changes of TSH and TBG levels has been found in 3 groups studied. These data suggest that the alteration of circulating thyroid hormones in chronic liver disease, may represent a compensatory way of reducing the patient's metabolic requirements(24).

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(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6518098

Friday, June 2, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Serum levels of thyroid hormones in liver diseases

Thyroid hormone: Serum levels of thyroid hormones in liver diseases

In the study to measure the concentrations of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) in sera of clinically euthyroid patients with various liver diseases and compared with normal controls, found that the marked alterations of peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to rT3 or T3 may be found only in a state of decompensated liver cirrhosis among the various liver diseases(23).

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Sources
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7357737

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