Medical Advisor Journals : May 2017

Wednesday, May 31, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Analysis of serum adiponectin, resistin and leptin levels in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), produced by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in regulation of metabolism, including directly boosts energy metabolism and triggers rapid protein synthesis and regulates mitochondrial gene transcription, etc. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3and T4, deficiency of Iodine can lead to enlarge thyroid grand and goitre.

Thyroid hormone: Analysis of serum adiponectin, resistin and leptin levels in children and adolescents with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Leptin, adiponectin and resistin, mainly produced by adipocytes, play a major role in body weight regulation. In the study to analyze the levels of leptin, adiponectin and resistin in children with untreated Graves' disease, subclinical hypothyroidism in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in children with simple goiter, researchers at the Medical University of Białystok, showed that disturbances in thyroid hormones in thyroid diseases have an essential effect on the levels of adiponectin and resistin released by adipose tissue(21).

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(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20583542

Tuesday, May 30, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Metabolic parameters and thyroid hormones and the level of gastric peptides in children with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Thyroid hormone: Metabolic parameters and thyroid hormones and the level of gastric peptides in children with autoimmune thyroid diseases

Overweight and diseases connected with it are increasing problems in children and adults. In the sudy by Medical University of Białystok, to analyze the relationship between lipid-carbohydrate metabolism parameters and thyroid hormones and the level of gastric peptides (ghrelin and obestatin) in young patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and in children with simple goiter, showed that the disturbances in carbohydrate parameters in thyroid diseases have an essential effect on change of hormone-controlled appetite: ghrelin (in hyperthyroidism) and obestatin (in Subclinical hypothyroidism)(20).

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(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20583539

Monday, May 29, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients with thyroid cancer

Thyroid hormone: Oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients with thyroid cancer

In the study to compare the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples of thyroid cancer patients compared to healthy controls, found that tThe superoxide dismutase does not seem to change with thyroid cancer and thyroidectomy but both antioxidant glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde do. These preliminary findings may point out oxidant/antioxidant imbalance associated with thyroid cancer.(19).

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(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19030755

Sunday, May 28, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Radioiodine treatment and oxidative stress in thyroidectomised patients

Thyroid hormone: Radioiodine treatment and oxidative stress in thyroidectomised patients

Post-operative radioiodine treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer occupies a well determined place in the treatment policy of this disease. In the study to measure erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as a marker of lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and activities of GSH-Peroxidase and GSH-Reductase as antioxidants, showed that erythrocyte MDA levels were significantly higher, and erythrocyte GSH levels and activities of GSH-related enzymes were significantly lower in thyroidectomised patients after surgery than in healthy controls. Additionally, according to their thyroid hormone levels the patients had hypothyroidism at this time. In patients 2 days after radioiodine treatment both MDA and GSH levels and GSH-related enzyme activities were significantly increased when compared to their own initial levels(18).

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(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774495

Saturday, May 27, 2017

Thyroid hormone and Oxidative stress

Thyroid hormone and Oxidative stress

The liver metabolizes the thyroid hormones and regulates their systemic endocrine effects so liver disease could affect thyroid hormone metabolism. In the study to investigate serum levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant in liver diseases as prognostic markers and know the importance of these antioxidants level in relation to thyroid hormones, researchers at the Ain Shams University, found that measurement of the total T(3), NO, MDA, GSH reduced and GSHPx as biomarkers for liver diseases might be a beneficial tool, helping in monitoring the state of liver disease patients.(17).

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(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19818291

Friday, May 26, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Chemiluminescent and respiratory responses related to thyroid hormone-induced liver oxidative stress

Thyroid hormone: Chemiluminescent and respiratory responses related to thyroid hormone-induced liver oxidative stress

In the study of Chemiluminescent and respiratory responses in the liver of rats treated with 0.1 mg of triiodothyronine (T3)/kg for 1 to 7 days, showed that the calorigenic response in the hyperthyroid state is accompanied by the development of an hepatic oxidative stress characterized by enhanced spontaneous chemiluminescence, enhanced NADPH-dependent microsomal respiration and a decreased antioxidant cellular activity(16).

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(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3215552

Thursday, May 25, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Effect of iodine deficiency and cold exposure on thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity

Thyroid hormone: Effect of iodine deficiency and cold exposure on thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activity

In the study to measure the thyroxine 5'-deiodinase I (T(4)5'D-I) activity in thyroid, liver, and kidney and thyroxine 5'-deiodinase II (T(4)5'D-II) activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in rats on a low-iodine diet (LID) and to test the possibility that increased deiodinase activity in these tissues might contribute to the maintenance of ther serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) level, found that increased thyroxine(T4)-to-T3 conversion in the greatly enlarged thyroids of LID rats contributed to the maintenance of serum T3. T(4)5'D-II activity in BAT was markedly increased in LID rats and was further greatly increased on cold exposure(15).

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(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1996620

Wednesday, May 24, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyronamines and body temperature and heart rate

Thyroid hormone: Thyronamines and body temperature and heart rate

The thyronamines which are decarboxylated thyroid hormones initiating physiological actions like lowering body temperature and heart rate, thereby acting in opposite direction to the classical thyroid hormones. So far it is believed that thyronamines function via the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor, TAAR1. The objective of this review is to summarise the recent findings in thyroid hormone synthesis and action and to discuss their implications for diagnosis of thyroid disease and for treatment of patients, according to the study by Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin(14).

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(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835056

Tuesday, May 23, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Triiodothyronine stimulates glucose transport in bone cells

Thyroid hormone: Triiodothyronine stimulates glucose transport in bone cells

In the study to evaluate whether 3,3',5-triiodo-l-thyronine (T₃) stimulates the uptake of glucose in osteoblastic cells, PyMS (a cell line derived from rat bone) cells were kept in serum-free culture medium and treated with T₃, found that T₃ did not influence the cell number but slightly (1.3-fold) increased the protein content of the cell cultures. 2DG ([1-¹⁴C]-2-deoxy-D: -glucose)uptake was low in serum-deprived cell cultures and was increased by T₃ (up to 2.5-fold at 1 nmol l⁻¹ after 4 days) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Triiodothyronine at 1 nmol l⁻¹ increased GLUT1 and GLUT3 abundance in membranes. Therefore, increased glucose uptake induced by T₃ in osteoblasts may be mediated by the known high-affinity glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3(13).

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(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258767

Monday, May 22, 2017

Thyroid hormone and skeletal growth

Thyroid hormone and skeletal growth

Understanding how bone growth is regulated by hormonal and mechanical factors during early growth periods is important for optimizing the attainment of peak bonemass to prevent or postpone the occurrence of fragility fractures later in life. According to the study by Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Loma Linda VA HealthCare System , there is an important period prior to puberty when the effects of GH are surprisingly small and TH plays a critical role in the regulation of skeletal growth. Daily administration of T3/T4 during days 5 to 14, the time when serum levels of T3 increase rapidly in mice, rescued the skeletal deficit in TH-deficient mice but not in mice lacking both TH and GH. However, treatment of double-mutant mice with both GH and T3/T4 rescued the bone density deficit. Increased body fat in the TH-deficient as well as TH/GH double-mutant mice was rescued by T3/T4 treatment during days 5 to 14(12).

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(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513648

Sunday, May 21, 2017

Thyroid hormone stimulates protein synthesis

Thyroid hormone stimulates protein synthesis

According to the study by North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Thyroid hormones affect cardiac growth and phenotype; however, the mechanisms by which the hormones induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy remain uncharacterized. Tri-iodo-L-thyronine (T3) treatment of cultured cardiomyocytes for 24 h resulted in a 41 +/- 5% (p < 0.001) increase in [(3)H]leucine incorporation into total cellular protein. This response was abrogated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin. Co-immunoprecipitation studies showed a direct interaction of cytosol-localized thyroid hormone receptor TRalpha1 and the p85alpha subunit of PI3K. T3 treatment rapidly increased PI3K activity by 52 +/- 3% (p < 0.005)(11).

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(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16717100

Saturday, May 20, 2017

Thyroid hormone; Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood

Thyroid hormone Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood

Thyroid function in pregnancy is characterised by a T4 surge at 12 weeks declining thereafter. Serum thyroid hormone concentrations fall in the second half of pregnancy. According to the study by Cardiff University School of Medicine, Fetal brain development depends on T4 transport into the fetus which in turn depends on sufficient maternal iodine supply. There is current concern that adequate iodisation is not present in large parts of Europe. There is increasing evidence that thyroid autoimmunity is associated with fetal loss but the mechanism is unclear and therapy requires carefully conducted studies. While hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is uncommon, effects on both mother and child are critical if untreated. Screening for thyroid function in early pregnancy and levothyroxine intervention therapy for maternal subclinical hypothyroidism should be considered but evidence is awaited. Screening for both thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies ideally at a preconception clinic but certainly in early gestation is recommended(10)

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(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988403

Friday, May 19, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in pregnancy

Thyroid diseases are common in women of childbearing age and it is well known that untreated thyroid disturbances result in an increased rate of adverse events, particularly miscarriage, preterm birth and gestational hypertension. According to the study by Division of Endocrinology, "V. Fazzi" Hospital, Lecce, overt dysfunctions (hyper- or hypothyroidism) have deleterious effects on pregnancy, subclinical disease, namely subclinical hypothyroidism, has still to be conclusively defined as a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Additionally, other conditions, such as isolated hypothyroxinemia and thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroidism, are still clouded with uncertainty regarding the need for substitutive treatment(9).

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(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115167

Thursday, May 18, 2017

Thyroid hormone and Delayed development

Thyroid hormone and Delayed development

In the study to investigate the phenotype of TTR(Transthyretin (TTR) is a TH distributor protein in the circulatory system and is the only TH distributor protein synthesised in the central nervous system) null mice during development by The University of Melbourne, showed that TTR null mice also displayed a delayed suckling-to-weaning transition, decreased muscle mass, delayed growth and retarded longitudinal bone growth. In addition, ileums from postnatal day 0 (P0) TTR null mice displayed disordered architecture and contained fewer goblet cells than wild type. Protein concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from P0 and P14 TTR null mice were higher than in age-matched wild type mice(8).

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(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092911

Wednesday, May 17, 2017

Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system

Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system

Increased or reduced action of thyroid hormone on certain molecular pathways in the heart and vasculature causes relevant cardiovascular derangements. It is well established that overt hyperthyroidism induces a hyperdynamic cardiovascularstate (high cardiac output with low systemic vascular resistance), which is associated with a faster heart rate, enhanced left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, and increased prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - namely, atrial fibrillation - whereas overt hypothyroidism is characterized by the opposite changes.In the study of Effects of thyroid hormone on the cardiovascular system, researchers suggested that administration of thyroid hormone or its analogue 3,5-diiodothyropropionic acid greatly benefits these patients, highlighting the potential role of thyroid hormone treatment in patients with acute and chronic cardiovascular disease(7).

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(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749496

Tuesday, May 16, 2017

Thyroid hormone inThyroid autoimmunity (TA) and heigh of Children

Thyroid hormone inThyroid autoimmunity (TA) and heigh of Children

In the study to assess the association between pancreatic and thyroid autoimmunity (TA) and determine impact of thyroid antibodies on statural growth in Seventy-two children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) and no clinical evidence of thyroid disorders, showed that patients with TA had significantly higher prevalence of GADA and IA2A and significantly higher A1c vs. patients without TA. Our data suggest significant association between TA and height in children with T1DM. SDS was independently associated with diabetes duration and TSH(6).

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(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23155700

Monday, May 15, 2017

Thyroid hormone and Insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism

Thyroid hormone and Insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism

Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-1 (IGFBP-1) has a role in glucose homeostasis and is present at high concentrations in hyperthyroidism. In the study to investigate the relationship between IGFBP-1 concentration and glucose homeostasis in hyperthyroidism, showed that in hyperthyroidism thyroid hormonesdirectly increase fasting IGFBP-1 concentration but acute regulation of IGFBP-1 by insulin is normal and that elevated fasting phosphorylated IGFBP-1 concentration is associated with insulin resistance(4).

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(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10671946

Sunday, May 14, 2017

Thyroid hormones and Carbohydrate metabolism

Thyroid hormone and Carbohydrate metabolism

In the study to evaluate Carbohydrate metabolism in nine patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment and after recovery, showed that Glucose area during oral glucose tolerance test was significantly correlated with the elevated thyroxine (r = 0.8, p less than 0.01), and triidothyronine (r = 0.66, p less than 0.05). The results indicated the importance of follow-up study of glucose tolerance in subacute thyroiditis as well as similarity of carbohydrate metabolism abnormalities in hyperthyroidism(3).

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(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7034290

Saturday, May 13, 2017

Thyroid hormone and brain development

Thyroid hormone and brain development

Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for normal brain development. Even subclinical hypothyroidism experienced in utero can result in neuropsychological deficits in children despite normal thyroid status at birth, researchers summerized that epidemiological, preclinical and animal research has clearly identified the critical role of TH in brain development. Additional work is required to understand the impact of low level perturbations of the thyroid axis to evaluate the risk associated with environmental contaminants with thyroid action(5).

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(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22138353

Friday, May 12, 2017

Thyroid hormone and lipid metabolism

Thyroid hormone and lipid metabolism

Thyroid hormone (T3) and its receptor (TR) have the diverse effects on the lipid metabolism and hypothyroidism causes hypercholesterolaemia characterized by increased levels of low-density ripoproteins (LDL). In the study by Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, researchers described that the existence of the complex cross-talks in the lipid metabolism between TR and other nuclear hormone receptors including peroxisome proliferator -activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptor alpha (LXRalpha) and farnesoid X receptors (FXRs). Understanding for the function of TRs and other nuclear factors may provide the new approach to the control of hypercholesterolaemia(2).

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(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17154100

Thursday, May 11, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Excessive iodine intake (or deficiency) and goitre

Thyroid hormone in Excessive iodine intake (or deficiency) and goitre

In the study to investigate the associations between intakes of iodine and water chemicals and the thyroid gland status of schoolchildren living in the coastal city of Port Sudan, researchers at 1 Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Khartoum, found that the coastal city of Port Sudan is a goitre-endemic area. In contrast to other Sudanese cities in which endemic goitre is related to iodine deficiency, goitre in Port Sudan is associated with iodine excess. Water chemicals seemed to have no effects on thyroid status(1)

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(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23206325

Wednesday, May 10, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and life span

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan, primarily found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, platelets, and in the central nervous system (CNS). In Gut, serotonin regulates intestinal movements, in CNS, it regulates mood, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, etc.

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and life span

In the study to develop a new quantitative method to analyze Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral states, found that the proportion of time spent in each state is modulated by past nutritional experiences of the animal. This two-state behavior is regulated through serotonin as well as insulin and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Biogenic amines signaling could allow the worm to adapt to fast changes in the environment when peptide transcriptional pathways may mediate slower adaptive changes(49).

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(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762077/

Monday, May 8, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and inflammatory pain

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and inflammatory pain

In the study to investigate the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique used to examine the changes of the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) following subcutaneous bee venom (BV) injection into the plantar surface of the unilateral hindpaw, showed that the different sets of 5-HT receptor subtypes work at different stages of the inflammatory pain induced by subcutaneous BV injection(48).

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(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15664120

Sunday, May 7, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in N-acetyl serotonin and neuroprotectants for retinas

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in N-acetyl serotonin and neuroprotectants for retinas

N-acetylserotonin (NAS) is synthesized from serotonin by arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), which is predominantly expressed in the pineal gland and retina. Researchers at the Emory University School of Medicine, found that he compound N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-oxopiperidine-3-carboxamide (HIOC) selectively activates TrkB receptor with greater potency than NAS. It potently protects retinas from light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD), which is tightly coupled with pronounced TrkB activation in retinas. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrate that this compound is stable in serum and liver microsomes. It can pass the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier. Hence, HIOC is a good lead compound for further drug development for treating retinal degenerative diseases(47).

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(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331903

Saturday, May 6, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the regulation of bone metabolism

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the regulation of bone metabolism

In the brain, brain derived serotonin regulates bone mass through sympathetic nervous system. In addition, inhibition of GDS biosynthesis can treat osteoporosis in ovariectomized rodents by increasing bone formation. The emerging evidence has suggested that inhibiting GDS biosynthesis could become a new anabolic treatment for osteoporosis in humans, according to thye study by Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University(46).

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(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21123937

Friday, May 5, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and Fetal serotonin signaling in setting pathways for early childhood development and behavior

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and Fetal serotonin signaling in setting pathways for early childhood development and behavior

Finely tuning levels of the key neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) during early life is essential for brain development and setting pathways for health and disorder across the early life span. Understanding the impact of early changes in serotonergic programming offers critical insights that might explain patterns of individual differences in developmental risk and resilience, according to the study by Child and Family Research Institute(50).

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(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22794534

Thursday, May 4, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and aging

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and aging

In the study to assess Serotonin (5-HT) neuron and neurotransmitter loss in normal aging and neuropsychiatric diseases of late life and its contribution to behavioral changes commonly observed in the elderly population, found that there is also increasing evidence that a combination of disturbances in cholinergic and serotonergic function may play a role in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with serotonergic dysfunction potentially responsible for a significant portion of the behavioral aspects of the disease. This implication of the 5-HT system in aging and age-related cognitive and mood disorders rests in large part on post mortem studies and animal models, which are limited in their capacity to predict dynamic human biochemical-behavior relationships or to accurately model the living human brain. Initial applications of functional brain imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) in the in vivo study of the brain in aging depression, and dementia focused on characterizing alterations in physiological measurements of cerebral metabolism and perfusion. However, recent advances in PET radiochemistry, instrumentation, and image processing have paved the way for noninvasive means to test specific hypotheses regarding the direct involvement of 5-HT neurons in the behavioral features of aging and to define and monitor therapeutic regimens for neuropsychiatric conditions of late life(45).

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(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571651

Wednesday, May 3, 2017

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and reproduction

Hormone Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and reproduction

Serotonin, a biogenic amine, is present in significant amounts in many structures of the CNS. It is involved in regulation of a wide variety of physiological functions, such as sensory and motor functions, memory, mood, and secretion of hormones including reproductive hormones. In the study of oral administration to female CD rats (20/group) at doses of 0, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg to evaluate effects on mating, fertility, litter size, live birth index (100 x total liveborn progeny/litter size), progeny survival, and weight gain of each litter, found that on postpartum day 8, progeny in the control, 30 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg recovery groups were removed from dams for 4 h. Progeny were weighed as litters, returned to the dams for a 1-h nursing period, and then weighed again to provide an indication of milk intake. Mating and fertility, using the present study design, were not affected by treatment with amesergide. No effects were observed on litter size, live birth index, or progeny survival. In contrast, treatment with amesergide throughout gestation and lactation produced a significant dose-related depression in progeny body weight gains(44).

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(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8118111

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