Cruciferous vegetables

Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belong to the family Brassicaceae. It has large flower heads, usually green in color and the mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

1. Cruciferous vegetables and prostate cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
Epidemiologically, chemical constituents of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli has shown to decrease incidence of prostate cancer. The depletion of gene of GSTM1 genotype of Glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes may be associated with an increased risk of cancer as these depletion reduced the function of GST in detoxifying certain potentially carcinogenic compounds. Study of broccoli involved the changes in global gene expression patterns in the human prostate gland before, during and after a 12 month broccoli-rich diet, showed  broccoli enhances the detoxified function of GSTM1 genotype resulting in complex changes to signalling pathways associated with inflammation and carcinogenesis in the prostate, through the interaction from the breakdown of glucosinolates—sulfur-containing compounds found in cruciferous vegetables with a signal sequence in the plasma. In other study, the effects of potent sulforaphane of isothiocyanates (ITCs) in broccoli, consistently found to be associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer, especially among men with GSTM1-present alleles, and may be used as chemopreventive agents against prostate cancer, with two or more servings per month.
Other study insisted that Selenium-enriched broccoli sprouts were superior to normal broccoli sprouts in inhibiting cell proliferation, decreasing prostate-specific antigen secretion, and inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.

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The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

Reference
(1) Broccoli consumption interacts with GSTM1 to perturb oncogenic signalling pathways in the prostate by Traka M, Gasper AV, Melchini A, Bacon JR, Needs PW, Frost V, Chantry A, Jones AM, Ortori CA, Barrett DA, Ball RY, Mills RD, Mithen RF.(PubMed)
(2) GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes and the risk of gastric cancer: a case-control study in a Chinese population by Setiawan VW, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Li YL, Lu ML, Tsai CJ, Cordova D, Wang MR, Guo CH, Yu SZ, Kurtz RC.(PubMed)
(3) Cruciferous vegetables, genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, and prostate cancer risk by Joseph MA, Moysich KB, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG, Bowman ED, Zhang Y, Marshall JR, Ambrosone CB.(PubMed)
(4) Selenium enrichment of broccoli sprout extract increases chemosensitivity and apoptosis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells by Abdulah R, Faried A, Kobayashi K, Yamazaki C, Suradji EW, Ito K, Suzuki K, Murakami M, Kuwano H, Koyama H.(PubMed)

2. Cruciferous vegetables and breast cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
 In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8. isothiocyanates, chemical compound derived from Cruciferous vegetables has shown to be effective in anti cell proliferation, apoptosis cancer cells. In the study of the cytotoxicity of human breast cancer MCF-7 and human mammary epithelium MCF-12A cell lines, the derivcd ompound found in isothiocyanates exerted its anti breast cancer activity with benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), Sulforaphane and NITC inhibited the growth of human breast cancer cells as well as human mammary epithelium cells at concentrations similar to those of the chemotherapeutic drug daunomycin (DNM). Other study indicated that sources of ITCs of  isothiocyanates reduced the risk of  breast cancer risk in menopausal women, through the interaction of the detoxified function of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Unfortunately, Depletion of GSTP1 is associated to increased risk of certain cancers.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Food Therapy http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/food-therapies.html
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The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.
References
(1) Dietary organic isothiocyanates are cytotoxic in human breast cancer MCF-7 and mammary epithelial MCF-12A cell lines by Tseng E, Scott-Ramsay EA, Morris ME.(PubMed)
(2) Breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is inversely associated with consumption of broccoli, a source of isothiocyanates, but is not modified by GST genotype by Ambrosone CB, McCann SE, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, Zhang Y, Shields PG.(PubMed)
(3) Cruciferous vegetables, the GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism, and breast cancer risk by Lee SA, Fowke JH, Lu W, Ye C, Zheng Y, Cai Q, Gu K, Gao YT, Shu XO, Zheng W.(PubMed)

3. Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
Consumption of Cruciferous vegetables is known for its interaction with with detoxification enzymes in reducing the risk of cancer. sulforaphane (SF) derived from isothiocyanates, a major phytochemical found in broccoli  is associated to the tissue uptake level of SF in the body organ with increased levels of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)  and NQO1(member of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) family) genes varied by 3- to 6-fold among the organs of SF-treated rats. The chemopreventive properties of  sulforaphane and its effect on cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be another source for initiating and maintaining cancer, as  sulforaphane may target CSCs in different types of cancer through modulation of some pathways.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Food Therapy http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/food-therapies.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca   

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.
References
(1) Organ-specific exposure and response to sulforaphane, a key chemopreventive ingredient in broccoli: implications for cancer prevention by Veeranki OL, Bhattacharya A, Marshall JR, Zhang Y.(PubMed)
(2) Targeting cancer stem cells with sulforaphane, a dietary component from broccoli and broccoli sprouts by Li Y, Zhang T.(PubMed)

4. Cruciferous vegetables as antioxidants
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc..
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
Isothiocyanates, the major phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and watercress, have been studied extensively for its chemopreventive properties, as it enhances the detoxification processes of that prevent the initial activation of abnormal cell growth, including human cervical cancer cells, human pancreatic cancer cells, human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, human ovarian cancer cells. More evidences emerged to suggest that ITCs may not only prevent cancer initiation by altering carcinogen metabolism but also inhibit post-initiation cancer development by suppressing the process of tumor progression. Isothiocyanates, the may be chemopreventive agent also interacted with glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) to the process of cell detoxification. These results suggested that Isothiocyanates, may be the potential; agent in preventing and treating cancers.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

(1) Cancer chemoprevention with dietary isothiocyanates mature for clinical translational research by Singh SV, Singh K.(PubMed)
(2) Organ-specific exposure and response to sulforaphane, a key chemopreventive ingredient in broccoli: implications for cancer prevention by Veeranki OL, Bhattacharya A, Marshall JR, Zhang Y.(PubMed)
(3) The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review by de Figueiredo SM, Filho SA, Nogueira-Machado JA, Caligiorne RB.(PubMed)

5. Cruciferous vegetables and bladder cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
The bladder is a hollow elastic organ in the center of the lower abdomen that collects urine from the kidneys and excreted them through the urethra.
Bladder cancer is most common type of cancer that effect men twice as frequently as it effects women. Usually it starts from the lining the bladder caused by several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder cells
Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
Epidemiologic evidence found the reduced incidence of bladder caner with intake of cruciferous vegetables as the result of phytochemicals consisted in them. The study of the effects of isothiocyanates in  normal, noninvasive (RT4), and invasive (J82, UMUC3) human urothelial cell, showed a positive Sulforaphane and erucin reduced the tumor weight. On the other hand, Sulforaphane (SF) activated the Nrf2, the master of antioxidant response in the bladder as well inhibition of the N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, a major human bladder carcinogen in smokers to prevent the bladder cancer development. These results suggest that SF is a highly promising agent for bladder cancer prevention.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Inhibition of bladder cancer by broccoli isothiocyanates sulforaphane and erucin: characterization, metabolism, and interconversion by Abbaoui B, Riedl KM, Ralston RA, Thomas-Ahner JM, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK, Mortazavi A.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane inhibits 4-aminobiphenyl-induced DNA damage in bladder cells and tissues by Ding Y, Paonessa JD, Randall KL, Argoti D, Chen L, Vouros P, Zhang Y.(PubMed)

6. Cruciferous vegetables and inflammatory bowel diseases
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Inflammatory bowel diseases is a condition of inflammation of the colon and small intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc.. 

The effects
Intake of blueberries and broccoli may be associated to reduced risk of inflammatory colonic diseases. In the study to evaluate the altered cecum microbiota of mice fed with either control diet or blueberry and broccoli supplementation, broccoli-supplemented diet mice showed a significantly lowered colonic inflammation compared to mice fed the control diet with lowered of translocation of total microbes to mesenteric lymph nodes. The result indicated that Dietary broccoli altered the composition and metabolism of the cecal microbiota and colon morphology as it altered the composition and metabolism of large intestine microbiota thus promoted colon health in humans. In high fat diet, broccoli fiber may contribute some protection in terms of colon morphology, due to the effects of fermentable dietary fiber in enhancing functions of some microbiota in cecum, as well as its function altered cecal short-chain fatty acids, and increased the colon crypt depth and the number of goblet cells per crypt in high- and low-fat diets. The result suggested that in take of broccoli may reduce the risk of inflammatory bowel disease.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Influence of dietary blueberry and broccoli on cecal microbiota activity and colon morphology in mdr1a(-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases by Paturi G, Mandimika T, Butts CA, Zhu S, Roy NC, McNabb WC, Ansell J.(PubMed)
(2) Cecal and colonic responses in rats fed 5 or 30% corn oil diets containing either 7.5% broccoli dietary fiber or microcrystalline cellulose by Paturi G, Butts C, Monro J, Nones K, Martell S, Butler R, Sutherland J. (PubMed)

7. Cruciferous vegetables and bowel cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Colon cancer defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
Isothiocyanates, a major chemical constituents found in Cruciferous vegetables is best known for its benefit in protect against the forming of cancer, including colon cancer. Isothiocyanates interacted with glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in prevention of irregular cell growth in the bowel in subjects with GSTM1 null genotype. But this protection is only limited to non smoker with GSTM1 null genotype. For people who smoke with GSTM1 null genotype, the risk of bowel cancer is increased substantially. Study of dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in the Singapore Chinese, showed no overall associations between GSTM1, T1 or P1 genotypes and colorectal cancer risk. However, among individuals with both GSTM1 and T1 null genotypes, there 57% reduction in risk among high consumption of ITC compared to those with low consumption.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Glutathione transferase null genotype, broccoli, and lower prevalence of colorectal adenomas by Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Louie AD, Kau IH, Witte JS, Ingles SA, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Haile RW.(PubMed)
(2) Glutathione transferase (GSTM1) null genotype, smoking, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas by Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Ingles SA, Han CY, Lin BK, Lee DB, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Longnecker MP, Haile RW.(PubMed)
(3) Glutathione transferase (GSTM1) null genotype, smoking, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas by Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Ingles SA, Han CY, Lin BK, Lee DB, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Longnecker MP, Haile RW.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study by Seow A, Yuan JM, Sun CL, Van Den Berg D, Lee HP, Yu MC.(PubMed)

8. Cruciferous vegetables and Lung cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The benefits
Isothiocyanates, found in Cruciferous vegetables  is best known for its anti cancer activities in scientific community due to recent studies in human cancer cells. In the study of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derived from Isothiocyanates, on metastatic potential of highly metastatic human lung cancer L9981 cells, showed both derivatives  inhibited L9981 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, with cell migrations were reduced to 8.1% and 16.5% of control, respectively; and cell invasions were reduced to 2.7% and 7.3% of control, respectively. But the study in evaluation of dietary isothiocyanates and lung cancer using a population-based case-control study of 933 African Americans and Caucasians (non-Hispanic U.S. White) from Los Angeles County, California (311 cases; 622 controls, found that consuming more cruciferous vegetables did not vary by race (P = 0.52 but the reduced risk of lung cancer with higher isothiocyanate intake may be slightly stronger among subjects with deletion of GSTM1.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Isothiocyanates induce oxidative stress and suppress the metastasis potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cells and Wu X, Zhu Y, Yan H, Liu B, Li Y, Zhou Q, Xu K.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), and lung cancer risk in African Americans and Caucasians from Los Angeles County, California by Carpenter CL, Yu MC, London SJ.(PubMed)

9. Cruciferous vegetables and cervicalcancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Cervical cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the  cervix tissues.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
Evidences of inhibition of tumors and the growth of several types of cultured human cancer cells of Isothiocyanates, a natural phytochamincal found in cruciferous vegetables has been confirmed in animal models. The study of inhibitory effects of BITC and PEITC on metastatic potential of highly metastatic human lung cancer L9981 cells, showed that both benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) and beta-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), derived from Isothiocyanates inhibited L9981 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner, by reduced migration and invasion of L9981 cell, regulating metastasis-related gene expression and inhibition of Akt/NFkappaB pathway which plays an important role in regulating viral replication, autoimmune diseases, the inflammatory response, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Other study suggested that BITC and PEITC also suppressed the metastasis potential of highly metastatic lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, via targeting the MAPK/AP-1 pathway.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Isothiocyanates induce oxidative stress and suppress the metastasis potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cells by Wu X, Zhu Y, Yan H, Liu B, Li Y, Zhou Q, Xu K.(PubMed)

10. Cruciferous vegetables and Endometrial cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Endometrium is the inner lining of the mammalian uterus and very susceptible hormone change, particular to menstrual cycle. Endometrial cancer is a late adulthood cancer defined as a condition of which the cells of the endometrial lining of uterus have growth uncontrollable or become cancerous as a result of the alternation of cells DNA. It's the fourth most common cancer among women overall, after breast cancer, lung cancer, and bowel cancer.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
The prevalence of endometrial cancer is very common in women in US. some researchers suggested this may the result of widespread of obesity in the female population.  In the evaluation of one cohort study and 16 case-control studies in various aspects of consumption, showed that intake of Cruciferous vegetables is associated to decreased risk of Endometrial cancer. Other in rat study of the effects of Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in cruciferous vegetables, found that dietary I3C inhibited spontaneous occurrence of endometrial adenocarcinoma. These results suggested that daily intake of
Cruciferous vegetables are necessary for women in reducing risk of endometrial cancer. Unfortunately, in certain study, dietary Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is associated in increased risk of endometrial cancer, as induction of Cytochrome P450 enzymes family 1  in the liver and sequential modulation of estrogen metabolism to increased 4HE might promote the effects of dietary I3C on the development of endometrial cancer. 

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Fruits and vegetables and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis by Bandera EV, Kushi LH, Moore DF, Gifkins DM, McCullough ML.(PubMed)
(2) Chemoprevention of spontaneous endometrial cancer in female Donryu rats by dietary indole-3-carbinol by Kojima T, Tanaka T, Mori H.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary indole-3-carbinol promotes endometrial adenocarcinoma development in rats initiated with N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, with induction of cytochrome P450s in the liver and consequent modulation of estrogen metabolism by Yoshida M, Katashima S, Ando J, Tanaka T, Uematsu F, Nakae D, Maekawa A.(PubMed)

11. Cruciferous vegetables and Liver cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of out of controlled growth of hepatocellular cells in the liver. Since the organ is a soft tissue with less nerve, most liver cancer patient are diagnosed in the later stage of the cancer. According to the statistic, liver cancer remains the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary liver cancer.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
The studies of dietary of Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) found in Cruciferous vegetables have yielded conflict results. In the study of the the development of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive liver cell foci in a newborn rat hepatocarcinogenesis system totest for the effects of I3C, the result showed that I3C exerts its anti liver cancer effects in post initiation stage and pre-initiation stage in the medium-term liver bioassay. Other in the study of  the effect of  indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A(enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of organic substances.) inducer found in cruciferous vegetables in male rats, showed that I3C enhances microsomal ROS  (Reactive oxygen species) production of which overwhelming the antioxidant effect of Nrf2-related genes. This imbalance may be associated to the development of liver cancer.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Biphasic modifying effect of indole-3-carbinol on diethylnitrosamine-induced preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive liver cell foci in Sprague-Dawley rats by Kim DJ, Lee KK, Han BS, Ahn B, Bae JH, Jang JJ.(PubMed)
(2) Indole-3-carbinol enhances oxidative stress responses resulting in the induction of preneoplastic liver cell lesions in partially hepatectomized rats initiated with diethylnitrosamine by Shimamoto K, Dewa Y, Ishii Y, Kemmochi S, Taniai E, Hayashi H, Imaoka M, Morita R, Kuwata K, Suzuki K, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K.(PubMed)

12. Cruciferous vegetables and Ovarian cancer
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cells growth of ovarian cells as that have become cancerous. It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
Although conflict results of ingredient of Indole-3-carbinol in Cruciferous vegetables are still in debate, studies of the effects of I3C in therapeutic potential are still ongoing. In the study to compare the effect of I3C bortezomib and cisplatin in several human ovarian cancer cell lines, showed a positive effects, as  co-treatment with I3C and bortezomib significantly inhibited tumour growth and reduced tumour weight compared with either drug alone. Other in the investigation of a a total of 1468 cancers of the oral cavity/pharynx, 505 of the esophagus, 230 of the stomach, 2390 of the colorectum, 185 of the liver, 326 of the pancreas, 852 of the larynx, 3034 of the breast, 367 of the endometrium, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate, 767 of the kidney, and 11,492 controls, showed that consumption of cruciferous vegetables at least once a week as compared with no/occasional consumption was significantly reduced for cancer of the oral cavity/pharynx esophagus, colorectum breast, and kidney  but not significant, for stomach, liver, pancreatic, laryngeal, endometrial , ovarian, and prostate cancer.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

References
(1) Indole-3-carbinol synergistically sensitises ovarian cancer cells to bortezomib treatment.

Taylor-Harding B, Agadjanian H, Nassanian H, Kwon S, Guo X, Miller C, Karlan BY, Orsulic S, Walsh CS.(PubMed)

(2) Cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies by Bosetti C, Filomeno M, Riso P, Polesel J, Levi F, Talamini R, Montella M, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)

13. Cruciferous vegetables and ischemia-reperfusion
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of  vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Ischemia-reperfusion is a condition of damage caused of blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen.

Nutrients and chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Omega 3 fatty acid
5. Protein
6. Beta-carotene
7. Lutein and
8. Zeaxanthin
9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
10. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
11. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
12. Pantothenic acid (B5)
13. Vitamin B6
14. Folate (Vit. B9)
15. Vitamin C
16. Calcium
17. Tryptophan
18. Iron
19. Magnesium
20. Phosphorus
21.Potassium
22. Zinc
23. Etc.
Its chemical constutuents include  glucosinolates, dithiolthiones, indoles , glucoraphanin, s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, etc..

The effects
Intake of Cruciferous vegetables are known for antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic effects. In rat study to evaluate whether dietary broccoli sprouts can protect the heart from ischemia-reperfusion, rat fed with a diet mixed with 2% dried broccoli sprouts for 10 days, showed  broccoli sprout exerted its strongly protect the heart against oxidative stress and cell death caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a relatively short dietary treatment. Other in the study of the same but with Sulforaphane, a chemical constituent in Cruciferous vegetables, showed a protective effects of sulforaphane against I/R injury may be partly mediated through the mitochondrial KATP channel, (as it may function as a trigger that sets the myocardium into a preconditioned state via the generation of oxygen-derived free radicals)and antioxidant pathway. As Decreases on Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 levels by I/R were increased by sulforaphane treatment.

The Side effects1. People who has over production of IgM immunoglobulins which makes blood thicken should talk to their doctor before taking high amount of broccoli.
2. Allergic reaction??
3. Etc.

(1) Dietary broccoli sprouts protect against myocardial oxidative damage and cell death during ischemia-reperfusion by Akhlaghi M, Bandy B.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane protects ischemic injury of hearts through antioxidant pathway and mitochondrial K(ATP) channels by Piao CS, Gao S, Lee GH, Kim do S, Park BH, Chae SW, Chae HJ, Kim SH.(PubMed)

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Herbal Cayenne

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

1. Cayenne and weight loss
Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

The benefits
The prevalence of obesity is widespread in the Western world. In US, approximately 68% of the population are either over weight or obese. Weight loss with little or no side effects of organic chemical compound from plants have gone under extensive research. Capsaicinoids are a group of chemicals found in Cayenne, may have a potential benefits in relation to weight management. In fact, Capsaicinoids has exerted induced weight loss activities through increased energy expenditure, increased lipid oxidation and reduced appetite of which may be caused stimulation of the TRPV1 receptor. Other in the study of the same, suggested that a minimum dose of 2mg of capsaicinoids is needed to contribute to reductions in ad libitum energy intake and daily consumption of capsaicinoids may contribute to weight management through reductions in energy intake.

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.

References
(1) "Severe pepper allergy in a young child" by Gimenez L, Zacharisen M(PubMed))
(2) Mechanisms underlying the hypertensive response induced by capsaicin" by Dutta A, Deshpande SB.(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures" by Gupta PJ.(PubMed)
(4) Capsaicinoids and capsinoids. A potential role for weight management? A systematic review of the evidence by Whiting S, Derbyshire E, Tiwari BK.(PubMed)
(5) Could capsaicinoids help to support weight management? A systematic review and meta-analysis of energy intake data.

Whiting S¹, Derbyshire EJ², Tiwari B³.(PubMed)

2. Herbal Cayenne and cancers

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

The benefits
Capsaicin, a chemical constituent found in cayenne is found to be effective in significantly reduced cell proliferation and induced cell death. In the exposure to human KB cancer cells, Capsaicin exerted its anti cancer effect by induced growth inhibition of KB cells apoptosis as it promotes the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as activation of caspase 9, 3 and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase in KB cells. Other in the study of the same but with extract from spices like chili pepper, cloves, black pepper and black cuminto compare the in vitro anticancer activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts against the TE-13 (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) cell line, suggested that
all extracts showed cytotoxic activity but aqueous extracts were found to be more potent than alcoholic extracts.

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.

References
(1) "Severe pepper allergy in a young child" by Gimenez L, Zacharisen M(PubMed))
(2) Mechanisms underlying the hypertensive response induced by capsaicin" by Dutta A, Deshpande SB.(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures" by Gupta PJ.(PubMed)
(4) Capsaicin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human KB cancer cells by Lin CH, Lu WC, Wang CW, Chan YC, Chen MK.(PubMed)
(5) Cytotoxic potential of Indian spices (extracts) against esophageal squamous carcinoma cells.

Dwivedi V, Shrivastava R, Hussain S, Ganguly C, Bharadwaj M.(PubMed)

3. Cayenne and Breast cancer

Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

The benefits
Capsaicin found in red peppers of the genus Capsicum has been found to be effective in exerting its biological activities (anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic and chemopreventive) in many cancer cell lines. In breast cancer cell line MCF-7, treatment with capsaicin for 24 h resulted cells apoptosis in dose dependent manner through a caspase-independent pathway in MCF-7 cells. Other in the study of the same showed that Capsaicin extract extracts induced significant growth arrest and apoptosis in human breast and leukemia cancer cell lines in vitro with no significant effect on normal breast epithelial cells. These result suggested cayenne may be a potential agent in treating breast cancer.

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.
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References
(1) "Severe pepper allergy in a young child" by Gimenez L, Zacharisen M(PubMed))
(2) Mechanisms underlying the hypertensive response induced by capsaicin" by Dutta A, Deshpande SB.(PubMed)
(3) Consumption of red-hot chili pepper increases symptoms in patients with acute anal fissures" by Gupta PJ.(PubMed)
(4) Tumor cell growth inhibition is correlated with levels of capsaicin present in hot peppers by Dou D, Ahmad A, Yang H, Sarkar FH.(PubMed)(5) Capsaicin-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through caspase-independent pathway by Chou CC, Wu YC, Wang YF, Chou MJ, Kuo SJ, Chen DR.(PubMed)


4. Hebal Cayenne and Antioxidants
Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

According to the Texas A&M University, the antioxidant activities of cayenne may be due to its
rich source of diverse bioactive compounds, including : hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and methanol:water, In high concentrations, the extracts exerted different measures of antioxidant activity, with DPPH radical-scavenging activity was strongly correlated with total bioactive compounds such as capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenolics(1). The study consisted Four cultivars (Bronowicka Ostra, Cyklon, Tornado, and Tajfun) of pepper fruit Capsicum annuum L., phenolics contents, showed a positive effect of the compound in exerting its antioxidant activities through elucidated in heat-induced oxidation in the beta-carotene-linoleic acid system(2).
The Universidad Complutense de Madrid suusgested that the antioxidants exerted by cayenne may be due to the amount released from the food matrix by the action of digestive enzymes, about 75% for total polyphenols, up to 49% for both beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, and up to 41% for beta-cryptoxanthin.(PubMed).
Other research suggested Organic growing showed to increased the level of antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamin C in sweet bell pepper, another member family of Capsicum annuum(4).

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.

References
(1) Variation of antioxidant activity and the levels of bioactive compounds in lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from hot pepper (Capsicum spp.) cultivars by Bae H¹, Jayaprakasha GK, Jifon J, Patil BS.(PubMed)
(2) Antioxidant activity of the main phenolic compounds isolated from hot pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L) by Materska M¹, Perucka I.(PubMed)
(3) Bioactive compounds of four hot pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.), antioxidant capacity, and intestinal bioaccessibility by Hervert-Hernández D¹, Sáyago-Ayerdi SG, Goñi I.(PubMed)
(4) Characterisation of antioxidant compounds in sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under organic and conventional growing systems by Hallmann E¹, Rembiałkowska E.(PubMed)

5. Herbal cayenne and Allergic rhinitis
Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.
 Nonallergic rhinitisis defined as condition with symptoms resemble an allergy causes of ahiitis but  without a known cause. Chronic forms of rhinitis occurred in the absence of any detectable specific IgE against relevant aeroallergens in its broadest sense can be called chronic nonallergic rhinitis(1).

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.
Non allergic rhinitis
 ICX72 or Sinus Buster, a proprietary homeopathic preparation of Capsicum annum, showed to exhibit significant differences in changes from baseline and improvement in nasal congestion, sinus pain, sinus pressure, and headache, at 5, 10, 15, and 30 minutes, persisting at 60 minutes for nasal congestion and sinus pain inpatients with Nonallergic rhinitis(2).
The intranasal capsaicin spray, also showed a significant and long-term reduction of symptoms in nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis patients, and five treatments of capsaicin on a single day at least is comparable to five treatments of capsaicin in 2 weeks, in a 30 nonallergic noninfectious perennial rhinitis patients randomized into two different treatment regimens: one group received capsaicin five times on the first day at 1-h intervals.(3)


References
(1) Nonallergic rhinitis by Lieberman P¹, Pattanaik D.(PubMed)
(2) A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis by Bernstein JA¹, Davis BP, Picard JK, Cooper JP, Zheng S, Levin LS.(PubMed)
(3) Intranasal capsaicin reduces nasal hyperreactivity in idiopathic rhinitis: a double-blind randomized application regimen study by Van Rijswijk JB¹, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ.(PubMed)

The Side Effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction in young children
2. It may also cause hypertense response if overdosed.
3. It may promote symptoms of acute anal fissure.
4. It may cause burning sensation to certain people in the first taste
5. Do not use cayenne pepper in young children
6. Etc.

6. Herbal cayenne and Cholesterol
Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place.

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.

Capsaicinoids, the active compounds in chili pepper, showed to reduce plasma total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol being unaffected, according to The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in hamsters study(1), as well as prevent ovarian hormone deficiency-induced hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the hepatic cholesterol synthesis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats(2). These anti Hypocholesterolemic effect may be as a result of stimulating conversion of cholesterol to bile acids by upregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase expression (cholesterol regulator) and the increase in fecal total bile acid excretion, some researchers suggested(3).

References
(1) Capsaicinoids lower plasma cholesterol and improve endothelial function in hamsters by Liang YT¹, Tian XY, Chen JN, Peng C, Ma KY, Zuo Y, Jiao R, Lu Y, Huang Y, Chen ZY.(PubMed)
(2) The hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids in ovariectomized rats fed with a cholesterol-free diet was mediated by inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis by Zhang L¹, Fang G, Zheng L, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)
(3) Hypocholesterolemic effect of capsaicinoids by increased bile acids excretion in ovariectomized rats by Zhang L¹, Zhou M, Fang G, Tang Y, Chen Z, Liu X.(PubMed)

7. Herbal cayenne and High blood pressure
Cayenne is also known as Cayenne Pepper, a red, hot chili pepper, belonging to Capsicum annuum, the family Solanaceae, native to sub-tropical and tropical regions. It has been used in traditional medicine to increases metabolism, enhance circulatory system and stomach and the intestinal tract, adjust blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, treat frostbite, muscles, arthritis, rheumatism, low back pain, strains, sprains, bruises and neuralgia, etc.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cayenne include capsaicin,  capsacutin oil, solaine, xanthenes, oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.
Epidemiological studies linking cayenne in reduced hypertension have not been conclusive, the mechanism of these effect are still an mystery.

According to the, pepper (Capsicum) genus showed to exhibit both anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hypertension potential in many studies, probably through inhibition of related enzymes(1).
 Ingestion of large amount may cause an arterial hypertensive crisis, according to a case report at 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. There was a report of a case of an arterial hypertensive crisis in a 19-year-old Italian man with an abundant ingestion of peppers and of chili peppers the preceding day(2).
Capsaicin also found to exhibit acute myocardial infarction with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone if ingestion of large amount of peppers and of chili peppers(3).
This dual mechanisms presented in cayenne may not be explained by conventional medicine, traditional Chinese medicine provides this differentiation. Cayenne, yang in nature, promotes Qi movement of blood. In healthy individual, qi smooth movement reduce the necessary blood pressure in blood transportation. On the other hand, movement of qi was block and induced higher blood pressure due to the presence of high amount cholesterol cause of narrow blood vessel

References
(1) Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and in vitro inhibitory potential against key enzymes relevant for hyperglycemia and hypertension of commonly used medicinal plants, herbs and spices in Latin America by Ranilla LG¹, Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(PubMed)
(2) Capsaicin and arterial hypertensive crisis by Patanè S, Marte F, La Rosa FC, La Rocca R.(PubMed)
(3) Capsaicin, arterial hypertensive crisis and acute myocardial infarction associated with high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone by Patanè S, Marte F, Di Bella G, Cerrito M, Coglitore S.(PubMed)




 

Herbal Catnip (Nepeta cataria)

Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

1. Herbal Catnip (Nepeta cataria) and anti-microbial activity
Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

The benefits
 Chemical composition of essential oil from N. cataria found that the chemical 4a-α, 7-α, 7a-β-nepetalactone (55-58%), and 4a-α, 7-β, 7a-α-nepetalactone (30-31.2%) were effective in exerting theirs anti microbial activity against all tested bacteria at concentrations of 0.125-4 μL/mL. and inhibited the growth of Candida species at a concentration less than 1 μL/mL. Other in the study of the anti bacterial effect of some herbs, including Catnip, found that Lavender oil is more effective in exhibition of antibacterial ability in comparison with C. nepeta essential oil, probably based on the concept of synergistic values of essential oil components.

Side effects1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.

2. Herbal Catnip (Nepeta cataria) and memory
Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..
Central nervous system include is the part of the nervous system of the brain and spinal cord with function of integrates information it receives from for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body.

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

Evidences emerged in the research community that certain ingredients plants and vegetable may  improve the cognitive function by enhancing theirs antioxidant activity. Study of the effects of menthoides aqueous extract on memory retention and retrieval of mice using passive avoidance apparatus, the result showed that the extract has exerted its antioxidant effect by enhancing the  memory retention and retrieval, these may be a result of the effects of the herb's rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and phenolic acids.

Side effects1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.

References
(1) Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Nepeta cataria L. against Common Causes of Food-Borne Infections by Kamiar Zomorodian, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Samaneh Shariati, Keyvan Pakshir, Mohammad Javad Rahimi,  and Reza Khashei(PubMed)
(2) Effects of Nepeta menthoides aqueous extract on retention and retrieval of memory in mice by Sarahroodi S, Jafari-Najafi R, Nasri S, Rohampour K, Maleki-Jamshid A, Esmaeili S.(PubMed)



References
(1) Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Nepeta cataria L. against Common Causes of Food-Borne Infections by Kamiar Zomorodian, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Samaneh Shariati, Keyvan Pakshir, Mohammad Javad Rahimi,  and Reza Khashei(PubMed)
(2) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of nepeta cataria L. Against common causes of oral infections by Zomorodian K¹, Saharkhiz MJ², Rahimi MJ¹, Shariatifard S³, Pakshir K¹, Khashei R⁴.(PubMed)
(3)  Investigation of the chemical composition-antibacterial activity relationship of essential oils by chemometric methods, by Miladinović DL, Ilić BS, Mihajilov-Krstev TM, Nikolić ND, Miladinović LC, Cvetković OG.(PubMed)
(4) Croton zehntneri: possible central nervous system effects of the essential oil in rodents`by Batatinha MJ, de Souza-Spinosa H, Bernardi MM(PubMed)
(5) `Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice`by Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernardi MM(PubMed) 

References
(1) Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Nepeta cataria L. against Common Causes of Food-Borne Infections by Kamiar Zomorodian, Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz, Samaneh Shariati, Keyvan Pakshir, Mohammad Javad Rahimi,  and Reza Khashei(PubMed)
(2) Croton zehntneri: possible central nervous system effects of the essential oil in rodents`by Batatinha MJ, de Souza-Spinosa H, Bernardi MM(PubMed)
(3) `Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice`by Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernardi MM(PubMed)

Side effects
1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with ither medication if used used on a daily basis
4. Etc.

3. Herbal catnip as repellent
Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

Catnip may be used as repellent agent in protect skin against insect and may be used to as  mosquito repellent against several Aedes and Culex species, both topically and spatially and can be considered as a relatively safe repellent, which may cause minor skin irritation.(1).
In Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) study, chemical compound from catnip oil tsuch as isolongifolenone, 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide and (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide, showed to effective a significant effect in repellency against stable flies(2).
But in the study by Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory, catnip oil and nepetalactone isomers are significantly less effective when compare with the repellents N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and chiral (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide (SS220)(3).

Side effects1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.

References
(1) Efficacy and safety of catnip (Nepeta cataria) as a novel filth fly repellent by Zhu JJ¹, Zeng XP, Berkebile D, DU HJ, Tong Y, Qian K.(PubMed)
(2) Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and oviposition repellent by Zhu JJ¹, Berkebile DR, Dunlap CA, Zhang A, Boxler D, Tangtrakulwanich K, Behle RW, Baxendale F, Brewer G.(PubMed)
(3) Feeding deterrent effects of catnip oil components compared with two synthetic amides against Aedes aegypti by Chauhan KR¹, Klun JA, Debboun M, Kramer M.(PubMed)

3. Catnip and Anti inflammatory effect
Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

Herbal catnip may be used as anti inflammatory agonist in treating chronic related inflammation disease. 4aα,7α,7aβ-nepetalactone and 1,8-cineole, a chemical compound from catnip, found in the main concentrated components of NP essential oil, showed to alleviate symptoms of  both the acute and chronic forms of nociception, through its anti inflammatory effect in does depending manner, ibn rat study(1). In support of the above, the Tarbiat Modares University study showed that Nepeta crispa essential oil enhances anti-inflammatory effects in the formalin-induced paw inflammation model and significantly reduced the paw oedema in all applied doses(2).
The coincidence of the proven inflammatory effect with insistence of herbalist may be due to its  inhibition of calcineurin; an important regulator of T-cell mediated inflammation that has received little attention in ethnopharmacological research, Dr. Prescott TA and the research team at the Royal Botanic Gardens suggested(3).

Side effects1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.

References
(1) Evaluation of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad et Assadi in rats by Ali T, Javan M, Sonboli A, Semnanian S.(PubMed)
(2) Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa Willd. in experimental rat models by Ali T, Javan M, Sonboli A, Semnanian S.(PubMed)
(3) Direct inhibition of calcineurin by caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides from Teucrium chamaedrys and Nepeta cataria by Prescott TA, Veitch NC, Simmonds MS.(PubMed)

4. Catnip as Antioxidants
Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

Beside containing anti inflammatory effect, Catnip may also act as antioxidants in fighting against forming of free radicals. In fact, the study at the found that catnip and other plants used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean basin in the experiment showed to exhibit  the deduction of reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils, such as the superoxide anion and the hydroxyl radical, could be implicated in the overall reduction of inflammation(1).
The testing of herbal medicine Teucrium chamaedrys L. and Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae) used in traditional medicine in treatment of  related nflammation, also support the antioxidant effect of catnip, through inhibition of calcineurin; an important regulator of T-cell mediated inflammation that has received little attention in ethnopharmacological research(2).


References
(1) Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and apoptotic activities of four plant species used in folk medicine in the Mediterranean basin by Amira S, Dade M, Schinella G, Ríos JL.(PubMed)
(2) Direct inhibition of calcineurin by caffeoyl phenylethanoid glycosides from Teucrium chamaedrys and Nepeta cataria by Prescott TA¹, Veitch NC, Simmonds MS(PubMed)

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