Tuesday, December 31, 2013

@Food therapy - Asparagus

Asparagus
Asparagus is a flowering plant belong to species the genus Asparagus, native to the western coasts of northern Spain, north to Ireland, Great Britain, and northwest Germany, northern Africa and western Asia. Asparagus has been used from early times as a vegetable and medicine, because of its delicate flavor and diuretic properties.
1. Asparagus and Immunomodulatory activity
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Vitamin K
2. Folate
3. Vitamin C
4. Vitamin A
5. Vitamin B Complex
a) Vitamin B1
b) Vitamin B2
c) Vitamin B3
d) Vitamin B6
6. Fiber
7. Manganese
8. Copper
9. Phosphorus
10. Potassium
11. Protein
12. Etc.
Its chemical constituents include essential oils, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine, flavonoids (kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin), resin, and tannin.

The benefits
Immune system plays an important role in defend our body against invasion of  foreign invasion. Asparagus racemosus Linn. (Fam. Liliaceae) is considered as an ethno-pharmacologically acclaimed Ayurvedic medicinal plant of which may enhance immune function, according to study aqueous extract of A. racemosus (ARC) showed a dose-related stimulation of NK cell activity with a peak increase of 16.9±4.4% at 5.6 μg/ml. However, ARP demonstrated a higher stimulatory activity of 51.8±1.2% at 25 μg/ml. Other in the study of Asparagus racemosus ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities and augments its antileishmanial activity by immunomodulation in vivo, A. racemosus in combination with cisplatin not only provided enhanced protective immune response but also resulted in remarkable improved kidney and liver function tests as manifested by normal levels of SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and urea in blood plasma with normal histological observations as compared to only cisplatin treated L. donovani infected BALB/c mice.

Reference
(1) Chemical constituents of Asparagus  J. S. Negi, P. Singh, [...], and V. K. Bisht (PubMed)
(2) Characterization and in vitro immunomodulatory screening of fructo-oligosaccharides of Asparagus racemosus Willd. by Thakur M, Connellan P, Deseo MA, Morris C, Praznik W, Loeppert R, Dixit VK.(PubMed)
(3) Asparagus racemosus ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities and augments its antileishmanial activity by immunomodulation in vivo. by Sachdeva H, Sehgal R, Kaur S.(PubMed)

2.  Asparagus and Blood cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

The Benefits
In the study of hypercholesterolemic rats, the saponin fraction (SF), the administration of lyophilized asparagus (LA), fiber fraction (FF), and flavonoid fraction (FVF) to hypercholesterolemic rats produced a significant hypolipidemic effect compare to a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Other study also indicated that consumption of asparagus also improved antioxidant status, assayed superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes, and protected against lipid peroxidation and intake of green asparagus from Andalusia (Spain) helps to regulate plasma lipid levels and prevents oxidative damage in hypercholesterolemic conditions. dietary fiber and flavonoids found in Asparagus also found to improve the plasma lipid profile and prevent hepatic oxidative damage under conditions of hypercholesterolemia.

Reference
(1) Chemical constituents of Asparagus  J. S. Negi, P. Singh, [...], and V. K. Bisht (PubMed)
(2) Bioactive constituents from "triguero" asparagus improve the plasma lipid profile and liver antioxidant status in hypercholesterolemic rats. by Vázquez-Castilla S, De la Puerta R, Garcia-Gimenez MD, Fernández-Arche MA, Guillén-Bejarano R.(PubMed)
(3) Hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects of "triguero" asparagus from andalusia in rats fed a high cholesterol diet by García MD, De la Puerta R, Sáenz MT, Marquez-Martín A, Fernández-Arche MA. (PubMed)
(4) Bioactive constituents from "triguero" asparagus improve the plasma lipid profile and liver antioxidant status in hypercholesterolemic rats. by Vázquez-Castilla S, De la Puerta R, Garcia-Gimenez MD, Fernández-Arche MA, Guillén-Bejarano R.(PubMed)

3. Asparagus and Cancers
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The benefits
The inedible bottom part (~30-40%) of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) containg Saponins
have been studied and found to suppress cell viability of breast, colon and pancreatic cancers in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 809.42 to 1829.96 µg mL(-1) amd may considered as a inhibits tumour cell motility through modulating the Rho GTPase signalling pathway, and as a supplement in healthcare foods and natural drugs for cancer prevention and treatment. Other study also indicated that series of Sarsapogenin and Diosgenin derived steroidal constituents (1-12), isolated from Solanum xanthocarpum and Asparagus racemosus were screened for their ability to induce cell death and apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells.

Reference
(1) Chemical constituents of Asparagus  J. S. Negi, P. Singh, [...], and V. K. Bisht (PubMed)
(2) Saponins extracted from by-product of Asparagus officinalis L. suppress tumour cell migration and invasion through targeting Rho GTPase signalling pathway. by Wang J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Zhang W, Pang X.(PubMed)
(3) Apoptosis inducing activity of steroidal constituents from Solanum xanthocarpum and Asparagus racemosus. by Bhutani KK, Paul AT, Fayad W, Linder S.(PubMed)

4. Asparagus and  Liver Cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The benefits
 Asparagus may be one of potential herb used in future to treat liver cancers as it chemical constituents exert the their anti cancer property. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies in the world, but deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide exert potent selective cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells. in vitro and in vivo, according to the researchers team lead by Dr. Xiang J, Others in the analysis of  shatavarin IV isolated from ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (AR-2B) of chloroform:methanol (2:1) (AR-2) extract of A. racemosus roots, indicated that shatavarin IVexhibits significant anticancer activity in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models.
In facts, intakes of celery, mushrooms, allium vegetables, composite vegetables (including asparagus lettuce and garland chrysanthemum), legumes and legume products were widely known to associate with reduced liver cancer risk.

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 References
(1) Chemical constituents of Asparagus  J. S. Negi, P. Singh, [...], and V. K. Bisht (PubMed)
(2) Anticancer effects of deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. by Xiang J, Xiang Y, Lin S, Xin D, Liu X, Weng L, Chen T, Zhang M.(PubMed)
(3) Shatavarins (containing Shatavarin IV) with anticancer activity from the roots of Asparagus racemosus. by Mitra SK, Prakash NS, Sundaram R.(PubMed)
(4) Vegetable-based dietary pattern and liver cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women's and men's health studies. by Zhang W, Xiang YB, Li HL, Yang G, Cai H, Ji BT, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO.(PubMed)

The Side effects of Asparagus
It may cause allergic effects and temporarily smelly urination.


@Food therapy - Black beans (Phaseolus)

Black bean is a Small roughly ovoid legumes with glossy black shells, genus Phaseolus, belongs to the family Fabaceae and can bought in most grocery stores all around the year in dried and canned forms. It is believed that black bean was first domesticated growth in South America.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents
a. Nutrients
1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Protein
4. Fat
5. Vitamin A
6. Vitamin B
7. Folate
8. Vitamin C
9. Calcium
10. Magnesium
11. Manganese
12. Phosphorus
13. Molybdenum
14. Iron
10. Etc.
b. Chemicals constituents
The major chemical compounds of black bean include anthocyanin, (-)-epicatechin, delphinidin, petunidin, flavonols  and malvidin.

1. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus)  in Colon Cancer
Through human history. black bean has been used as major sources of food consumption as well as
a food in preventing and treating. in TCM black bean is considered as a sources to enhance liver to produce and regulate the circulation of blood. Flavonoids, Genistein and saponins found in black bean has exert the antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity against cancer cell lines as Genistein was related with the activity against mammary cancer cells but flavonols and group B saponins were more related with hepatic and colon cancers. Non-glycosilated flavonols were related with antioxidant capacity. In other study, black bean is found to  reduce azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats, Dr. Hangen L and the research team said that total tumor multiplicity was also significantly lower in rats fed the black bean (1.1) and navy bean (1.0) diets than in rats fed the control diet (2.2). The 44-75% reduction in colon carcinogenesis in rats fed beans was attributed to 1) more controlled appetites, leading to significantly less body fat, and 2) much greater concentrations of butyrate in the distal colon. It was concluded that eating black beans and navy beans significantly lowered colon cancer incidence and multiplicity.

References
(1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracted saponins and flavonols from germinated black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
Guajardo-Flores D, Serna-Saldívar SO, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of black beans and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) reduced azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. by Hangen L, Bennink MR.(PubMed)

2. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus) as Antioxidants
Oxidative damage to human body are considered as a major cause of human diseases and aging in some theories. In the study to compare 4 different types of bean with Phenolic extracts of 4 Vigna species of legumes (mung bean, moth bean, and black and red varieties of adzuki beans)showed that Vigna species of legumes are potential source of antioxidant phenolics, Dr. Marathe SA and the research team in the comparison of antioxidative effects of different types of bean found that even though legumes with dark color seed coat did not always possessed high antioxidant activity (e.g. moth bean, black pea, black gram, lentils), but the ntioxidant activity showed positive correlation (r²>0.95) with phenolic contents, in DPPH·, ABTS·⁺ and FRAP assays, whereas poor correlation (r²=0.297) was observed between Fe²⁺ chelating activity of the legumes and phenolic contents.


References 
(1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Phenolic antioxidants in some Vigna species of legumes and their distinct inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities.

Sreerama YN, Takahashi Y, Yamaki K(PubMed)

(3) Comparative study on antioxidant activity of different varieties of commonly consumed legumes in India. by Marathe SA, Rajalakshmi V, Jamdar SN, Sharma A.(PubMed)

3. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus) in Gastric cancer
Anthocyanins, the major chemical compounds of black soybean not only decrease H. pylori-induced ROS enhancement, but also inhibited phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and Iκβα degradationnd H. pylori-induced inducible nitric oxide synthases and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression and IL-8 production by 45.8%. On the other hand, in the study by Dr, Zou Y, and Dr.  Chang SK. indicated that black soybean extract inhibited AGS cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 3.69 mg/m and suggested that black soybean extract could be used as an apoptosis inducer in AGS cells and a natural chemopreventive agent in the treatment of human gastric cancer.

References (1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Anthocyanins from black soybean inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial AGS cells.
Kim JM, Kim KM, Park EH, Seo JH, Song JY, Shin SC, Kang HL, Lee WK, Cho MJ, Rhee KH, Youn HS, Baik SC.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of black soybean extract on the suppression of the proliferation of human AGS gastric cancer cells via the induction of apoptosis. by Zou Y, Chang SK.(PubMed)

4. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus) in lipoprotein
Low density lipoprotein in short LDL, is known as bad cholesterol. Most people with uncontrolled diet that is high in saturated fat have high levels of LDL Many studies have demonstrated that the daily intakes of black soybeed foods may have a potential to reduce cardiovascular risk. in the study of the inhibitory effect of black soybeans on low density lipoprotein (LDL) found that because of its total polyphenols contents in its seed coat, black soybeans may be more effective in inhibiting LDL oxidation than yellow soybeans. Others in the study to  investigate the antioxidant activities of the hydrophilic extracts from 9 selected legumes based on copper-induced human LDL oxidation model in vitro, indicated that consuming black beans may have potential in preventing the development of atherosclerosis from the perspective of inhibiting LDL oxidation.

References (1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Comparative studies on the antioxidant activities of nine common food legumes against copper-induced human low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro. by Xu BJ, Yuan SH, Chang SK.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant activities of black and yellow soybeans against low density lipoprotein oxidation.
Takahashi R, Ohmori R, Kiyose C, Momiyama Y, Ohsuzu F, Kondo K.(PubMed)

5. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus)  in Diabetes
Throughout the world and in many cultures, beans and rice are commonly consumed together as a meal, therefore evaluation the glycemic response of bean and rice traditional meals compared to rice alone in adults with type 2 diabetes have become urgent to improve dietary adherence with cultural groups. According to the study by dr. Thompson SV and research team, pinto, dark red kidney and black beans with rice attenuate the glycemic response compared to rice alone. Promotion of traditional foods may provide non-pharmaceutical management of type 2 diabetes, Other study also found that adding 25 % cooked black bean cultivar Negro 8025 (N8025) flour in a diet supplemented  in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, may be recommended to control diabetes, as it showed a significant reduction of glucose (22.8 %), triglycerides (21.9 %), total cholesterol (29.9 %) and LDL (56.1 %) that correlates with a protection of pancreatic ß-cells.

References
(1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Bean and rice meals reduce postprandial glycemic response in adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-over study. by Thompson SV, Winham DM, Hutchins AM.(PubMed)
(3) Cooked common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) protect against β-cell damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. by Hernández-Saavedra D, Mendoza-Sánchez M, Hernández-Montiel HL, Guzmán-Maldonado HS, Loarca-Piña GF, Salgado LM, Reynoso-Camacho R(PubMed)

6. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus) in Prostatic hyperplasia
As a result of prosperity in the emerging world, Prostatic hyperplasia has become a medical condition of which requires urgent attention. Anthocyanin, a major chemical compound found in  pigment in black bean may be a potential food used to treatment for enlarged prostate, as anthocyanin  decrease the volume and suppressing the proliferation of the prostate. But further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms and actions of anthocyanin, and these studies may lead to the clinical application of anthocyanin in treating BPH. Other study in the investigation the effects of anthocyanin extracted from black soybeans on a rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Prostate hyperplasia was induced by the administration of testosterone propionate for 4 weeks of that led to prostatic hyperplasia,  anthocyanin administration helped to prevent this change. Apoptotic body counts were significantly higher in groups receiving anthocyanin than in the BPH-induced group (p < 0.05).
References
(1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
(2) Conservative treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia].[Article in Hungarian] by Romics I.(PubMed)
(3) Anthocyanin extracted from black soybean reduces prostate weight and promotes apoptosis in the prostatic hyperplasia-induced rat model. by Jang H, Ha US, Kim SJ, Yoon BI, Han DS, Yuk SM, Kim SW.(PubMed)

7. The benefits of Black beans (Phaseolus) in Oseoporosis
Symptoms of  osteoarthritis is aching pain, stiffness, or difficulty moving the joint may develop in one or more joints effect mostly in the elder group as a result of aging. In the study of Consumption of legumes improves certain bone markers in ovariectomized rats, Dr. Park Y. and the research team found consumption of legumes has a beneficial effect on bone through modulation of OPG and RANKL expression in ovariectomized rats, as legume consumption can help compensate for an estrogen-deficiency by preventing bone loss induced by ovarian hormone deficiency.

References
(1) Differential accumulation of polyphenolics in black bean genotypes grown in four environments.
Marles MA, Balasubramanian P, Bett KE. (PubMed)
92) ffect of dietary legumes on bone-specific gene expression in ovariectomized rats.
Park Y, Moon HJ, Paik DJ, Kim DY.(PubMed)

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The Side effect
1. Purines
Black beans contain purines, excessive intake of these substances can cause the accumulation of uric acid, leading to"gout" and kidney stones.
2. Etc.


Monday, December 30, 2013

@ Herbal Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana)


Cascara sagrada
is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.

The ingredients
Beside the main compound of anthraquinones, otyher compounds include anthraquinone glycosides, (emodin, frangulin, iso-emodin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol), rhein, aloin, malic acid, tannic acid, cascarosides A, B, C, and D, and hydroxy anthracene derivatives (HAD), etc.

1. Cascara Sagrada and Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome
According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, insulin resistance often goes along with other health problems, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. These problems are all risk factors for heart disease. When a person has many of these problems at the same time, doctors commonly call it “metabolic syndrome.” It is sometimes called “insulin resistance syndrome” or “syndrome X.” Many people who have type 2 diabetes also have metabolic syndrome
Other defined it as a disorder of energy utilization and storage, diagnosed by a co-occurrence of 3 out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal (central) obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels. The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure, and diabetes.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The Benefits
Emodin, a chemical compound found in Cascara Sagrada may pocess the potential to treat matabolic syndrome by inhibiting 11beta-HSD1 activity of liver and fat significantly and reversing prednisone-induced insulin resistance in mice. Scientific evidence to support the above, including Dr. Wang and the research team in the study in ob/ob mice indicated that emodin (30 μmol/L) suppressed 11-dehydrocorticosterone-induced adipogenesis without affecting corticosterone-induced adipogenesis; emodin (3 μmol/L) reduced 11-dehydrocorticosterone-stimulated lipolysis, but had no effect on corticosterone-induced lipolysis. Moreover, emodin (3 μmol/L) partly reversed the impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion induced by 11-dehydrocorticosterone but not those induced by corticosterone. In ob/ob mice, long-term emodin administration decreased 11β-HSD1 activity in mesenteric adipose tissues, lowered non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Other in the study of  Glucocorticoid excess (Cushing's syndrome)  causes metabolic syndrome showed that a selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, KR-67183, may provide a new therapeutic window in the prevention and treatment without toxicity in type 2 diabetes with obesity as KR-67183 concentration-dependently inhibited 11β-HSD1 activity in human and mouse 11β-HSD1 over-expressed cells and in the ex vivo assay of C57BL/6 mice and he administration of KR-67183 (20 and 50mg/kg/day, orally for 28 days) improved the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with suppressed 11β-HSD1 activity in the liver and fat.

References
1. Metabolic syndrome (Wikipedia)
2.  Metabolic syndrome, (American Academy of Family Physicians)
3. Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana)(Sigma Aldrich)
4. "Emodin, a natural product, selectively inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and ameliorates metabolic disorder in diet-induced obese mice" by Feng Y, Huang SL, Dou W, Zhang S, Chen JH, Shen Y, Shen JH, Leng Y.(PubMed)
5. Emodin, an 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor, regulates adipocyte function in vitro and exerts anti-diabetic effect in ob/ob mice. by Wang YJ, Huang SL, Feng Y, Ning MM, Leng Y.
6. Anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic effects of a novel selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor in the diet-induced obese mice. by Park JS, Rhee SD, Jung WH, Kang NS, Kim HY, Kang SK, Ahn JH, Kim KY.(PubMed)
7. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
8. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
9. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)

2. Cascara Sagrada and pancreatic cancer
Cancer of pancreas or pancreatic cancer is defined as condition of a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, as the cells have become cancerous and divided uncontrollably. Most pancreatic cancers start in the ducts (exocrine component of the pancreas) that carry pancreatic juices with cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue accounts for over 75 - 90% of all cases of exocrine cancers.

The benefits
Emodin, the major components of Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana), has been found to be effective on inducing the apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells and inhibiting tumor growth through in cellular responses to stimuli (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) and the results suggested that it may contain potential anti-tumor effect on pancreatic cancer as its promotion of apoptosis and suppression of angiogenesis and be considered as potential agent for prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer. Others in the study of  emodin in the inhibition of XIAP and NF-κB, showed emodin enhances the antitumor effect of gemcitabine in SW1990 pancreatic cancer may be via the downregulation of NF-κB expression, thus inhibiting the expression of XIAP.

References
1. Antitumor activity of emodin against pancreatic cancer depends on its dual role: promotion of apoptosis and suppression of angiogenesis by Lin SZ, Wei WT, Chen H, Chen KJ, Tong HF, Wang ZH, Ni ZL, Liu HB, Guo HC, Liu DL.(PubMed)
2. Enhanced antitumor efficacy by the combination of emodin and gemcitabine against human pancreatic cancer cells via downregulation of the expression of XIAP in vitro and in vivo by Wang ZH, Chen H, Guo HC, Tong HF, Liu JX, Wei WT, Tan W, Ni ZL, Liu HB, Lin SZ.(PubMed)
3. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
4. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
5. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)


3. Cascara Sagrada and cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The benefits
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is an anthraquinone derivative originally isolated from Rheum officinale Baill known in research community for decades to possess anticancer properties. In the study to examine the effects of emodin on P2X7R(The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated Ca(2+)-permeable channel P2X7 receptor )-dependent Ca(2+) signaling, extracellular matrix degradation, showed that emodin inhibits human cancer cell invasiveness by specifically antagonizing the P2X7R. Others in the evaluation of natural anthracene-derived compounds as antimitotic agents, showed that  anthraquinones possess promising anti-mitotic activity and may have the potential to be lead compounds for the development of a new class of multifaceted natural anticancer/antimitotic agents.

References
1. Anthraquinone emodin inhibits human cancer cell invasiveness by antagonizing P2X7 receptors.
Jelassi B, Anchelin M, Chamouton J, Cayuela ML, Clarysse L, Li J, Goré J, Jiang LH, Roger S.(PubMed)
2. Evaluation of natural anthracene-derived compounds as antimitotic agents by Badria FA, Ibrahim AS.(PubMed)
3. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
4. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
5. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)

4. Cascara Sagrada and Breast cancer
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The benefits
Emodin, a chemical component found in Cascara Sagrada, an anthraquinone derivative has been found to possess anti cancer activity by induced cell apotoposis. in the study of the effects of emodin on Multi-drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major cause of treatment failure in breast cancer. In this studyto evaluate the effects of emodin on reversing the multi-drug resistance, through the ERCC1 protein expression in breast cancer cell line, Emodin may effectively reverse the multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/Adr cells and down-regulate ERCC1 protein expression.

References
1. Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity via down-regulation of ERCC1 and inactivation of ERK1/2. by Ko JC, Su YJ, Lin ST, Jhan JY, Ciou SC, Cheng CM, Chiu YF, Kuo YH, Tsai MS, Lin YW.(PubMed)
2. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
3. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
4. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)


5. Cascara Sagrada and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.

Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads methodically and predictably.Most common types of lung cancers include
a. Squamous-cell carcinoma often found in an outer area of the lung,
b. Large-cell carcinoma found in the center of the lung by an air tube
c. Adenocarcinoma found in any part of the lung.

The ingredients
Beside the main compound of anthraquinones, otyher compounds include anthraquinone glycosides, (emodin, frangulin, iso-emodin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol), rhein, aloin, malic acid, tannic acid, cascarosides A, B, C, and D, and hydroxy anthracene derivatives (HAD), etc.

The benefits
In last article, we have shown that Emodin, an anthraquinone derivative, may effectively reverse the multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/Adr cells and down-regulate ERCC1 protein expression. In the study of  the cytotoxic effect of combined emodin and cisplatin on NSCLC cell lines, emodin alone or combined with cisplatin significantly decreased expression of ERCC1 mRNA levels, may lead to novel therapy in the future for NSCLC. Other in study of the same also support the effects of emodin  suppressed by emodin to induce cytotoxicity in NSCLC cells by activation of the MKK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway.

The Side effects
1. Cascara Sagrada can be liver toxic.
2. It may cause Postal hypertension
Cascara sagrada (CS) has been associated with the development of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension.
3. Fresh cut, dried bark may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
4. It may allergic effect.
5. Etc.

References
1. Emodin enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity via down-regulation of ERCC1 and inactivation of ERK1/2 by Ko JC, Su YJ, Lin ST, Jhan JY, Ciou SC, Cheng CM, Chiu YF, Kuo YH, Tsai MS, Lin YW.(PubMed)
2. Suppression of ERCC1 and Rad51 expression through ERK1/2 inactivation is essential in emodin-mediated cytotoxicity in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by Ko JC, Su YJ, Lin ST, Jhan JY, Ciou SC, Cheng CM, Lin YW.(PubMed)
3. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
4. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
5. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)

6. Cascara Sagrada and Herpes simplex virus
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.
Herpes is defined as a viral disease caused by both Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2).

The ingredients
Beside the main compound of anthraquinones, otyher compounds include anthraquinone glycosides, (emodin, frangulin, iso-emodin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol), rhein, aloin, malic acid, tannic acid, cascarosides A, B, C, and D, and hydroxy anthracene derivatives (HAD), etc.

The benefits
Anthraquinone derivatives such as emodin have recently been found to protect against deposit of  amyloid plaques and tau aggregation-induced cell death. In the study to evaluate the anti viral effects of emodin against HSV infection, emodin showed a positive result in inhibiting the replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cell culture at the concentration of 50 μg/ml with antiviral index of 2.07 and 3.53, respectively as well as enhancing the survival rate of HSV-infected mice ad may be considered as a promising agent in the clinical therapy of HSV infection. Other in the study of the same indicated that emodin also inhibits the yields of HSV-1 but via the suppression of a novel target, UL12.

The Side effects
1. Cascara Sagrada can be liver toxic.
2. It may cause Postal hypertension
Cascara sagrada (CS) has been associated with the development of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension.
3. Fresh cut, dried bark may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
4. It may allergic effect.
5. Etc.

References
(1) The effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the roots of Rheum tanguticum, against herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo by Xiong HR, Luo J, Hou W, Xiao H, Yang ZQ.(PubMed)
(2) Emodin is a novel alkaline nuclease inhibitor that suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 yields in cell cultures by Hsiang CY, Ho TY.(PubMed)
3. [Toxic hepatitis following consumption of the herbal medicinal product Cascara Sagrada].[Article in Danish]" by Jacobsen C, Semb S, Kromann-Andersen H(PubMed)
4. "Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity" by Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH.(PubMed)
5. "Occupational respiratory allergic disease induced by Passiflora alata and Rhamnus purshiana" by Giavina-Bianchi PF Jr, Castro FF, Machado ML, Duarte AJ.(PubMed)

7. Cascara Sagrada and RV-induced asthma
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.
Rhinoviruses are viral infective agents in humans, associated to the cause of the common cold

The ingredients
Beside the main compound of anthraquinones, otyher compounds include anthraquinone glycosides, (emodin, frangulin, iso-emodin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol), rhein, aloin, malic acid, tannic acid, cascarosides A, B, C, and D, and hydroxy anthracene derivatives (HAD), etc.

The effects
Mitoxantrone, a anthraquinone derivative found in Cascara Sagrada may be the next potential agent in treating severe asthma caused the Rhinoviruses. It is known that severe asthma is associated the immune response to infection and inflammation and a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions (PI3K). In the study of the effects of Mitoxantrone allergic mice  infected with RV1B, showed an effective potential in RV-induced asthma by blocking pro-inflammatory pathways regulated by multiple cellular processes of PI3K. The effect of the herb may be more profound as the chemical constituent of emodin showed a significantly anti inflammatory activity with capable of interacting with several major inflammatory molecular targets. The result re-emphasizes its potential therapeutic role in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

The Side effects
1. Cascara Sagrada can be liver toxic.
2. It may cause Postal hypertension
Cascara sagrada (CS) has been associated with the development of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension.
3. Fresh cut, dried bark may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
4. It may allergic effect.
5. Etc.


References
(1) Targeted abrogation of diverse signal transduction cascades by emodin for the treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer by Shrimali D, Shanmugam MK, Kumar AP, Zhang J, Tan BK, Ahn KS, Sethi G.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibiting AKT Phosphorylation Employing Non-Cytotoxic Anthraquinones Ameliorates TH2 Mediated Allergic Airways Disease and Rhinovirus Exacerbation by Cesar de Souza Alves C, Collison A, Hatchwell L, Plank M, Morten M, Foster PS, Johnston SL, França da Costa C, Vieira de Almeida M, Couto Teixeira H, Paula Ferreira A, Mattes J.(PubMed)

8. Cascara Sagrada and (Mastitis) inflammation of breast tissue
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.
Mastitis is the  inflammation of breast tissue, mostly caused by Staphylococcus aureus

The ingredients
Beside the main compound of anthraquinones, otyher compounds include anthraquinone glycosides, (emodin, frangulin, iso-emodin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol), rhein, aloin, malic acid, tannic acid, cascarosides A, B, C, and D, and hydroxy anthracene derivatives (HAD), etc.

The effects
Nanosilver particles (AAgNPs), a derivative of chemical constituent of aloin found in Cascara Sagrada may be the protential target used as antibiotics for treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases, including mastitis. In the Staphylococcus aureus induced murine mastitis study of a total of 40 female mice were divided into five groups of eight animals each, Nanosilver particles (AAgNPs) is found to be effective (concentration of 21.8) than antibiotic as it exerted the anti inflammatory activity in reducing white blood cell (poly-morpho nuclear cell) infiltration.Other chemical compound emodin found in the herb, in a study of of the same but with  lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis also found to significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophilic granulocyte. These result may be given the green light for the chemical compounds of Cascara Sagrada used as a novel treatment strategy for mastitis.

The Side effects
1. Cascara Sagrada can be liver toxic.
2. It may cause Postal hypertension
Cascara sagrada (CS) has been associated with the development of cholestatic hepatitis, complicated by portal hypertension.
3. Fresh cut, dried bark may cause vomiting and diarrhea.
4. It may allergic effect.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways by Li D, Zhang N, Cao Y, Zhang W, Su G, Sun Y, Liu Z, Li F, Liang D, Liu B, Guo M, Fu Y, Zhang X, Yang Z.(PubMed)
(2) Evaluation of therapeutic potential of nanosilver particles synthesised using aloin in experimental murine mastitis model by Chaitanya Kumar TV, Muralidhar Y, Prasad PE, Prasad TN, Alpha Raj M.(PubMed)

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@Herbal Butterbur

Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

1. Butterbur and Migraine headache
Migraine headache is one most common headaches defined as condition of chronic neurological disorder of moderate to severe headaches, and nausea that usually develop gradually over 5–20 minutes and last for less than 60 minutes and affected over 15% of the population in US alone, as a result of the change in the brain and its surrounding blood vessels.

The Benefits
Although the herb is used as nutritional supplement in US, scientific studies suggested that it may be used as the prevention of allergic rhinitis and treatment of migraine. In a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized trial comparing Petasites extract 75 mg bid, Petasites extract 50 mg bid, or placebo bid in 245 patients with migraine, Butterbur Petasites extract 75 mg bid is more effective than placebo and is well tolerated as a preventive therapy for migraine, with mild symptoms of gastrointestinal events, predominantly burping. Other study of extract of Petasites hybridus suggest that migraine patients can benefit from prophylactic treatment with this special extract. The combination of high efficacy and excellent tolerance emphasizes the particular value that Petasites hybridus has for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. But in a systematic review, the herbs is showed to have a Moderate evidence of effectiveness, thus, available for a higher than the recommended dose of the proprietary Petasites root extract Petadolex in the prophylaxis of migraine and suggested that rigorous studies are required to confirm effectiveness and safety in long-term use before treatment with Petasites root extract can be recommended the herb as an alternative option in the treatment to patient with the prophylaxis of migraine.
 
References
(1) Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine.
Lipton RB, Göbel H, Einhäupl KM, Wilks K, Mauskop A.(PubMed)
(2) An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine.
Grossman W, Schmidramsl H.(PubMed)
(3) Effectiveness of Petasites hybridus preparations in the prophylaxis of migraine: a systematic review.
Agosti R, Duke RK, Chrubasik JE, Chrubasik S.(PubMed)
(4) Simultaneous investigation of sesquiterpenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides in Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) with an offline 2D-combination of HPLC-UV and LC-MMI-ToF-MS.
Aydın AA, Letzel T.(PubMed)

2.  Herbal Butterbur and Seasonal allergic rhinitis
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a condition of inflammation of the nasal passages as a result of seasonal allergic effects.

The benefits
Conventional, complementary, and alternative options for seasonal allergies study showed several dietary supplements, such as butterbur and vitamin C, have some preliminary evidence of that may be beneficiary to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Although butterbur has hold some promise, complementary and alternative therapies have not been integrated into the general treatment armamentarium of allergic rhinitis. Also in the study of Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, butterbur extract for allergic rhinitis (AR) is superior to placebo or similarly effective compared with nonsedative antihistamines for intermittent AR, researchers insist confirmation in larger and more rigorously designed clinical trials is warranted with a large sample size.

References
(1) Conventional, complementary, and alternative options for seasonal allergies by Moyad MA.(PubMed)
(2) Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis by Man LX.(PubMed)
(3) Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review by Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E.(PubMed)

3. Herbal  Butterbur and Airway inflammation 
Airway inflammation is the inflammation of the airway as a result of other condition include asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.

The benefits
Petasites japonicus (Pj), the giant butterbur has been used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating asthma, oxidant stress and gastric ulcer. It extracts has exerted its suppressive properties for the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and may be condidered as  a potent agent for the treatment of asthma. Other in the study of Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) of herbal Petasites hybridus (butterbur) showed to inhibit leukotriene activity, reduce allergic airway inflammation and AHR by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES.

References
(1) Suppressive effect of Petasites japonicus extract on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model by Lee JS, Yang EJ, Yun CY, Kim DH, Kim IS.(PubMed)
(2) Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice by Brattström A, Schapowal A, Maillet I, Schnyder B, Ryffel B, Moser R.(PubMed)

4. Herbal  Butterbur and hyperreactivity
Airway hyperreactivity is a defined as a condition of easily triggered bronchospasm as a result of physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli.

The benefits
Extract (Ze 339, PET) from herbal Petasites hybridus (butterbur) is found to be effective in inhibiting the
nhibited airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES. S-isopetasin, an antimuscarinic sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus may also be used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of on obstructive airway hyperresponsiveness, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma exacerbations.

References
(1) Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice by Brattström A, Schapowal A, Maillet I, Schnyder B, Ryffel B, Moser R.(PubMed)
(2) Bronchodilatory effects of S-isopetasin, an antimuscarinic sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, on obstructive airway hyperresponsiveness by Lin LH, Huang TJ, Wang SH, Lin YL, Wu SN, Ko WC.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Butterbur and Antioxidant activity.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls. Free radicals oxidative effects can damage to skin and speed up the skin aging process.

The benefits 
Methanol extracts from leaves and roots of Petasites japonicus was identified to possess antioxidant activities without prior purification of compounds from plant tissues of P. japonicus. Other study of the  chemical composition of the essential oil of Petasites albus showed the essential oil and euparinto of the herb exhibit a moderate antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Bakkenolides of Petasites tricholobus also exhibited significant neuroprotective and antioxidant activities and may be used as potential agent in treating neuro-related diseases.

References
(1) Rapid identification and evaluation of antioxidant compounds from extracts of Petasites japonicus by hyphenated-HPLC techniques by Kim SM, Kang SW, Jeon JS, Jung YJ, Kim CY, Pan CH, Um BH.(PubMed)
(2) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of aerial parts of Petasites albus from Iran: a good natural source of euparin by Mohammadi M, Yousefi M, Habibi Z, Dastan D.(PubMed)
(3) Bakkenolides from Petasites tricholobus and their neuroprotective effects related to antioxidant activities by Wang YL, Li RP, Guo ML, Zhang G, Zhang N, Ma YL.(PubMed)


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7. Herbal Butterbur and Cancers
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Some of chemical constituents in Butterbur consist Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects.
Bakkenolide  isolated from Petasites tatewakianus is found to exert its cytotoxic activity against cultured human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell in vitro. The methanol extract from the leaves of Petasites japonicus Maxim (PJ) was studied for its anti cancer effect , showed an cytotoxic effects on human stomach, colon and uterus cancer cells than on other cancer cell types and normal rat liver epithelial cells. AS the result, the extract may be considered  for treatments of some cancers.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Bakkenolides from Petasites tatewakianus by Dong XW, Li RJ, Gao X, Row KH.(PubMed)
(2) Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effect of methanol extracts of Petasites japonicus Maxim leaves by Kang HG, Jeong SH, Cho JH.(PubMed)

8. Butterbur and cholesterol
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
The Butanol fraction from the methanol extract of butterbur (Petasites japonicus Max.) (BMP) is examined for its effects on the plasma lipid profiles and oxidative damage of liver in mice in compared to monosodium l-glutamate (MSG), the fraction from the herb showed to be more effective to decreased total cholesterol, atherogenic index, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than the MSG-treated group. Other in the study to investigate of an extract (PJET) of Petasites japonicas in mice fed with high fat diet, showed PJET lowered the body weight gain and visceral fat tissue accumulation, and ameliorated the plasma cholesterol concentration of that P. japonicus might be an effective food against obesity.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Butterbur (Petasites japonicus Max.) extract improves lipid profiles and antioxidant activities in monosodium L-glutamate-challenged mice by Park CH, Kim MY, Sok DE, Kim JH, Lee JH, Kim MR.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of murine preadipocyte differentiation and reduction of visceral fat accumulation by a Petasites japonicus ethanol extract in mice fed a high-fat diet by Watanabe T, Hata K, Hiwatashi K, Hori K, Suzuki N, Itoh H.(PubMed)

9. Herbal  Butterbur and Asthma
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
butterbur, one of the herb used in folk medicine has been mentioned as a potential use as pharmacotherapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as the herb suppress the airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model and may be used as a potent agent for the treatment of asthma. Other study of extract (Ze 339, PET) of  Petasites hybridus (butterbur)showed the herb possess not only the inhibiting allergic diseases but also reduce allergic airway inflammation.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Phytoceuticals: the new 'physic garden' for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Grandhi S, Donnelly LE, Rogers DF.(PubMed)

(2) Suppressive effect of Petasites japonicus extract on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model by Lee JS, Yang EJ, Yun CY, Kim DH, Kim IS.(PubMed)


10. Herbal Butterbur and Somatoform disorders
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that trigger unexplained physical symptoms.
The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Extracts from butterbur have been in therapeutic use for more than 2,000 years
in a pharmaco-clinical trial to examine the effects of  butterbur in a fixed herbal drug combination (Ze 185 = 4-combination versus 3-combination without butterbur and placebo) in patients with somatoform disorders., treatment after 2 week showed (Ze185), the combination containing butterbur to be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment in patients with somatoform disorders with no serious side effects.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Fixed herbal drug combination with and without butterbur (Ze 185) for the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders: randomized, placebo-controlled pharmaco-clinical trial by Melzer J, Schrader E, Brattström A, Schellenberg R, Saller R.(PubMed)


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11. Herbal Butterbur and Neuroprotective effects

Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

Neuroprotective effects are defined of a protection against harmful of the brain and spinal cord


The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Bakkenolides is the major chemical costutuent of Petasites trichinous Franch. is examined for its neuroprotective effects in a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, showed  significantly attenuated cell death and apoptosis in primarily cultured neurons subject to 1-h hypoxia followed by 24-h reoxygenation. Other in the study of the same, also supported the result of  the neuro protective effects of  Bakkenolides of that may be result from its antioxidant properties.
Petaslignolide A (PA), a furfuran lignan isolated from butanol fraction of Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) (Compositae) leaves, on the oxidative damage in the brain of mice, is also a major neuroprotective agent against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity.
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References
(1) Total Bakkenolides Protects Neurons against Cerebral Ischemic Injury through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-Κb Activation by Jiang Q, Xia Yy EY, Jm HE, Guo Ml EY, Rp LI.(PubMed)
(2) Bakkenolides from Petasites tricholobus and their neuroprotective effects related to antioxidant activities by Wang YL, Li RP, Guo ML, Zhang G, Zhang N, Ma YL.(PubMed)
(3) Protection by petaslignolide A, a major neuroprotective compound in the butanol extract of Petasites japonicus leaves, against oxidative damage in the brains of mice challenged with kainic acid by Cui HS, Kim MR, Sok DE.(PubMed)
 

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

Sunday, December 29, 2013

@Herbal Butcher's broom

Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

1. Butcher's broom and Orthostatic hypotension (OH)
Orthostatic hypotension (OH), also known as postural hypotension of which happens when a person stands up from sitting or lying down or in sudden adjustment of body position, the blood pressure falls, and a person may experience lightheaded or even pass out.

The benefits 
 In most cases, Orthostatic hypotension (OH) affects affects large groups of the population with autonomic insufficiency--the elderly; patients with diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and chronic fatigue syndrome; and anyone on drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. In conventional medicine, most cases of Orthostatic hypotension (OH)are treated with fludrocortisone and midodrine. In the study by the American University, to evaluate the properties of Ruscus aculeatus, its mechanism of action, and its suitability as a therapeutic agent for treatment of OH, showed that with proven phlebotherapeutic properties, including vasoconstrictive action and venotonic properties, Ruscus aculeatus shows great promise for ameliorating the symptoms of OH and improving the quality of life for large groups in the population without increasing supine blood pressure.

Reference
1. Ruscus aculeatus (butcher's broom) as a potential treatment for orthostatic hypotension, with a case report. by Redman DA.(PubMed).

2. Herbal Butcher's broom and Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency is defined as a condition of veins do not return enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

The benefits
Extracts from Butcher's broom rhizome (Ruscus aculeatus) is found to be efficacy in treating patients  with chronic venous insufficiency, as the change of leg volume after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment (-16.5 ml and -20.5 ml), for changes in ankle and leg circumferences after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, and for the changes in subjective symptoms, heavy tired legs and sensation of tension (week 12) and the reduction of symptoms heavy lower legs, sensation of tension, and tingling sensation a significant positive correlation with the changes in leg volume. Other in the study of the effects of Ruscus aculeatus, hesperidin methyl-chalcone and ascorbic acid (HMC-AA), in chronic venous disorders (CVD, a 12-week treatment with Ruscus aculeatus HMC-AA improve quality of life by significantly decrease in the clinical symptoms and a significant improvement in the QoL of patients with CVD.

References
(1) Efficacy and safety of a Butcher's broom preparation (Ruscus aculeatus L. extract) compared to placebo in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency BY Vanscheidt W, Jost V, Wolna P, Lücker PW, Müller A, Theurer C, Patz B, Grützner KI.(PubMed)
(2) Assessment of quality of life in Mexican patients suffering from chronic venous disorder - impact of oral Ruscus aculeatus-hesperidin-methyl-chalcone-ascorbic acid treatment - 'QUALITY Study by Guex JJ, Enriquez Vega DM, Avril L, Boussetta S, Taïeb C.(PubMed)
(3)  Chronic venous insufficiency http://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/Pages/chronic-venous-insufficiency.aspx

3. Herbal Butcher's broom and Inflammatory effects
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The benefits
Ruscogenin (RUS), isolated from Ruscus aculeatus, has been found to exert significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities by inhibited adhesion of leukocytes to a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV304) injured by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a concentration-dependent manner. Other study also showed ruscogenin resulted in markedly reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine and leukocyte infiltration via the inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in rat lungs.
 
References
(1) Possible mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB by Huang YL, Kou JP, Ma L, Song JX, Yu BY.(PubMed)
(2) Ruscogenin attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats  by Bi LQ, Zhu R, Kong H, Wu SL, Li N, Zuo XR, Zhou SM, Kou JP, Yu BY, Wang H, Xie WP.(PubMed)

4. Herbal Butcher's broom and varicose veins
Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..
Varicose veins is a condition of which the veins have become enlarged and twisted

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

The benefits
Surgery, includes injection/compression sclerotherapy and surgical stripping or ligation or both always is the first recommendation for patients with varicose disease. Ruscus aculeatus has been found to relieve the symptoms of  pain, and expensive complications of varicose veins by improving microcirculation, capillary flow, and vascular tone, and to strengthen the connective tissue. Other study suggested that venotropic agents from plant extract probably exert effects by way of multiple receptor and non-receptor mediated events as  the differential distribution of alpha adrenergic receptors on greater saphenous veins from non-varicose patients compared to those with primary varicose disease.

References
(1) Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options by MacKay D.(PubMed)
(2) Selecting a treatment for primary varicose veins by Tremblay J, Lewis EW, Allen PT.(PubMed)
(3) Pharmacological assessment of adrenergic receptors in human varicose veins by Miller VM, Rud KS, Gloviczki P.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Butcher's broom and hemorrhoids
Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal of which cause cause pain and in some cases, life threatening if patients loss a large volume of blood. Approximately, 75% of all Americans will develop hemorrhoids at some points in their lives.

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

The benefits
Oral supplementation of Ruscus aculeatus is found to be effective in preventing time-consuming, painful, and expensive complications of  hemorrhoids, such as anal discomfort, soiling and bleeding pre- sent in acute phase. Other hemorrhoids an open trial, also found the positive effect of Butcher’s broom, with 75 percent of participating physicians rating butcher’s broom’s efficacy as good or excellent

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References
(1) Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options by MacKay D.(PubMed)
(2) ANTIOXIDANT HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR HEMORRHOIDS Developing a new formula, by Silvia Vertuani, Elena Bosco, Micaela Testoni, Simona Ascanelli, Gianfranco Azzena, Stefano Manfredini(2004, 3(3) 19-26)
(3) Page 608 Alternative Medicine Review Volume 6, Number 6 2001 Copyright©2001 Thorne Research, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No Reprint Without Written Permission Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher’s Broom)

Side effects
1. Do not use if you are pregnant with out permission of related field specialist, as Sparteine may increase uterine contraction
2. Do not use Butcher's broom if you are taking any form of monoamine oxidaseinhibitor
3. Use as direction and do not overdose
4. Etc.