Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few
foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays
an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis
induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of
minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of aging
male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific
community in South East Asian with tendency to spread to younger age
population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time
in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the
possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2
decades. Herbal medicine for diseases' management have been prescribed in folk
medicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in
preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.
Genetic mutation
Genetic mutation of Vitamin D-deactivating enzyme CYP24A1may be associated to increased risk of prostate cancer. In a Korean cohort suggested that five CYP24A1 sequence variants (rs2248461, rs2248359, rs602299, rs2585428,
rs4809959 had a significant association with prostate cancer risk(1);
vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (two VDR sequence variants (rs2408876 and rs2239182), may play an important role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer(2). Others study of vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer showed an conflict result of that genotypes of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were not associated with prostate cancer risk, but polymorphisms in the VDR gene may be(3)(4)(5). In common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor(CaSR), the Harvard School of Public Health showed that CaSR may be involved in PCa progression(5a)
Vitamin D plasma
Suggestions of plasma used in measurement of risk of prostate have been controversial with many inconsistent results, epidemiological. The population-based cohort study of 1476 prostate cancer patients to assess disease recurrence/progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) risks associated with serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D], showed no evidence of serum vitamin D levels measured after diagnosis associated to prostate cancer prognosis(6) and according to the Oregon Health & Science University prospective cohort of older men also found no association between serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.(6a). But according to the Harvard Medical School, suboptimal vitamin D status (especially during the winter/spring season), and both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D may play an important role in preventing prostate cancer progression(7) and higher prediagnostic plasma 25(OH)D might be associated with improved prostate cancer prognosis(8).
In the variation of above, some researchers suggested that plasma 25(OH)D levels associated to common variation among several vitamin D-related genes((CYP27A1, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, GC, CYP24A1, RXRA, and VDR) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)were associated with lethal prostate cancer risk(9)(10)(11). A report of survival in veterans with prostate cancer indicated a veterans who are initially vitamin D
deficient and both initial and follow-up vitamin D deficiency are associated with decreased likelihood of survival after prostate cancer diagnosis(12). Other suggestions, linking vitamin D in reduced risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer-related
health disparities in African-American men were greatly involved at least in part the result of widespread
hypovitaminosis D within the African-American population.(15).
The efficacy
Vitamin D most active form, 1,25D(3) in an experiment of a stable prostate cancer cell line PC3 with CYP24A1 promoter inhibited gene expression of CYP24A1 through enhancement and regulation of a protein kinase CK2 selective inhibitor(13); exhibited tumor suppressive miRNAs in patient prostate
tissue, thus decreased proliferation in primary cells and cancer cells and suppressed migration and clonal growth of prostate cancer cell in a miRNA-dependent manner(14). A report from the Medical University of South Carolina, showed that vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 IU/d for 1 year, in patients with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance may benefit from vitamin D(3) supplementation(16) and eliminated any significant differences in circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men(17). Unfortunately, the University of Oslo study within Norwegian health studies indicated a increased risk of prostate cancer related to a high 25(OH)D concentration only during the summer and autumn due to vitamin D itself or to other factors associated with sun exposure(18). The discrepancy between the results of studies of solar exposure and
studies of serum 25-OHD may be related to methodological differences and
to uncertainties regarding the critical period for vitamin D exposure(19). The same author also suggested that low levels of UV radiation/vitamin D are indeed associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in individual men(20).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, although it is controversial, vitamin D may be effectively and selectively in reduced risk and treatment for prostate cancer in hypovitamin D deficient men and without exposure to UV sunlight and the disagreement of amount of vitamin D intake and plasma level in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer may
still need further studies. Over doses of vitamin D
supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification,
Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Genetic variants in the CYP24A1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness in a Korean study population. by Oh JJ1, Byun SS2, Lee SE2, Hong SK2, Jeong CW2, Choi WS3, Kim D4, Kim HJ5, Myung SC6(PubMed)
(2) Genetic variations in VDR associated with prostate cancer risk and progression in a Korean population by Oh JJ, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK, Jeong CW, Kim D, Kim HJ, Myung SC(PubMed)
(3) Comprehensive association analysis of the vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer by Holick CN, Stanford JL, Kwon EM, Ostrander EA, Nejentsev S, Peters U.(PubMed)
(3) Genetic variants in the vitamin d receptor are associated with advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis: findings from the prostate testing for cancer and treatment study and a systematic review by Chen L, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Cox A, Lawlor DA, Donovan J, Yuan W, Day IN, Martin RM, Lane A, Rodriguez S, Davis M, Zuccolo L, Collin SM, Hamdy F, Neal D, Lewis SJ(PubMed)
(5) Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk by Raimondi S, Johansson H, Maisonneuve P, Gandini S(PubMed)
(5a) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(6) Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis by Holt SK, Kolb S, Fu R, Horst R, Feng Z, Stanford JL.(PubMed)
(7) A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and prostate cancer by Li H, Stampfer MJ, Hollis JB, Mucci LA, Gaziano JM, Hunter D, Giovannucci EL, Ma J(PubMed)
(8) Prediagnostic plasma vitamin D metabolites and mortality among patients with prostate cancer by Fang F, Kasperzyk JL, Shui I, Hendrickson W, Hollis BW, Fall K, Ma J, Gaziano JM, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(9) Vitamin D-related genetic variation, plasma vitamin D, and risk of lethal prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Kraft P, Tamimi RM, Lindstrom S, Penney KL, Nimptsch K, Hollis BW, Dupre N, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(10) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(11) Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk by Ahn J, Albanes D, Berndt SI, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Huang WY, Kibel AS, Crawford ED, Weinstein SJ, Chanock SJ, Schatzkin A, Hayes RB; Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Trial Project Team(PubMed)
(12)Vitamin d and prostate cancer survival in veterans by Der T1, Bailey BA2, Youssef D1, Manning T3, Grant WB4, Peiris AN(PubMed)
(13) Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 reduces Cyp24a1 expression and enhances 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) antitumor activity in human prostate cancer cells by Luo W, Yu WD, Ma Y, Chernov M, Trump DL, Johnson CS.(PubMed)
(14) Tumor suppressor microRNAs, miR-100 and -125b, are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue by Giangreco AA, Vaishnav A, Wagner D, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Nonn L.(PubMed)
(15) Vitamin D3 supplementation, low-risk prostate cancer, and health disparities by Hollis BW, Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S(PubMed)
(16) Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for
one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in
subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance by Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Keane TE, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Ambrose LH, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin D3 supplementation (4000 IU/d for 1 y) eliminates
differences in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D between African American
and white men by Garrett-Mayer E, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(18) Vitamin D, season, and risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study within Norwegian health studies by Meyer HE, Robsahm TE, Bjørge T, Brustad M, Blomhoff R.(PubMed)
(19) Vitamin D, sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin D and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
Tuesday, February 18, 2014
Monday, February 17, 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin C's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidmeiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.
In reviewed studies examined the relationship between prostate cancer and antioxidants indicated that there is no strong evidence for a beneficial effect of selenium, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, in reduced risk of prostate cancer and effect of dietary antioxidants on prostate cancer remains undefined and inconclusive(1). Supplemental vitamin C, in 1338 cases of prostate cancer among 29 361 men during up to 8 years of follow-up, also showed no strong support for high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer(2).
On Androgen-independent (DU145) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) human prostate cancer cell lines, vitamin C inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation through production of unidentified free radical(s) generation of hydrogen peroxide(3) and PC-3 through reactive oxygen specie(4) or through increased with temperature in cancer cells(5). Combination of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) and Ascorbic acid (AA) enhanced cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells, through created hydroxyl radicals via an oxidative stress process(6). On intravenous (i.v.) vitamin C or ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C treatment depleted Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)(transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism) and induced autophagy in sensitive prostate cancer cells{(LaPC4)and in five of the six tested prostate cancer cell lines}(7).
In a study of mixture of nutrients (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid and green tea extract, showed that NM inhibited prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and DU-145 through suppression of the secretion of u-PA subunit 1(correlated with matrix proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion)(8). Combination of Monensin and vitamin C study showed an enhancement of vitamin C in exhibition of the effect of Monensin in induced apoptosis through increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response(9). in
redox-active form of vitamin C, ascorbate induced apoptosis through induction of cell cycle arrest(10).
Taking altogether, without going through the reviews, vitamin C may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer through generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), or cell cycle arrest when used alone or combination with other chemo-agents or phytochmecials. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(11)(22).
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK(PubMed)
(2) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial(PubMed)
(3) Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis by Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC, Reddy PG, Laxmanan S(PubMed)
(4) Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and Mat-Ly-Lu) in vitro: involvement of reactive oxygen species-effect on cell number, viability and DNA synthesis by Menon M, Maramag C, Malhotra RK, Seethalakshmi L(PubMed)
(5) Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@carbon nanoparticles enhances ascorbic acid-induced oxidative stress and selective damage to PC-3 prostate cancer cells by An Q, Sun C, Li D, Xu K, Guo J, Wang C.(PubMed)
(6) Effect of ascorbic acid on reactive oxygen species production in chemotherapy and hyperthermia in prostate cancer cells by Fukumura H, Sato M, Kezuka K, Sato I, Feng X, Okumura S, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Eguchi H, Ishikawa Y, Saito T(PubMed)
(7) Pharmacological ascorbate induces cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells through ATP depletion and induction of autophagy by Chen P, Yu J, Chalmers B, Drisko J, Yang J, Li B, Chen Q(PubMed)
(8) Down-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases and up-regulation of their inhibitors by a novel nutrient mixture in human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 by Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A(PubMed)
(9) Monensin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and inhibitor of androgen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by Ketola K, Vainio P, Fey V, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K(PubMed)
(10) Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs by Frömberg A, Gutsch D, Schulze D, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Czubayko F, Aigner A(PubMed)
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidmeiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.
In reviewed studies examined the relationship between prostate cancer and antioxidants indicated that there is no strong evidence for a beneficial effect of selenium, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, in reduced risk of prostate cancer and effect of dietary antioxidants on prostate cancer remains undefined and inconclusive(1). Supplemental vitamin C, in 1338 cases of prostate cancer among 29 361 men during up to 8 years of follow-up, also showed no strong support for high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer(2).
On Androgen-independent (DU145) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) human prostate cancer cell lines, vitamin C inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation through production of unidentified free radical(s) generation of hydrogen peroxide(3) and PC-3 through reactive oxygen specie(4) or through increased with temperature in cancer cells(5). Combination of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) and Ascorbic acid (AA) enhanced cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells, through created hydroxyl radicals via an oxidative stress process(6). On intravenous (i.v.) vitamin C or ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C treatment depleted Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)(transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism) and induced autophagy in sensitive prostate cancer cells{(LaPC4)and in five of the six tested prostate cancer cell lines}(7).
In a study of mixture of nutrients (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid and green tea extract, showed that NM inhibited prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and DU-145 through suppression of the secretion of u-PA subunit 1(correlated with matrix proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion)(8). Combination of Monensin and vitamin C study showed an enhancement of vitamin C in exhibition of the effect of Monensin in induced apoptosis through increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response(9). in
redox-active form of vitamin C, ascorbate induced apoptosis through induction of cell cycle arrest(10).
Taking altogether, without going through the reviews, vitamin C may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer through generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), or cell cycle arrest when used alone or combination with other chemo-agents or phytochmecials. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(11)(22).
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK(PubMed)
(2) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial(PubMed)
(3) Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis by Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC, Reddy PG, Laxmanan S(PubMed)
(4) Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and Mat-Ly-Lu) in vitro: involvement of reactive oxygen species-effect on cell number, viability and DNA synthesis by Menon M, Maramag C, Malhotra RK, Seethalakshmi L(PubMed)
(5) Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@carbon nanoparticles enhances ascorbic acid-induced oxidative stress and selective damage to PC-3 prostate cancer cells by An Q, Sun C, Li D, Xu K, Guo J, Wang C.(PubMed)
(6) Effect of ascorbic acid on reactive oxygen species production in chemotherapy and hyperthermia in prostate cancer cells by Fukumura H, Sato M, Kezuka K, Sato I, Feng X, Okumura S, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Eguchi H, Ishikawa Y, Saito T(PubMed)
(7) Pharmacological ascorbate induces cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells through ATP depletion and induction of autophagy by Chen P, Yu J, Chalmers B, Drisko J, Yang J, Li B, Chen Q(PubMed)
(8) Down-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases and up-regulation of their inhibitors by a novel nutrient mixture in human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 by Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A(PubMed)
(9) Monensin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and inhibitor of androgen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by Ketola K, Vainio P, Fey V, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K(PubMed)
(10) Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs by Frömberg A, Gutsch D, Schulze D, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Czubayko F, Aigner A(PubMed)
(11) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)
(12) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)
Saturday, February 15, 2014
Breast cancer in folate's Point of view
By Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)
Folate, also known as folic acid, vitamin B9, is a water soluble vitamin, found abundantly in leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, beans, whole grain, etc. The vitamin plays an important role in synthesize DNA, repair DNA, and methylate DNA as well as to act as a cofactor in certain biological reactions, production of red blood cells for anemia prevention.
Scientific studies, linking folate in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced inconsistent results. It may be due to associated vary by race, menopausal status or ER status(1). In comparison of the dietary intakes of folate, B-vitamins (B2, B6, B12) and methionine, showed that high intake of folate is marginally associated with a reduced lower risk for ER- breast cancer(1a), among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women(2), but among Brazilian women, dietary intake of folate, had no overall association with breast cancer risk and high folate intake increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women with the MTR 2756GG genotype(women carry this gene have a subtly reduced risk of breast cancer(3))(4). In breast cancer risk defined by oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, dietary folate intake showed an significant inverse association of breast cancer risk in all subtypes of ER and PR status(5).
In Japanese women with genotypes of MTHFR or MTR, dietary intake of folate and related B vitamins have no overall association with breast cancer risk in Japanese women(6).
Unfortunately. in rat model study, folate supplementation was found to be associated with significantly higher weight and volume of all mammary tumors and might enhance the progression of established mammary tumors(7). Also in the study of at weaning, female pups, maternal folic acid supplementation also significantly accelerated the rate of mammary adenocarcinoma appearance and significantly decreased DNA methyltransferase (protect host DNA against degradation by restriction enzymes) activity in nonneoplastic(not tumors) mammary glands of the offspring(8). In the finding an anti breast caner conjugat used conjuction with Doxorubicin (Dox) which used for breast cancer treatment but causes serious side effects including cardiotoxicity, conjugation of Dox-conjugated hairpin (DCH) with folic acid (FA) is found to be effective in increased internalization into breast cancer cells for safer and more effective chemotherapy with Dox(9). In MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, hydrogel, based on ellagic acid and glycine containing folate acid significantly inhibit cell viability(10). In nude mice carrying xenograft MCF-7 tumours, folate inTMX(Tamoxifen)-loaded folate-targeted systems anticancer action of TMX(11). Lipotropes are methyl group-containing essential nutrients (methionine, choline, folate and vitamin B12) in the experiment in MCF-7 cells, showed to significantly reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis, through upregulation of caspase-3(mechanisms of apoptosis) and P53(tumor antigen) enzyme activities(12). Also in the evaluation of MTHFR C677T-A1298C polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer, showed that at dose of 120 nmol/L FA could enhance apoptosis in cases with women who carry MTHFR C677T-A1298C genotype(13).
Taking together, folate used conjunction with other chem-drugs have shown effectively in enhancing the function the medicine in prevention and treatment of breast cancer cell lines with reduced side effects. Overdoses of folate may cause stomach problems, sleep problems, skin reactions, seizures, etc., please
make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Associations of dietary folate, Vitamins B6 and B12 and methionine intake with risk of breast cancer among African American and European American women by Gong Z, Ambrosone CB, McCann SE, Zirpoli G, Chandran U, Hong CC, Bovbjerg DH, Jandorf L, Ciupak G, Pawlish K, Lu Q, Hwang H, Khoury T, Wiam B, Bandera EV.(PubMed)
(1a) Dietary intake of folate, B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women by Yang D, Baumgartner RN, Slattery ML, Wang C, Giuliano AR, Murtaugh MA, Risendal BC, Byers T, Baumgartner KB.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(3) Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 Edition
(4) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Brazilian women by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Junko I, Hamada GS, Nishimoto IN, Carvalho SM, Motola J Jr, Laginha FM, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(5) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(6) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(7) Folic Acid supplementation promotes mammary tumor progression in a rat model. by Deghan Manshadi S1, Ishiguro L1, Sohn KJ2, Medline A3, Renlund R4, Croxford R5, Kim Y1(PubMed)
(8) Effect of maternal and postweaning folic acid supplementation on mammary tumor risk in the offspring by Ly A, Lee H, Chen J, Sie KK, Renlund R, Medline A, Sohn KJ, Croxford R, Thompson LU, Kim YI.(PubMed)
(9)Site-Specific DNA-Doxorubicin Conjugates Display Enhanced Cytotoxicity to Breast Cancer Cells by Stuart CH, Horita DA, Thomas MJ, Salsbury FR Jr, Lively MO, Gmeiner WH.(PubMed)
(10) Anticancer activity of a hydrogel containing folic acid towards MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by Trombino S, Ferrarelli T, Pellegrino M, Ricchio E, Mauro L, Andò S, Picci N, Cassano R.(PubMed)
(11) Targeting Tamoxifen to Breast Cancer Xenograft Tumours: Preclinical Efficacy of Folate-Attached Nanoparticles Based on Alginate-Cysteine/Disulphide-Bond-Reduced Albumin by Martínez A, Muñiz E, Teijón C, Iglesias I, Teijón JM, Blanco MD.(PubMed)
(12) Lipotropes enhance the anti-proliferative effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Cho K, Mabasa L, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
(13) Interactions between MTHFR C677T-A1298C variants and folic acid deficiency affect breast cancer risk in a Chinese population by Wu XY, Ni J, Xu WJ, Zhou T, Wang X.(PubMed)
Folate, also known as folic acid, vitamin B9, is a water soluble vitamin, found abundantly in leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, beans, whole grain, etc. The vitamin plays an important role in synthesize DNA, repair DNA, and methylate DNA as well as to act as a cofactor in certain biological reactions, production of red blood cells for anemia prevention.
Scientific studies, linking folate in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced inconsistent results. It may be due to associated vary by race, menopausal status or ER status(1). In comparison of the dietary intakes of folate, B-vitamins (B2, B6, B12) and methionine, showed that high intake of folate is marginally associated with a reduced lower risk for ER- breast cancer(1a), among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women(2), but among Brazilian women, dietary intake of folate, had no overall association with breast cancer risk and high folate intake increased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women with the MTR 2756GG genotype(women carry this gene have a subtly reduced risk of breast cancer(3))(4). In breast cancer risk defined by oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, dietary folate intake showed an significant inverse association of breast cancer risk in all subtypes of ER and PR status(5).
In Japanese women with genotypes of MTHFR or MTR, dietary intake of folate and related B vitamins have no overall association with breast cancer risk in Japanese women(6).
Unfortunately. in rat model study, folate supplementation was found to be associated with significantly higher weight and volume of all mammary tumors and might enhance the progression of established mammary tumors(7). Also in the study of at weaning, female pups, maternal folic acid supplementation also significantly accelerated the rate of mammary adenocarcinoma appearance and significantly decreased DNA methyltransferase (protect host DNA against degradation by restriction enzymes) activity in nonneoplastic(not tumors) mammary glands of the offspring(8). In the finding an anti breast caner conjugat used conjuction with Doxorubicin (Dox) which used for breast cancer treatment but causes serious side effects including cardiotoxicity, conjugation of Dox-conjugated hairpin (DCH) with folic acid (FA) is found to be effective in increased internalization into breast cancer cells for safer and more effective chemotherapy with Dox(9). In MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, hydrogel, based on ellagic acid and glycine containing folate acid significantly inhibit cell viability(10). In nude mice carrying xenograft MCF-7 tumours, folate inTMX(Tamoxifen)-loaded folate-targeted systems anticancer action of TMX(11). Lipotropes are methyl group-containing essential nutrients (methionine, choline, folate and vitamin B12) in the experiment in MCF-7 cells, showed to significantly reduced cell growth and increased apoptosis, through upregulation of caspase-3(mechanisms of apoptosis) and P53(tumor antigen) enzyme activities(12). Also in the evaluation of MTHFR C677T-A1298C polymorphisms in patients with breast cancer, showed that at dose of 120 nmol/L FA could enhance apoptosis in cases with women who carry MTHFR C677T-A1298C genotype(13).
Taking together, folate used conjunction with other chem-drugs have shown effectively in enhancing the function the medicine in prevention and treatment of breast cancer cell lines with reduced side effects. Overdoses of folate may cause stomach problems, sleep problems, skin reactions, seizures, etc., please
make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Associations of dietary folate, Vitamins B6 and B12 and methionine intake with risk of breast cancer among African American and European American women by Gong Z, Ambrosone CB, McCann SE, Zirpoli G, Chandran U, Hong CC, Bovbjerg DH, Jandorf L, Ciupak G, Pawlish K, Lu Q, Hwang H, Khoury T, Wiam B, Bandera EV.(PubMed)
(1a) Dietary intake of folate, B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women by Yang D, Baumgartner RN, Slattery ML, Wang C, Giuliano AR, Murtaugh MA, Risendal BC, Byers T, Baumgartner KB.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(3) Cancer: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2012 Edition
(4) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Brazilian women by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Junko I, Hamada GS, Nishimoto IN, Carvalho SM, Motola J Jr, Laginha FM, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(5) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(6) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(7) Folic Acid supplementation promotes mammary tumor progression in a rat model. by Deghan Manshadi S1, Ishiguro L1, Sohn KJ2, Medline A3, Renlund R4, Croxford R5, Kim Y1(PubMed)
(8) Effect of maternal and postweaning folic acid supplementation on mammary tumor risk in the offspring by Ly A, Lee H, Chen J, Sie KK, Renlund R, Medline A, Sohn KJ, Croxford R, Thompson LU, Kim YI.(PubMed)
(9)Site-Specific DNA-Doxorubicin Conjugates Display Enhanced Cytotoxicity to Breast Cancer Cells by Stuart CH, Horita DA, Thomas MJ, Salsbury FR Jr, Lively MO, Gmeiner WH.(PubMed)
(10) Anticancer activity of a hydrogel containing folic acid towards MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by Trombino S, Ferrarelli T, Pellegrino M, Ricchio E, Mauro L, Andò S, Picci N, Cassano R.(PubMed)
(11) Targeting Tamoxifen to Breast Cancer Xenograft Tumours: Preclinical Efficacy of Folate-Attached Nanoparticles Based on Alginate-Cysteine/Disulphide-Bond-Reduced Albumin by Martínez A, Muñiz E, Teijón C, Iglesias I, Teijón JM, Blanco MD.(PubMed)
(12) Lipotropes enhance the anti-proliferative effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Cho K, Mabasa L, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
(13) Interactions between MTHFR C677T-A1298C variants and folic acid deficiency affect breast cancer risk in a Chinese population by Wu XY, Ni J, Xu WJ, Zhou T, Wang X.(PubMed)
Friday, February 14, 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin E's Points of View
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of aging male, now has become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population. Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced conflict results. It may be due to age related, smoking habit, gene mutation, types of tocopherol, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
The conflict results
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed an adverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per 1000 person-years.(1)or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men(2). In the study of combination used of vitamin C and E of total of 14,641 male physicians in the United States initially aged 50 years or older, including 1307 men with a history of prior cancer at randomization, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor C supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or total cancer(3). Positively, on prostate cancer (PCa), in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP), animals fed a control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT) significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression(3). Some researchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease(5).
The serum of tocopherol
In the study of the effects of Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations(12).
Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer(13). But in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serum tocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin E fractions, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol(14) and higher alpha-tocopherol (and not beta-carotene or retinol) status increases overall prostate cancer survival(15).
The benefits
Study of 8-wk-old male TRAMP mice were fed 0.1% γ-TmT or a control diet for 16 weeks, Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed that γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT) inhibited CpG methylation (promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers ) in the Nrf2 promoter in the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and in TRAMP-C1 cells(6). In prostate cancer, combination use of NAG-1 and Vitamin E succinate (VES), showed the enhancement of VES in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA through transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner(7). On prostate cancer in male smokers. long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality(8). In the study of the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancer declined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth(9).
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, showed a decreased risk of prostate cancer with oral administration of daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years and lower prostate cancer mortality(10). Other suggestion of inhibitory prostate cancer activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) may be as a result of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products(11).
Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha-tocopherol may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer accompany of diet, life style change(16)(17)(18). Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH(PubMed)
(2) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) byLippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial by Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE(PubMed)
(4) Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches LD, Santos SA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GD, Favaro WJ, Reis MD, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA Jr(PubMed)
(5) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK.(PubMed)
(6) A γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols maintains Nrf2 expression in prostate tumors of TRAMP mice via epigenetic inhibition of CpG methylation by Huang Y, Khor TO, Shu L, Saw CL, Wu TY, Suh N, Yang CS, Kong AN(PubMed)
(7) Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism by Shim M, Eling TE (PubMed)
(8) long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Heinonen OP1, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK.(PubMed)
(9) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer by Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW(PubMed)
(10) Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study by Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(11) Cancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by Yang CS, Suh N(PubMed)
(12) Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study by Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D(PubMed)
(13) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(14) Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(15) Associations between alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol and prostate cancer survival by Watters JL, Gail MH, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(16) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(17) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(18) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
The conflict results
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed an adverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per 1000 person-years.(1)or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men(2). In the study of combination used of vitamin C and E of total of 14,641 male physicians in the United States initially aged 50 years or older, including 1307 men with a history of prior cancer at randomization, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor C supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or total cancer(3). Positively, on prostate cancer (PCa), in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP), animals fed a control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT) significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression(3). Some researchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease(5).
The serum of tocopherol
In the study of the effects of Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations(12).
Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer(13). But in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serum tocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin E fractions, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol(14) and higher alpha-tocopherol (and not beta-carotene or retinol) status increases overall prostate cancer survival(15).
The benefits
Study of 8-wk-old male TRAMP mice were fed 0.1% γ-TmT or a control diet for 16 weeks, Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed that γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT) inhibited CpG methylation (promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers ) in the Nrf2 promoter in the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and in TRAMP-C1 cells(6). In prostate cancer, combination use of NAG-1 and Vitamin E succinate (VES), showed the enhancement of VES in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA through transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner(7). On prostate cancer in male smokers. long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality(8). In the study of the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancer declined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth(9).
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, showed a decreased risk of prostate cancer with oral administration of daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years and lower prostate cancer mortality(10). Other suggestion of inhibitory prostate cancer activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) may be as a result of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products(11).
Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha-tocopherol may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer accompany of diet, life style change(16)(17)(18). Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH(PubMed)
(2) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) byLippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial by Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE(PubMed)
(4) Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches LD, Santos SA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GD, Favaro WJ, Reis MD, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA Jr(PubMed)
(5) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK.(PubMed)
(6) A γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols maintains Nrf2 expression in prostate tumors of TRAMP mice via epigenetic inhibition of CpG methylation by Huang Y, Khor TO, Shu L, Saw CL, Wu TY, Suh N, Yang CS, Kong AN(PubMed)
(7) Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism by Shim M, Eling TE (PubMed)
(8) long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Heinonen OP1, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK.(PubMed)
(9) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer by Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW(PubMed)
(10) Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study by Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(11) Cancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by Yang CS, Suh N(PubMed)
(12) Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study by Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D(PubMed)
(13) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(14) Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(15) Associations between alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol and prostate cancer survival by Watters JL, Gail MH, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(16) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(17) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(18) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)
Breast cancer in Vitamin B12's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin, found abundantly in found in a variety of foods, such as fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, dairy products, etc. and plays an important role in regulating the functions of nervous system and formation of blood.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
Epidemiological studies linking levels of plasma of vitamin B12 in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced inconclusive results. In premenopausal women, Plasma vitamin B(12) levels were inversely associated with breast cancer risk(1)(1a)(1b)(1c). Unfortunately, in the study of the same, showed vitamin B-12, may confer little or no reduction in overall risk of developing breast cancer (2)(3)(3a).
In human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and normal mammary cells, MCF-10A, lipotropes containing methionine, choline, folate, and vitamin B12, showed an decrease of expression of bcl-2 in regulating apoptosis in lipotrope-treated MCF-7 cells of these suggestion of blocking Bcl-2 might prove useful in sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis(4). In rat fed with Lipotropes showed a reduction of tumor multiplicity and tumor volume significantly through decreased expression of histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) genes in tumor tissues of the rats(5). In the study of Maternal high-methyl diet, Lipotropes showed significantly decreased tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity and tumor volume, while also displaying a significant increase in survival rate and tumor latency in rat offspring(6) and enhanced the efficacy of chemo durgs, SAHA and DOX through induced apoptosis, inhibited cell growth, and displayed anti-proliferation(7).
Taking all together, one can say the effective if vitamin B12 in reduced risk of breast cancer and enhanced the efficacy of chemo-drugs was found in conjunction with other members of the methyl group but not the vitamin itself. Over doses of the vitamin may induce symptoms of toxicity, including headache, giddiness and abnormal heart functioning, etc., please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer by Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hunter DJ, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE.(PubMed)
(1a) Association of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and MTHFR genotype with breast cancer risk by Liu Y, Zhou LS, Xu XM, Deng LQ, Xiao QK.(PubMed)
(1b) Dietary intake of folate, B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women by Yang D, Baumgartner RN, Slattery ML, Wang C, Giuliano AR, Murtaugh MA, Risendal BC, Byers T, Baumgartner KB.(PubMed)
(1c) Folate, vitamin B12 and postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women by Lajous M, Romieu I, Sabia S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F.(PubMed)
(2) Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and risk of breast cancer in women by Lin J, Lee IM, Cook NR, Selhub J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM.(PubMed)
(3) Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and pancreatic cancer risk in four large cohorts by Schernhammer E, Wolpin B, Rifai N, Cochrane B, Manson JA, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Thomson C, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs C.(PubMed)
(3a) Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial by Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(4) Lipotropes regulate BCL-2 gene expression in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 by Hyung H. Kim, Chung S. Park(PubMed)
(5) Pubertal supplementation of lipotropes in female rats reduces mammary cancer risk by suppressing histone deacetylase 1 by Cho K, Choi WS, Crane CL, Park CS.(PubMed)
(6) Maternal high-methyl diet suppresses mammary carcinogenesis in female rat offspring by Cho K, Mabasa L, Bae S, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
(7) Lipotropes enhance the anti-proliferative effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Cho K, Mabasa L, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin, found abundantly in found in a variety of foods, such as fish, shellfish, meat, eggs, dairy products, etc. and plays an important role in regulating the functions of nervous system and formation of blood.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
Epidemiological studies linking levels of plasma of vitamin B12 in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced inconclusive results. In premenopausal women, Plasma vitamin B(12) levels were inversely associated with breast cancer risk(1)(1a)(1b)(1c). Unfortunately, in the study of the same, showed vitamin B-12, may confer little or no reduction in overall risk of developing breast cancer (2)(3)(3a).
In human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 and normal mammary cells, MCF-10A, lipotropes containing methionine, choline, folate, and vitamin B12, showed an decrease of expression of bcl-2 in regulating apoptosis in lipotrope-treated MCF-7 cells of these suggestion of blocking Bcl-2 might prove useful in sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis(4). In rat fed with Lipotropes showed a reduction of tumor multiplicity and tumor volume significantly through decreased expression of histone deacetylase 1 (Hdac1) and DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) genes in tumor tissues of the rats(5). In the study of Maternal high-methyl diet, Lipotropes showed significantly decreased tumor incidence, tumor multiplicity and tumor volume, while also displaying a significant increase in survival rate and tumor latency in rat offspring(6) and enhanced the efficacy of chemo durgs, SAHA and DOX through induced apoptosis, inhibited cell growth, and displayed anti-proliferation(7).
Taking all together, one can say the effective if vitamin B12 in reduced risk of breast cancer and enhanced the efficacy of chemo-drugs was found in conjunction with other members of the methyl group but not the vitamin itself. Over doses of the vitamin may induce symptoms of toxicity, including headache, giddiness and abnormal heart functioning, etc., please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer by Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hunter DJ, Giovannucci EL, Holmes MD, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE.(PubMed)
(1a) Association of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and MTHFR genotype with breast cancer risk by Liu Y, Zhou LS, Xu XM, Deng LQ, Xiao QK.(PubMed)
(1b) Dietary intake of folate, B-vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women by Yang D, Baumgartner RN, Slattery ML, Wang C, Giuliano AR, Murtaugh MA, Risendal BC, Byers T, Baumgartner KB.(PubMed)
(1c) Folate, vitamin B12 and postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women by Lajous M, Romieu I, Sabia S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F.(PubMed)
(2) Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and risk of breast cancer in women by Lin J, Lee IM, Cook NR, Selhub J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM.(PubMed)
(3) Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and pancreatic cancer risk in four large cohorts by Schernhammer E, Wolpin B, Rifai N, Cochrane B, Manson JA, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Thomson C, Stampfer MJ, Fuchs C.(PubMed)
(3a) Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial by Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, Gaziano JM, Buring JE, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(4) Lipotropes regulate BCL-2 gene expression in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 by Hyung H. Kim, Chung S. Park(PubMed)
(5) Pubertal supplementation of lipotropes in female rats reduces mammary cancer risk by suppressing histone deacetylase 1 by Cho K, Choi WS, Crane CL, Park CS.(PubMed)
(6) Maternal high-methyl diet suppresses mammary carcinogenesis in female rat offspring by Cho K, Mabasa L, Bae S, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
(7) Lipotropes enhance the anti-proliferative effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Cho K, Mabasa L, Walters MW, Park CS.(PubMed)
Thursday, February 13, 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin A's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)
Prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have a tendency to effect the younger generation become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian. It may be due over consumption of bad fats accompanied with unhealthy diet and life, because of the economic prosperity over 2 decades.
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
1. Retinols
Retinols derived from vitamin A, most often are used in medical field in regulation of epithelial cell growth. Suggestion of serum retinol, linking to risk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results. Study of Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer, showed that higher serum of retinol elevates risk of prostate cancer by by quintiles of baseline and 3-year serum retinol concentrations and by change in serum retinol levels from baseline to 3 years(1). but the study by the Erasmus University, indicated the otherwise(2)(3) with the study by Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Kuakini Medical Center, indicated that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. including serum of retinol(4).
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol, was found to be effective in suppression of carcinogenesis in tumorigenic animal models for the skin, oral, lung, breast, bladder, ovarian and prostate(5). In prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cells, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) inhibited inhibited angiogenesis prostate cancer cell growth and identify retinoic acid receptor alpha as the receptor through up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta up-regulation and down regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation(6). In androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of retinol, showed to inhibit the growth of prostate caner cells and the formation and degradation of gap junctions(are ensembles of intercellular channels that permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells), through modulation(7). In androgen receptor-negative (AR(-)) prostate cancer cells, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), induced the growth arrest through alteration of HOXB13(genetic variant in HOXB13 increased risk of prostate cancer vy have a 10-20-fold) expression as a result of epigenetic modifications(8). In mice study of p27(Kip1)(cell cycle suppressor gene) deficiency prostate cancer, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) was found effectively in suppression of prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and increased cellular biological aging(9).
2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin)
Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Measured serum of Plasma carotenoids, retinol once considered as a maker for risk of prostate cancer, have produced an inconsistent result. According to the University of Oxford, there was no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect(10). Unfortunately, the study by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center indicated that high serum beta-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer(11) and the Harvard Medical School showed no associated at all(12).
Epidemiological studies of carotenoids in reduced risk of prostate cancer have been inconclusive.
β-Ionone, a cyclic sesquiterpene and an end-ring analog of β-carotene, in DU145 and PC-3 cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and in DU145 cells, initiated the degradation of reductase, suppressed the net growth of DU145 cells by 73%(13). Combination of vitamin A and vitamin D, showed an effectiveness in induction of prostate cancer cells apoptosis through enhanced the expression of Bax(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis) and reduced the expression of Cyclin D1(in regulating cell cycle progression)(14). Oral administration of β-carotene (BC) inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells at 20 μM BC at 12 h of incubation(15). Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, inhibited the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest with SAPK/JNK(involved in proliferation, apoptosis, motility) activation(16) or induces G1 arrest with GADD45 gene(growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible) expression(17). In human androgen-independent prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, oral administration of a low or a high dose of lycopene (4 and 16 mg/kg) and a single dose of β-carotene (16 mg/kg) twice a week for 7 wk, suppressed the growth of prostate tumor cells associated with reduction of proliferation (attenuation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression) and with interference of the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels)(18).
Unfortunately, the study by the National Cancer Institute, indicated that there is not enough evidences to for a strong support for population-wide implementation of high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer. However, beta-carotene supplementation in men with low dietary beta-carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of this disease(19).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin A and its synthetic version induced apoptosis and exhibited anti proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines through cell cycle arrested and attenuated cancer progressive pathways and may be considered as potent agents in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of prostate cancer. Over doses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer by Mondul AM, Watters JL, Männistö S, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(2) Serum retinol and prostate cancer.
(5) Retinoids and their biological effects against cancer by Alizadeh F, Bolhassani A. Khavari A, Bathaie SZ, Naji T, Bidgoli SA (PubMed)
(6) Effect of an all-trans-retinoic acid conjugate with spermine on viability of human prostate cancer and endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo by Vourtsis D, Lamprou M, Sadikoglou E, Giannou A, Theodorakopoulou O, Sarrou E, Magoulas GE, Bariamis SE, Athanassopoulos CM, Drainas D, Papaioannou D, Papadimitriou E.(PubMed)
(7) Retinoids regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells by Kelsey L, Katoch P, Johnson KE, Batra SK, Mehta PP.(PubMed)
(8) ATRA inhibits the proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells through reducing the methylation level of HOXB13 gene by Liu Z, Ren G, Shangguan C, Guo L, Dong Z, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao L, Hou P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Lu J, Huang B.(PubMed)
(9) p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process by Taylor W, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study by Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjønneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, González CA, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(11) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, Wang Y, Albanes D, Gelmann EP, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB.(PubMed)
(12) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer by Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(13) β-ionone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate tumor cells by Jones S, Fernandes NV, Yeganehjoo H, Katuru R, Qu H, Yu Z, Mo H.(PubMed)
(14) Synergistic effect and mechanism of vitamin A and vitamin D on inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by Sha J, Pan J, Ping P, Xuan H, Li D, Bo J, Liu D, Huang Y.(PubMed)
(15) Diverse effects of β-carotene on secretion and expression of VEGF in human hepatocarcinoma and prostate tumor cells by Chen HY, Huang SM, Yang CM, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(16) Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cells by Satomi Y.(PubMed)
(17) Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, induces G1 arrest and GADD45 gene expression in human cancer cells by Yoshiko S, Hoyoku N.(PubMed)
(18) Growth inhibitory efficacy of lycopene and β-carotene against androgen-independent prostate tumor cells xenografted in nude mice by Yang CM, Yen YT, Huang CS, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(19) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial.(PubMed)
Prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have a tendency to effect the younger generation become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian. It may be due over consumption of bad fats accompanied with unhealthy diet and life, because of the economic prosperity over 2 decades.
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
1. Retinols
Retinols derived from vitamin A, most often are used in medical field in regulation of epithelial cell growth. Suggestion of serum retinol, linking to risk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results. Study of Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer, showed that higher serum of retinol elevates risk of prostate cancer by by quintiles of baseline and 3-year serum retinol concentrations and by change in serum retinol levels from baseline to 3 years(1). but the study by the Erasmus University, indicated the otherwise(2)(3) with the study by Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Kuakini Medical Center, indicated that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. including serum of retinol(4).
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol, was found to be effective in suppression of carcinogenesis in tumorigenic animal models for the skin, oral, lung, breast, bladder, ovarian and prostate(5). In prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cells, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) inhibited inhibited angiogenesis prostate cancer cell growth and identify retinoic acid receptor alpha as the receptor through up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta up-regulation and down regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation(6). In androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of retinol, showed to inhibit the growth of prostate caner cells and the formation and degradation of gap junctions(are ensembles of intercellular channels that permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells), through modulation(7). In androgen receptor-negative (AR(-)) prostate cancer cells, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), induced the growth arrest through alteration of HOXB13(genetic variant in HOXB13 increased risk of prostate cancer vy have a 10-20-fold) expression as a result of epigenetic modifications(8). In mice study of p27(Kip1)(cell cycle suppressor gene) deficiency prostate cancer, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) was found effectively in suppression of prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and increased cellular biological aging(9).
2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin)
Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Measured serum of Plasma carotenoids, retinol once considered as a maker for risk of prostate cancer, have produced an inconsistent result. According to the University of Oxford, there was no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect(10). Unfortunately, the study by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center indicated that high serum beta-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer(11) and the Harvard Medical School showed no associated at all(12).
Epidemiological studies of carotenoids in reduced risk of prostate cancer have been inconclusive.
β-Ionone, a cyclic sesquiterpene and an end-ring analog of β-carotene, in DU145 and PC-3 cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and in DU145 cells, initiated the degradation of reductase, suppressed the net growth of DU145 cells by 73%(13). Combination of vitamin A and vitamin D, showed an effectiveness in induction of prostate cancer cells apoptosis through enhanced the expression of Bax(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis) and reduced the expression of Cyclin D1(in regulating cell cycle progression)(14). Oral administration of β-carotene (BC) inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells at 20 μM BC at 12 h of incubation(15). Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, inhibited the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest with SAPK/JNK(involved in proliferation, apoptosis, motility) activation(16) or induces G1 arrest with GADD45 gene(growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible) expression(17). In human androgen-independent prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, oral administration of a low or a high dose of lycopene (4 and 16 mg/kg) and a single dose of β-carotene (16 mg/kg) twice a week for 7 wk, suppressed the growth of prostate tumor cells associated with reduction of proliferation (attenuation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression) and with interference of the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels)(18).
Unfortunately, the study by the National Cancer Institute, indicated that there is not enough evidences to for a strong support for population-wide implementation of high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer. However, beta-carotene supplementation in men with low dietary beta-carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of this disease(19).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin A and its synthetic version induced apoptosis and exhibited anti proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines through cell cycle arrested and attenuated cancer progressive pathways and may be considered as potent agents in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of prostate cancer. Over doses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer by Mondul AM, Watters JL, Männistö S, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(2) Serum retinol and prostate cancer.
Hayes RB, Bogdanovicz JF, Schroeder FH, De Bruijn A, Raatgever JW, Van der Maas PJ, Oishi K, Yoshida O.(PubMed)
(3) Serum retinol and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Schenk JM, Riboli E, Chatterjee N, Leitzmann MF, Ahn J, Albanes D, Reding DJ, Wang Y, Friesen MD, Hayes RB, Peters U.(PubMed)
(4) Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii by Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Lee J, Craft NE.(PubMed)
(5) Retinoids and their biological effects against cancer by Alizadeh F, Bolhassani A. Khavari A, Bathaie SZ, Naji T, Bidgoli SA (PubMed)
(6) Effect of an all-trans-retinoic acid conjugate with spermine on viability of human prostate cancer and endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo by Vourtsis D, Lamprou M, Sadikoglou E, Giannou A, Theodorakopoulou O, Sarrou E, Magoulas GE, Bariamis SE, Athanassopoulos CM, Drainas D, Papaioannou D, Papadimitriou E.(PubMed)
(7) Retinoids regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells by Kelsey L, Katoch P, Johnson KE, Batra SK, Mehta PP.(PubMed)
(8) ATRA inhibits the proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells through reducing the methylation level of HOXB13 gene by Liu Z, Ren G, Shangguan C, Guo L, Dong Z, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao L, Hou P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Lu J, Huang B.(PubMed)
(9) p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process by Taylor W, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study by Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjønneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, González CA, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(11) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, Wang Y, Albanes D, Gelmann EP, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB.(PubMed)
(12) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer by Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(13) β-ionone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate tumor cells by Jones S, Fernandes NV, Yeganehjoo H, Katuru R, Qu H, Yu Z, Mo H.(PubMed)
(14) Synergistic effect and mechanism of vitamin A and vitamin D on inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by Sha J, Pan J, Ping P, Xuan H, Li D, Bo J, Liu D, Huang Y.(PubMed)
(15) Diverse effects of β-carotene on secretion and expression of VEGF in human hepatocarcinoma and prostate tumor cells by Chen HY, Huang SM, Yang CM, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(16) Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cells by Satomi Y.(PubMed)
(17) Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, induces G1 arrest and GADD45 gene expression in human cancer cells by Yoshiko S, Hoyoku N.(PubMed)
(18) Growth inhibitory efficacy of lycopene and β-carotene against androgen-independent prostate tumor cells xenografted in nude mice by Yang CM, Yen YT, Huang CS, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(19) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial.(PubMed)
Breast cancer in Vitamin B6's Points of view
By Kyle J. Norton (Draft article)
Vitamin B5, also known as Pantothenic acid or pantothenate is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in avocado, banana, dried beans, meat, nuts and whole grains cereals etc., with functions of amino acid, glucose and lipid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesishistamine synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis and function gene expression.
Epidemiological studies focusing vitamin B6 in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced conflict results. But the widespread of breast cancer has caused many concerns in the world leaders and scientific community. Every year, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
In postmenopausal women, vitamin B6(Serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP, active form of vitamin B6) levels) might be inversely associated with breast cancer risk(1)(1a). But in a case-control study in Brazilian women, MTHFR polymorphisms and dietary intake of vitamin B6 had no overall association with breast cancer risk(2). Study of the Chinese women, genetic mutation of MTHFR and vitamin B 6 were associated with risk of breast cancer(3). Dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients, particularly folate, vitamin B(2) (riboflavin), vitamin B(6) , vitamin B(12) , and choline also linked to the risk of cancers of the colon and breast in both human and animal studies and maternal intake of these nutrients during gestation may also have an impact on the risk of cancer in offspring later in life(3a). In Japanese women study, neither dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 nor polymorphisms of MTHFR or MTR genes were significantly associated with breast cancer risk(4). In estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) breast cancers, dietary vitamin B6 intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, regardless to ER and/or PR status(5). In postmenopausal breast cancer study, women with highest quartile range of plasma PLP concentrations are associated to 30% reduced risk of invasive breast cancer compared with the women in the lowest PLP quartile(6)(7)(8). In rodent models, high dose of B(6) also suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells through induction of IGFBP-3 by PN then by a p53-specific inhibitor(8)
Taking all together, The effective of vitamin B6, in reduced risk of breast cancer is deemed controversial. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of breast cancer. Over doses may induced the symptoms of difficulty coordinating movement, numbness, sensory changes, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Brazilian women by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Junko I, Hamada GS, Nishimoto IN, Carvalho SM, Motola J Jr, Laginha FM, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(1a) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(2) Association of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and MTHFR genotype with breast cancer risk by Liu Y, Zhou LS, Xu XM, Deng LQ, Xiao QK.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(3a) Maternal one-carbon nutrient intake and cancer risk in offspring by Ciappio ED, Mason JB, Crott JW.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ(PubMed)
(5) Prediagnostic plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin b6) levels and invasive breast carcinoma risk: the multiethnic cohort by Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Shvetsov YB, Ollberding NJ, Franke AA, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(PubMed)
(6) Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and risk of breast cancer in women by Lin J, Lee IM, Cook NR, Selhub J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM(PubMed)
(7) Association of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine with risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis by Wu W, Kang S, Zhang D.(PubMed)
(8) High dose of pyridoxine induces IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells and its induction is inhibited by the p53-specific inhibitor pifithrin-α by Nakari M, Kanouchi H, Oka T.(PubMed)
Vitamin B5, also known as Pantothenic acid or pantothenate is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in avocado, banana, dried beans, meat, nuts and whole grains cereals etc., with functions of amino acid, glucose and lipid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesishistamine synthesis, hemoglobin synthesis and function gene expression.
Epidemiological studies focusing vitamin B6 in reduced risk of breast cancer have produced conflict results. But the widespread of breast cancer has caused many concerns in the world leaders and scientific community. Every year, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
In postmenopausal women, vitamin B6(Serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP, active form of vitamin B6) levels) might be inversely associated with breast cancer risk(1)(1a). But in a case-control study in Brazilian women, MTHFR polymorphisms and dietary intake of vitamin B6 had no overall association with breast cancer risk(2). Study of the Chinese women, genetic mutation of MTHFR and vitamin B 6 were associated with risk of breast cancer(3). Dietary intake of one-carbon nutrients, particularly folate, vitamin B(2) (riboflavin), vitamin B(6) , vitamin B(12) , and choline also linked to the risk of cancers of the colon and breast in both human and animal studies and maternal intake of these nutrients during gestation may also have an impact on the risk of cancer in offspring later in life(3a). In Japanese women study, neither dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12 nor polymorphisms of MTHFR or MTR genes were significantly associated with breast cancer risk(4). In estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) breast cancers, dietary vitamin B6 intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, regardless to ER and/or PR status(5). In postmenopausal breast cancer study, women with highest quartile range of plasma PLP concentrations are associated to 30% reduced risk of invasive breast cancer compared with the women in the lowest PLP quartile(6)(7)(8). In rodent models, high dose of B(6) also suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells through induction of IGFBP-3 by PN then by a p53-specific inhibitor(8)
Taking all together, The effective of vitamin B6, in reduced risk of breast cancer is deemed controversial. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of breast cancer. Over doses may induced the symptoms of difficulty coordinating movement, numbness, sensory changes, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and Dementia with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies within 2 Months or your Money back
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(1) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Brazilian women by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Junko I, Hamada GS, Nishimoto IN, Carvalho SM, Motola J Jr, Laginha FM, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(1a) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ.(PubMed)
(2) Association of dietary intake of folate, vitamin B6 and B12 and MTHFR genotype with breast cancer risk by Liu Y, Zhou LS, Xu XM, Deng LQ, Xiao QK.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary intake of folate, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, genetic polymorphism of related enzymes, and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Japan by Ma E, Iwasaki M, Kobayashi M, Kasuga Y, Yokoyama S, Onuma H, Nishimura H, Kusama R, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(3a) Maternal one-carbon nutrient intake and cancer risk in offspring by Ciappio ED, Mason JB, Crott JW.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status by Zhang CX, Ho SC, Chen YM, Lin FY, Fu JH, Cheng SZ(PubMed)
(5) Prediagnostic plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (vitamin b6) levels and invasive breast carcinoma risk: the multiethnic cohort by Lurie G, Wilkens LR, Shvetsov YB, Ollberding NJ, Franke AA, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(PubMed)
(6) Plasma folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and risk of breast cancer in women by Lin J, Lee IM, Cook NR, Selhub J, Manson JE, Buring JE, Zhang SM(PubMed)
(7) Association of vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine with risk of breast cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis by Wu W, Kang S, Zhang D.(PubMed)
(8) High dose of pyridoxine induces IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in MCF-7 cells and its induction is inhibited by the p53-specific inhibitor pifithrin-α by Nakari M, Kanouchi H, Oka T.(PubMed)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)