Skin aging in Herbs point of view

What cause aging? The question that has been asked throughout the human history, but it doesn't seem to get any answer but raises many more unanswered questions. While many theories try to answer the question by related aging to tear and wear of the body, others deal with how the organs and systems in the body develop and deteriorate overtime, etc.

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
The degradation of the epidermal and dermal layers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs, such as UV Exposure, decline of lysosomal/endosomal cathepsin K, S and V activity(c) as well as some environmental factors on skin produces visible signs such as irregular dryness, dark/light pigmentation, sallowness, severe atrophy, telangiectases, premalignant lesions, laxity, leathery appearance and deep wrinkling, etc.,  cause modification of the surface of skin and the physical properties of that lead to skin aging.
Certain chemical ingredients, such as aloin, ginsenoside, curcumin, epicatechin, asiaticoside, ziyuglycoside I, magnolol, gallic acid, hydroxychavicol, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, etc.  derived from herbs have been found to be intergraded  into some cosmetic products in treating premature aging(d)

1. Aloe vera
Aloe Vera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe, belonging to the Family Xanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. It has become very popular for commercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used in herbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound, burn healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cysts, diabetes, and elevated of cholesterol, etc. It is also one of many popular herb studied in scientific ways with some conflicted results.
In a study of a total of 30 healthy female subjects over the age of 45 recruited and received 2 different doses (low-dose: 1,200 mg/d, high-dose: 3,600 mg/d) of aloe vera gel supplementation for 90 days, aloe gel significantly improved wrinkles and elasticity in photoaged human skin, with an increase in collagen production in the photoprotected skin and a decrease in the collagen-degrading MMP-1 gene expression(1). In skin condition in the elderly caused by several incurable, but treatable, chronic diseases, researchers suggested that the use of lanolin, aloe vera, and parabens may contribute to  delayed hypersensitivity reaction and aging process(2). In photo aging, combination of sodium selenite and aloin in a certain range of concentration have shown protective effects against ultraviolet radiation induced fibroblast proliferation inhibition, oxidative injury, and decreased collagen synthesis(3).

2. Green tea
Green tea containing  more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.
Oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in skin aging. Green tea extracted showed to inhibit the toxic ROS-induced skin death, through protection from H(2)O(2)-induced necrosis in a dose-dependent manner(4)(4a), improvement of the anti-wrinkle effects, through its antioxidant activity(5),  skin roughness, through moisturizing effects and enhancement of skin microrelief(6) and inhibition of skin inflammation for managing allergic contact dermatitis without skin toxicity(7). Combination of topical application of green tea and lotus, exhibited an anti aging effect on skin roughness (SEr), scaliness (SEsc), smoothness (SEsm), and wrinkling (SEw)(8) and  composition of a formulation containing 20 % green tea extract and 5 % rose oil, exhibited a skin barrier function for maintaining skin hydration, and protecting against anti-aging process(9).

3. Ginseng

Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root). In vivo Korean red ginseng showed to enhance extension of lifespan, increase resistance to most forms of disease, through regulation of organisms' metabolism(10), and reduce wrinkle formation through

inhibition of collagen degradation rather than increased collagen synthesis(11), protect against skin photodamage, through increasing the production of profilaggrin and filaggrin(12). Ginsenoside Rd, a chemical constituent of Ginseng also exerted its anti-oxidative effects through activation of  anti-oxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory effects through down-regulation of NF-κB and the consequent expressional suppressions of iNOS and COX-2(13). On gene expression at the level of mRNAs and proteins in human skin cells, extracted from the roots of the Chinese herb Sanchi (Panax notoginseng, showed a significant positive effects against facial wrinkles and other symptoms of facial skin aging(14). In the study of red ginseng (RG) and fermented red ginseng (FRG) effects on aging skin, researchers at the Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University found that FRG offers increased anti-wrinkle efficacy, whitening efficacy, and reduced toxicological potency compared to RG(15).

4. Turmeric

Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.

Curcumin, a major chemical compound found in turmeric, showed to have a protective effect against photo-damage on aging process(16). Antioxidantly, curcumin scavenged free radicals from skin cells, prevented trans-epidermal water loss, included a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher contribute to protect skin from wrinkles, leading to glowing and healthy younger skin(17) and induced cellular stress responses in normal human skin fibroblasts through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway and redox signaling(18).

5. Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)

Gotu Kola also known as centella, is a annual plant of the genus, belonging to the family Mackinlayaceae, native to India, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treatnervous disorders, epilepsy, senility, premature aging, etc.

Asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside, found in the titrated extract of Centella asiatica (TECA), showed to inhibit UVB-mediated damage in NHDFs through changes in the expression of specific miRNAs(19)(20). Preparation including asiaticoside found in Guto kota extract in a treatment of temporal periorbital wrinkles tested on 27 female volunteers by applied the cream twice a day to the region of interest for 12 weeks, showed a significant improvement of the periorbital wrinkles in majority of the volunteers(21). lipstick containing  asiaticoside also found to improve lip-wrinkle in in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion of a total of 50 women(22). According to ¹LVMH Recherché, asiaticoside also stimulated collagen secretion which is the major components of skin dermis(23).

6. Sanguisorba officinalis

Sanguisorba officinalis is a genus Sanguisorba, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The herb has been used in folk medicine to stop bloody dysentery, nosebleeds, and topically to treat burns and insect bites.

Ziyuglycoside I isolated from a Sanguisorba officinalis root extract reduced skin aging through increased the expression of type I collagen in a dose-dependent manner(24). In chronic Ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation causes of skin aging, the extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L. inhibited wrinkle formation, maintained skin elasticity, and inhibited the decrease of dermal elastic fiber linearity in the rat hind limb skin in a dose-dependent manner(25). 

7. Magnolia ovovata

Magnolia ovovata also known as Japanese Bigleaf Magnolia is the genus of Ovovata, belonging to the family Magnoliaceae, native to Japan. The herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine
to treat various digestive problems, relieve stress, promote neuro-health, etc. According to

Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences , Magnolia ovovata extract inhibited
NF-kappaB mediated gene expression, thus preventing skin photoaging processes through
keratinocyte hyperproliferation and degradation of collagen fibers in mice skin(26)(27).

8. Rhus verniciflua (Toxicodendron vernicifluum)
Rhus verniciflua is a genus Toxicodendron, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, native to China
and the Indian subcontinent. The herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat internal
parasites and stop bleeding.

Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS), a most common used herbal plant in herbal medicine with various
biological properties was found to be effective in free radical scavengers due to contained flavonoid
derivatives, including fustin, quercetin, butein, and sulfuretin(29) which may protect the skin from
ROS aging. The ioactive phenolics in detoxified Rhus verniciflua Stokes (DRVS), including Gallic
acid showed to protect skin from aging through its antioxidative properties and by down-regulating
MMP-1 expression(28) and inhibited the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM)(30).

9. Chamomile
Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family
Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory
constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in
the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.
Chemical compounds bisabolol, silymarin, and ectoin found in chamomile and milk thistle may consist
the property to modulate the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced upregulation of ROS free radicals in
normal human skin fibroblasts(31). According to University of Copenhagen, oral administartion of
composition extact including chamomile improved skin lession of forehead, periocular and perioral
wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, laxity, sagging, under eye dark circles and overall apperance(32).

10. Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of tree, native to South East Asia, of over 300 species
of the genus Cinnamomum, belonging to the family Lauraceae.. The herb has been use in herbal and
traditional medicine as anti-fungal and bacteria level to improve reproductive organ, prevent flatulence
and intestinal cramping, treat indigestion, diarrhea, bad breath, headache, migraine, etc.
According to Osaka Prefecture University, Cinnamon inhibited the breakdown of collagenous networks with aging results in hypoactive changes in the skin, through up-regulated both mRNA and protein expression levels of type I collagen without cytotoxicity. Cinnamaldehyde, a major active component, significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its downstream signaling molecules such as insulin receptor substrate-1 and Erk1/2 in an IGF-I-independent manner(33).

 11. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, and from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
The study in the comparison of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), a mixture of tea and rooibos (Camellia sinensis and Aspalathus linearis) and soybean (Glycine soja) for their effects in potentiation in reduced skin wrinkle, showed that ginkgo biloba, is most effective in increased skin moisturization (27.88%) and smoothness (4.32%) and reduced roughness (0.4%) and wrinkles (4.63%)(34).


12. Rosemary Rosemary is a perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves, the genus Rosmarinus,
belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Its fresh and dried leaves has been used frequently in traditional
Mediterranean cuisine and as flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosnary has been used in traditional
medicine as an antiseptic, antioxidant, and antispasmodic agent to treat circulatory problem, eczema,
rheumatism, muscle pain, etc.
Rosemary containing flavonoid compounds with phenolic structures may potentiate in reduced reactive
oxygen species and biologic macromolecules, to neutralize free radicals or initiate biological effects to
prevent skin damage(35). According to University of Catania, natural extract isolated from rosemary
leaves, showed to be effective in antiaging skin management due to its endogenous antioxidant
potential(36).

14. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many
concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs),
etc..The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat
 skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood
 vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.
Grape seed extract may be beneficial in promoting youthful skin, cell health, elasticity, and flexibility
because of its antioxidant effect to bond with collagen(37).
According to Dr. Bojanowski K., grape seed extract may have a potential in anti-aging effects
throughout all skin compartments, including dermal and epidermal layers because of its induced signal
transduction pathways in facial hypodermis(38). In a study of a total of men from 35 to 60 years of age,
phototypes I to III, indictaed a positive effect in counteract skin photoaging, in daily application of
mixture containing lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine ComplexT(39).

15. Lavender Lavender is a flower plant of the genus Lavandula, belonging to the family Lamiaceae,
native to Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat painful bruises and aches,
 to relieve various neuralgic pains, sprains, rheumatism, etc.
Suggestion of Lavender aromatherapy may potentiate to ease anxiety in patients undergoing minimally
invasive facial cosmetic procedures(40).
In photodegradation and photooxidation, chemical composition and bioactive properties of Lavandula
angustifolia Miller essential oil, used conjunction with bee oglue showed that bee glue expresses a
highly protected lavender oil secondary metabolites from degradation and also preserved their
antiradical properties, both in in vitro antioxidant assays and in cell oxidative damage evaluations(41).

16. Huang Qi (Radix astragali) Huang Qi or Bei Qi is also known as Astragalus root. The sweet herb
 has been used as diuretic agent and to lower blood pressure, increase blood pressure, lessens
proteinuria, improve endurance, protect liver function, regulate blood sugar, etc. as it tonifies Qi,
raises Yang, strengthens the Defensive-Qi and the Exterior, expels toxins, etc. by enhancing the
functions of lung and spleen channels.
The study of non-fermented (HQNB) and fermented preparations (HQB) of Radix astragali on
hyaluronic acid (HA) production in primary human skin cells, showed that HQB significantly
stimulated HA production in both cultured primary human epidermal keratinocytes and human dermal
fibroblasts and  increased the expression of hyaluronan synthase 3 and hyaluronan synthase 2 mRNA
in HaCaT cells and human fibroblasts, respectively in dose-dependent manners(42).

17. Puerariae Radix (Ge Gen)
Ge Gen is also known as Kudzuvine Root. The acrid, sweet and neutral herb has been used in TCM as
anti-arrhythmia, anti cancers, anti-oxidation, anti platelet coagulation, etc. and to lower blood sugar,
relax the blood vessels, improve memory, treat diarrhea, etc., as it raises Yang; clears Heat,
promotes generation of Body Fluids, etc., by enhancing the functions of spleen and stomach channels.
The study of the effect of Puerariae Radix (PR), a Chinese herb and a popular food in Asia in
Hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis and the
connective tissues of the dermis, showed to stimulate the HA production of normal human epidermal
keratinocytes (NHEK), in dose-dependent, due to its rich in isoflavone glycosides like genistin and
daidzin(43).

20. Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) Labisia pumila is the henus Lobisia, belonging to the family belongs to the family of Myrsinaceae
native to in Southeast Asia, particularly Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
In skin aging, phytochemicals found in the herbal extract found in Labisia pumila, protected against
natural aging process and accelerated by UV radiation through promoting the production of skin
collagen synthesis(43) and attenuation of UVB-induced MMP-9 expression in phtoaging(44).

Taken altogether, certain herbs have been found to enhance the protection of skin against natural
aging through protection in the degradation of epidermal and dermal layers of the extracellular
matrix (ECM), via their antioxidant and stimulative effects. Futher studies are necessary to identify
 theirs effective ingredients to improve the clincal vadilation. As always all articles
written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related
field specialist before applying.

Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html

References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(c) Differential expression of cathepsins K, S and V between young and aged Caucasian women skin epidermis by Sage J¹, De Quéral D², Leblanc-Noblesse E², Kurfurst R², Schnebert S², Perrier E², Nizard C², Lalmanach G³, Lecaille F⁴.(PubMed)
(d) Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging by Mukherjee PK¹, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK.(PubMed)
(1) Dietary Aloe Vera Supplementation Improves Facial Wrinkles and Elasticity and It Increases the Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo by Cho S¹, Lee S, Lee MJ, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, Chung JH.(PubMed)
(2) Dry skin in the elderly: complexities of a common problem by White-Chu EF¹, Reddy M.(PubMed)
(3) [The protective effects of sodium selenite and aloin against ultraviolet A radiation].

[Article in Chinese]by Guo Y¹, Ji R, Lü X, Wan YF, Jiang X.(PubMed)

(4) Green tea extract protects human skin fibroblasts from reactive oxygen species induced necrosis by Silverberg JI¹, Jagdeo J, Patel M, Siegel D, Brody N.(PubMed)

(5) Tannase-converted green tea catechins and their anti-wrinkle activity in humans by Hong YH¹, Jung EY, Shin KS, Yu KW, Chang UJ, Suh HJ.(PubMed)

(6) The use of green tea extract in cosmetic formulations: not only an antioxidant active ingredient by Gianeti MD¹, Mercurio DG, Campos PM.(PubMed)

(7) Human skin safety test of green tea cell extracts in condition of allergic contact dermatitis by Kim HK¹, Choi SY, Chang HK, Baek SY, Chung JO, Rha CS, Kim BJ, Kim MN.(PubMed)

(8) Combined topical application of lotus and green tea improves facial skin surface parameters by Mahmood T¹, Akhtar N.(PubMed)

(9) Design and in vivo evaluation of emulgel formulations including green tea extract and rose oil by Yapar EA, Ynal O, Erdal MS.(PubMed)

(10) Korean Red Ginseng Tonic Extends Lifespan in D. melanogaster by Kim MS.(PubMed)
(11) Effects of red ginseng extract on UVB irradiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice by Kang TH¹, Park HM, Kim YB, Kim H, Kim N, Do JH, Kang C, Cho Y, Kim SY.(PubMed)
(12) Enzyme-processed Korean Red Ginseng extracts protects against skin damage induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice by Hwang E¹, Sun ZW, Lee TH, Shin HS, Park SY, Lee DG, Cho BG, Sohn H, Kwon OW, Kim SY, Yi TH.(PubMed)
(13) Ginsenoside Rd inhibits the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing NF-κB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse liver by Kim DH¹, Chung JH, Yoon JS, Ha YM, Bae S, Lee EK, Jung KJ, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kim MK, Chung HY.(PubMed)
(14) Hormesis-based anti-aging products: a case study of a novel cosmetic by Rattan SI¹, Kryzch V, Schnebert S, Perrier E, Nizard C.(PubMed)
(15) Fermenting red ginseng enhances its safety and efficacy as a novel skin care anti-aging ingredient: in vitro and animal study by Lee HS¹, Kim MR, Park Y, Park HJ, Chang UJ, Kim SY, Suh HJ.(PubMed)

(16) Inhibitory effect of encapsulated curcumin on ultraviolet-induced photoaging in mice by Agrawal R¹, Kaur IP.(PubMed)
(17) Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging by Mukherjee PK¹, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK.(PubMed)
(18) Curcumin induces heme oxygenase-1 in normal human skin fibroblasts through redox signaling: relevance for anti-aging intervention by Lima CF¹, Pereira-Wilson C, Rattan SI.(PubMed)
(19) Titrated extract of Centella asiatica provides a UVB protective effect by altering microRNA expression profiles in human dermal fibroblasts by An IS¹, An S, Kang SM, Choe TB, Lee SN, Jang HH, Bae S.(PubMed)
(20) Centella asiatica protects against UVB-induced HaCaT keratinocyte damage through microRNA expression changes by An IS¹, An S, Choe TΒ, Kang SΜ, Lee JH, Park IC, Jin YW, Lee SJ, Bae S.(PubMed)
(21) Evaluation of the effects of a preparation containing asiaticoside on periocular wrinkles of human volunteers by Lee J¹, Jung E, Lee H, Seo Y, Koh J, Park D.(PubMed)
(22) Improving lip wrinkles: lipstick-related image analysis by Ryu JS¹, Park SG, Kwak TJ, Chang MY, Park ME, Choi KH, Sung KH, Shin HJ, Lee CK, Kang YS, Yoon MS, Rang MJ, Kim SJ.(PubMed)
(23) [Comparative activity of asiaticoside and madecassoside on type I and III collagen synthesis by cultured human fibroblasts].[Article in French] by Bonté F¹, Dumas M, Chaudagne C, Meybeck A.(PubMed)(24) Anti-wrinkle activity of ziyuglycoside I isolated from a Sanguisorba officinalis root extract and its application as a cosmeceutical ingredient by Kim YH¹, Chung CB, Kim JG, Ko KI, Park SH, Kim JH, Eom SY, Kim YS, Hwang YI, Kim KH.(PubMed)
(25) Inhibitory effect of an extract of Sanguisorba officinalis L. on ultraviolet-B-induced photodamage of rat skin by Tsukahara K¹, Moriwaki S, Fujimura T, Takema Y.(PubMed)
(26) Magnolia ovovata extract and its active component magnolol prevent skin photoaging via inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB by Tanaka K¹, Hasegawa J, Asamitsu K, Okamoto T.(PubMed)
(27) Protecting skin photoaging by NF-kappaB inhibitor by Tanaka K¹, Asamitsu K, Uranishi H, Iddamalgoda A, Ito K, Kojima H, Okamoto T.(PubMed)
(28) Protective effect of detoxified Rhus verniciflua stokes on human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress and identification of the bioactive phenolics by Liu CS¹, Nam TG, Han MW, Ahn SM, Choi HS, Kim TY, Chun OK, Koo SI, Kim DO.(PubMed)
(29) Identification of Rhus verniciflua Stokes compounds that exhibit free radical scavenging and anti-apoptotic properties by Lee JC¹, Lim KT, Jang YS.(PubMed)
(30) Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging by Mukherjee PK¹, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK.(PubMed)
(31) The active natural anti-oxidant properties of chamomile, milk thistle, and halophilic bacterial components in human skin in vitro by Mamalis A¹, Nguyen DH, Brody N, Jagdeo J.(PnbMed)
(32) Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women by Skovgaard GR¹, Jensen AS, Sigler ML(PubMed)
(33) Cinnamon extract promotes type I collagen biosynthesis via activation of IGF-I signaling in human dermal fibroblasts by Takasao N¹, Tsuji-Naito K, Ishikura S, Tamura A, Akagawa M.(PubMed)
(34) Clinical efficacy comparison of anti-wrinkle cosmetics containing herbal flavonoids by Chuarienthong P¹, Lourith N, Leelapornpisid P.(PubMed)
(35) Green tea and the skin by Hsu S.(PubMed)
(36) Biochemical studies of a natural antioxidant isolated from rosemary and its application in cosmetic dermatology by Calabrese V¹, Scapagnini G, Catalano C, Dinotta F, Geraci D, Morganti P.
(PubMed)
(37) enolics in grape seeds-biochemistry and functionality by Shi J¹, Yu J, Pohorly JE, Kakuda Y.by (PubMed)
(38) Hypodermal delivery of cosmetic actives for improved facial skin morphology and functionality by Bojanowski K.(PubMed)
(39)Clinical, biometric and ultrasound assessment of the effects of daily use of a nutraceutical composed of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine Complex in photoaged human skin by Costa A¹, Lindmark L, Arruda LH, Assumpção EC, Ota FS, Pereira Mde O, Langen SS.(PubMed)
(40) Effects of lavender olfactory input on cosmetic procedures by Grunebaum LD¹, Murdock J, Castanedo-Tardan MP, Baumann LS.(PubMed)
(41) Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Lavandula angustifolia Miller Essential Oil are Shielded by Propolis Against UV Radiations by Angelo G¹, Lorena C, Marta G, Antonella C.(PubMed)
(42) Stimulating effects of Bacillus subtilis natto-fermented Radix astragali on hyaluronic acid production in human skin cells by Hsu MF¹, Chiang BH.(PubMed)
(43) Comparison of Puerariae Radix and its hydrolysate on stimulation of hyaluronic acid production in NHEK cells by Wen KC¹, Lin SP, Yu CP, Chiang HM.(PubMed)
(44) eview on Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah): bioactive phytochemicals and skin collagen synthesis promoting herb by Chua LS¹, Lee SY, Abdullah N, Sarmidi MR.(PubMed)
(45) Labisia pumila extract protects skin cells from photoaging caused by UVB irradiation by Choi HK¹, Kim DH, Kim JW, Ngadiran S, Sarmidi MR, Park CS.(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in B6 Points of View

 Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of  abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovarian cells,  It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, chemotherapy such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin may be necessary to prevent the spread and recurrence of the cancer. Epidemiological studies focusing in vegetables and fruits in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), some vitamins have showed to inhibit the progression of cancer with little or no side effects.
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in green peas, yams, broccoli, asparagus and turnip greens,Peanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews and hazelnuts, meat, fish etc., with functions of amino acid, carbohydrate  metabolism, brain health, and liver detoxification, etc.

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin B6 in reduced risk of ovarian cancer have been inconsistent. 
The study of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, indicated intake of one-carbon metabolism related nutrients, especially vitamin B(6) and methionine, may lower ovarian cancer risk (1). In 80,254 Nurses' Health Study participants, during 22 years of follow-up (1980-2002), researchers found little evidence to support dietary folate, methionine, and vitamin B(6) in related ovarian cancer risk(2), But
in the study to compare the effectiveness of acupuncture plus vitamin B6 PC6 points injection with acupuncture or vitamin B6 alone in controlling emesis of 142 patients, between March 1, 2006, and June 30, 2008 indicated that acupuncture plus vitamin B6 PC6 points injection with acupuncture relieved nausea and vomiting in patients with ovarian cancer, undergoing a highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimen(3). In a  total of 248 analyzable patients with Stages III-IV ovarian epithelial cancer (114 with and 134 without prior chemotherapy) conducted by the Albert Einstein Cancer Center, showed that although  administration of pyridoxine significantly reduced neurotoxicity, its adverse effect on response duration suggests that the agent should not be administered with  cisplatin (DDP) and hexamethylmelamine (HMM) regimens(4). In the assessed dietary intakes and factors associated with diet in women with family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer (FHBOC) study, suggest that women with FHBOC should be encouraged to meet dietary guidelines for cancer prevention, including intake of vitamin B6(5).

Taking altogether, vitamin B6 may be associated to reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer when it is used in conjunction with acupuncture, but further study with large sample and multi center studies are necessary to improve the validation. Over doses may induced the symptoms of difficulty coordinating movement, numbness, sensory changes, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

 
References
(a) Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Schulz M¹, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Wirfält E, Berglund G, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Lukanova A, Martínez Garcia C, González CA, Tormo MJ, Quirós JR, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Lund E, Gram IT, Skeie G, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Pasanisi P, Galasso R, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Trichopoulos D, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Tetsche M, Jenab M, Norat T, Kaaks R, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(b) Fruits and vegetables and ovarian cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies by Koushik A¹, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Arslan AA, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cerhan JR, Colditz GA, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Genkinger JM, Goldbohm RA, Hankinson SE, Koenig KL, Larsson SC, Leitzmann M, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Patel A, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Smit E, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA(PubMed).
(c) Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk by Riboli E¹, Norat T.(PubMed)
(d) Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis by Fairfield KM¹, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(1)Folate, vitamin B(6) , vitamin B(12) , methionine and alcohol intake in relation to ovarian cancer risk by Harris HR¹, Cramer DW, Vitonis AF, DePari M, Terry KL.(PubMed)
(2) Intake of folate and related nutrients in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer by Tworoger SS¹, Hecht JL, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE.(PubMed)

(3) Vitamin B6 points PC6 injection during acupuncture can relieve nausea and vomiting in patients with ovarian cancer by You Q¹, Yu H, Wu D, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Peng C.(PubMed)
(4) Hexamethylmelamine and low or moderate dose cisplatin with or without pyridoxine for treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group by Wiernik PH¹, Yeap B, Vogl SE, Kaplan BH, Comis RL, Falkson G, Davis TE, Fazzini E, Cheuvart B, Horton J.(PubMed)
(5)
(6) Diet and predictors of dietary intakes in women with family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer by McEligot AJ¹, Mouttapa M, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H.(PubMed)




 

Ovarian Cancer in Vitamin K Points of View

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of  abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovaries,  It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.
Vitamin K(K1, phylloquinone; K2, menaquinones), is a fat soluble vitamin, found abundantly in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts, etc. It is best known for promotion of coagulation and bone health.

Researchers at the Showa University indicated that vitamin K may process the anti wide array of human cancer cell lines properties through differentiation and apoptosis(1). DR. Shibayama-Imazu, The leader of the research team said that these inductions may be through interruption of the morphological changes and DNA fragmentation via the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim caused by superoxide(1).  Vitamin K2 also induced apoptosis of human ovary cancer cells (TYK-nu cells), through the process of production of superoxide, induced oxidative stress in mitochondria might damage mitochondrial membranes(2). In PA-1 ovarian cancer cells, vitamin exhibited apoptosis through increased in the synthesis of TR3 and the accumulation of TR3 in mitochondria and in nuclei via a JNK signaling pathway(3). Against human ovarian carcinoma cell line (MDAH 2774), the composition of VC (ascorbic acid) and VK3 (menadione), inhibited cell proliferation through DNA degradation(4) and exposure to the composition also expressed the anti proliferation of cell death through autoschizis (43%), apoptosis (3%), and oncosis (1.9%)(5). In the comparison of the effect of vitamin K(2) (menaquinone 4) and  geranylgeraniol (GGO)inhuman cancer cell line, showed that GGO inhibited the growth of all eight cell lines derived from solid tumors, while vitamin K(2) selectively inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in both ovarian cell lines(6). Study of the cytotoxic effect and mechanism of action of vitamins C (VC) and K3 (VK3) on ovarian carcinoma, indicated a positive effects of the composition in induced cell death  (displayed characteristics of both apoptosis and necrosis), through cycle arrest and degradation of chromosomal DNA(7).

Taking all together, vitamin VK2 and VK3 found effectively in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer through activation of cell death mechanism, via activation of RSO, cell cycle arrest,  and degradation of DNA. Large sample and multi centers studies to validate this effectiveness. Overdoses can induce symptoms of Skin rash,  Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Anemia, etc. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
 
References
(1) Vitamin K2-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells: role of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. by Shibayama-Imazu T¹, Aiuchi T, Nakaya K. (PubMed)
(2) Production of superoxide and dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential by vitamin K2 trigger apoptosis in human ovarian cancer TYK-nu cells by Shibayama-Imazu T¹, Sonoda I, Sakairi S, Aiuchi T, Ann WW, Nakajo S, Itabe H, Nakaya K.(PubMed)
(3) Induction of apoptosis in PA-1 ovarian cancer cells by vitamin K2 is associated with an increase in the level of TR3/Nur77 and its accumulation in mitochondria and nuclei by Sibayama-Imazu T¹, Fujisawa Y, Masuda Y, Aiuchi T, Nakajo S, Itabe H, Nakaya K.(PubMed)
(4) Autoschizis: a new form of cell death for human ovarian carcinoma cells following ascorbate:menadione treatment. Nuclear and DNA degradation by Gilloteaux J¹, Jamison JM, Lorimer HE, Jarjoura D, Taper HS, Calderon PB, Neal DR, Summers JL.(PubMed)
(5) Microscopic aspects of autoschizic cell death in human ovarian carcinoma (2774) cells following vitamin C, vitamin K3 or vitamin C:K3 treatment by Gilloteaux J¹, Jamison JM, Arnold D, Taper HS, Von Gruenigen VE, Summers JL.(PubMed)
(6) Vitamin K(2) selectively induced apoptosis in ovarian TYK-nu and pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 cells out of eight solid tumor cell lines through a mechanism different from geranylgeraniol by Shibayama-Imazu T¹, Sakairi S, Watanabe A, Aiuchi T, Nakajo S, Nakaya K.(PubMed)
(7) The in vitro antitumor activity of vitamins C and K3 against ovarian carcinoma by von Gruenigen VE¹, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Lorimer HE, Summers M, Pollard RR, Gwin CA, Summers JL.(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in Vitamin E Points of View

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of  abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovarian cells,  It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, chemotherapy such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin may be necessary to prevent the spread and recurrence of the cancer. Epidemiological studies focusing in vegetables and fruits in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), some herbs have showed to inhibit the progression of cancer with little or no side effects.

 Vitamin E,  a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc.

Epidemiological studies, linking serum of vitamin E in the risk of ovarian cancer have produced inconsistent results.  Serum levels of vitamin are not associated to ovarian cancer risk, according to Tampere University Central Hospital and (1) but the study by Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, indicated the higher serum alpha-tocopherol levels were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer but diminished after adjustment for cholesterol(2). Other study suggested that lower alpha-tocopherol concentrations may be associated with the toxicity of  chemotherapy(3).

Alpha-TEA , a novel vitamin E analogue found to induce apoptosis a wide variety of epithelial cancer cell types, including breast, prostate, lung, colon, ovarian, cervical, and endometrial in cell culture and inhibit tumor burden and metastasis in a syngeneic mouse mammary tumor model,(4). Other study suggested that A vitamin E derivative, vitamin E succinate (VES; RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate), and a vitamin E analogue alpha-TEA can induce A2780 and subline A2780/cp70 ovarian cancer cells to undergo DNA synthesis arrest within 24 h of treatment, excluding normal human mammary epithelial cells(5). n SK-OV-3 human ovarian adenocarcinoma along with its multi-drug resistant version SK-OV-3-paclitaxel-resistant (TR) cells, combination treatment of vitamin E co-loaded with curcumin and paclitaxel(a mitotic inhibitor) exhibited  a three-fold tumor inhibition with each of these cell lines(6). According to the University of Strathclyde, intravenous administration tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), showed to exhibit tumor regression and improved animal survival in a murine xenograft model(7). In MDAH2774 human ovarian cancer cells combined reatment of Adenovirus-mediated mda-7 (Ad-mda7) plus VES inhibited tumor progression through activation of two apoptotic extrinsic and intrinsic pathways (specifically Fas expression and cleavage of Bid and caspase-8 and disruption of mitochondrial in activation of downstream capase-9 and caspase-3 via cytochrome C releasE) but not the normal fibroblasts(8). and treatment with Ad-mda7-mediated alone induced apoptosis of  human ovarian cancer cells via involves activation of the Fas-FasL signaling pathway(9).

Taking altogether,  vitamin E succinate and analogue may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer. Large sample size and multi center studies to validate the claims are necessary. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca   
 
References
(a) Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Schulz M¹, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Wirfält E, Berglund G, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Lukanova A, Martínez Garcia C, González CA, Tormo MJ, Quirós JR, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Lund E, Gram IT, Skeie G, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Pasanisi P, Galasso R, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Trichopoulos D, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Tetsche M, Jenab M, Norat T, Kaaks R, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(b) Fruits and vegetables and ovarian cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies by Koushik A¹, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Arslan AA, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cerhan JR, Colditz GA, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Genkinger JM, Goldbohm RA, Hankinson SE, Koenig KL, Larsson SC, Leitzmann M, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Patel A, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Smit E, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA(PubMed).
(c) Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk by Riboli E¹, Norat T.(PubMed)
(d) Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis by Fairfield KM¹, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(1) Serum vitamins A and E and carotene in patients with gynecologic cancer by Heinonen PK¹, Kuoppala T, Koskinen T, Punnonen R.(PubMed)
(2) Prospective study of serum micronutrients and ovarian cancer by Helzlsouer KJ¹, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW.(PubMed)
(3) Serum alpha-tocopherol, retinol and neopterin during paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy by Melichar B¹, Kalábová H, Krcmová L, Urbánek L, Hyspler R, Malírova E, Solichová D.(PubMed)
(4) Vitamin E and breast cancer by Kline K¹, Yu W, Sanders BG.(PubMed)
(5) Differential response of human ovarian cancer cells to induction of apoptosis by vitamin E Succinate and vitamin E analogue, alpha-TEA by Anderson K¹, Simmons-Menchaca M, Lawson KA, Atkinson J, Sanders BG, Kline K.(PubMed)
(6) Polyethylene glycol-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE)/vitamin E micelles for co-delivery of paclitaxel and curcumin to overcome multi-drug resistance in ovarian cancer by Abouzeid AH¹, Patel NR¹, Torchilin VP²(PubMed)
(7) Tumor regression after systemic administration of tocotrienol entrapped in tumor-targeted vesicles by Fu JY¹, Blatchford DR, Tetley L, Dufès C.(PubMed)
(8) Vitamin E succinate in combination with mda-7 results in enhanced human ovarian tumor cell killing through modulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways by Shanker M¹, Gopalan B, Patel S, Bocangel D, Chada S, Ramesh R.(PubMed)
(9) Activation of the Fas-FasL signaling pathway by MDA-7/IL-24 kills human ovarian cancer cells by Gopalan B¹, Litvak A, Sharma S, Mhashilkar AM, Chada S, Ramesh R.(PubMed)

Ovarian cancer in vitamin A points of view

Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)

According to the information of national cancer institute, in 2013 Us alone. 22,240 women were diagnosed with the incidence of the disease with death of 14030.
Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, chemotherapy such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin may be necessary to prevent the spread and recurrence of the cancer. 
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to  the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin A in reduced risk of ovarian cancer have been inclusive(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f).
1. Retinols
According to Temple University School of Medicine, retinols, the natural and synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, showed to inhibit the growth of human ovarian cancer cells both in vivo and in culture, suppressed ovarian carcinoma cell growth and induce apoptosis in ovarian tumor cells(1). In all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has shown to inhibit the growth of several ovarian tumor cell lines, other ovarian carcinoma cell lines, and its synthetic version AHPN/CD437 showed to induced apoptosis through at least in part via an RAR(retinoic acid receptor) pathway(2)(3). Other study suggested that a novel combination of ATRA and zoledronic acid significantly induced apoptosis of related cell death in both OVCAR-3 and MDAH-2774 ovarian cancer cell lines with fewer side effects as compared to conventional cytotoxic agents(4).
 Some researchers suggested that ovarian cancer may be as a result of impaired conversion of retinol to RA in ovarian cancer cells and decreased CRBP1(Cellular Retinol Binding Protein 1) protein expression in prophylactic oophorectomies(surgery that reduces risk of breast cancer and ovarian cancer) causing concomitant losses of vitamin A metabolism and CRBP1 expression of which contribute to ovarian oncogenesis(5). Rb2/p130, a  tumor suppressor protein with function in regulation of  cell cycle progression, treatment of ATRA in sensitive ovarian carcinoma CA-OV3 cells, shoed a dramatic increase in Rb2/p130 protein mediates growth arrest at G0/G1, but it failed to growth arrest, although Rb2/p130 is expressed at high levels in SK-OV3 cells(6)(7).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects. Fenretinide (4-HPR), a synthetic retinoid, showed to induce apoptosis through a signaling cascade starting from reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, induces apoptosis(8) and may be used as a preventive agent in genetic mutation, such as BRCA-1 and 2 mutation carriers causes of ovarian cancer(9). According to the Medical University of Białystok, in the study of vitamin A variants in association with ovarian cancer risk, Among vitamin A family compounds retinol and carotenoids, but not retinoids, inhibited the growth of cancer cells in dose dependent manner on human ovary endometrioid cancer cell line CRL-11731(10). Other researchers suggested to use antioxidants, including vitamin A variants) with first-line chemotherapy in treatment for ovarian cancer. In 2 case of women with ovarian cancer treatment, antioxidants showed to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy when added adjunctively, to first-line chemotherapy(11)(12).

Taking altogether, Vitamin A and its variants may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer, especially when use conjunction with chemotherapy. As always, overdoses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.  



References
(a) Dietary intake and ovarian cancer risk: a systematic review by Crane TE¹, Khulpateea BR, Alberts DS, Basen-Engquist K, Thomson CA.(PubMed)
(b) Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis by Fairfield KM¹, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(c) The role of antioxidants and vitamin A in ovarian cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative by Thomson CA¹, Neuhouser ML, Shikany JM, Caan BJ, Monk BJ, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Sarto G, Parker LM, Modugno F, Anderson GL.(PubMed)
(d) A randomized parallel-group dietary study for stages II-IV ovarian cancer survivors by Paxton RJ¹, Garcia-Prieto C, Berglund M, Hernandez M, Hajek RA, Handy B, Brown J, Jones LA.(PubMed)
(e) Association of dietary vitamin A, carotenoids, and other antioxidants with the risk of ovarian cancer by Tung KH¹, Wilkens LR, Wu AH, McDuffie K, Hankin JH, Nomura AM, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT.(PubMed)
(f) Identification of carotenoids in ovarian tissue in women by Czeczuga-Semeniuk E¹, Wolczynski S.(PubMed)
(1) Retinoids and ovarian cancer byZhang D¹, Holmes WF, Wu S, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ.(PubMed)
(2) Induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells by AHPN/CD437 is mediated by retinoic acid receptors by Holmes WF¹, Dawson MI, Soprano RD, Soprano KJ.(PubMed)
(3) All trans retinoic acid and cancer by Siddikuzzaman¹, Guruvayoorappan C, Berlin Grace VM.(PubMed)
(4) Enhancing cytotoxic and apoptotic effect in OVCAR-3 and MDAH-2774 cells with all-trans retinoic acid and zoledronic acid: a paradigm of synergistic molecular targeting treatment for ovarian cancer by Karabulut B¹, Karaca B, Varol U, Muslu U, Cakar B, Atmaca H, Kisim A, Uzunoglu S, Uslu R.(PubMed)
(5) Vitamin A metabolism is impaired in human ovarian cancer by Williams SJ¹, Cvetkovic D, Hamilton TC.(PubMed)
(6) Characterization of alterations of Rb2/p130 tumor suppressor in all-trans-retinoic acid resistant SK-OV3 ovarian carcinoma cells by Fields AL¹, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ.(PubMed)
(7) Insulin receptor substrate-1 is an important mediator of ovarian cancer cell growth suppression by all-trans retinoic acid by Ravikumar S¹, Perez-Liz G, Del Vale L, Soprano DR, Soprano KJ.(PubMed)
(8) AF1q: a novel mediator of basal and 4-HPR-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by Tiberio P¹, Cavadini E, Callari M, Daidone MG, Appierto V(PubMed)
(9) Fenretinide (4-HPR): a preventive chance for women at genetic and familial risk? by Cazzaniga M¹, Varricchio C, Montefrancesco C, Feroce I, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A.(PubMed)
(10) Vitamin A family compounds, estradiol, and docetaxel in proliferation, apoptosis and immunocytochemical profile of human ovary endometrioid cancer cell line CRL-11731 by Czeczuga-Semeniuk E¹, Bielawski T, Lemancewicz D, Rusak M, Wołczyński S.(PubMed)
(11) The use of antioxidants with first-line chemotherapy in two cases of ovarian cancer by Drisko JA¹, Chapman J, Hunter VJ.(PubMed)
(12) The use of antioxidant therapies during chemotherapy by Drisko JA¹, Chapman J, Hunter VJ.(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in Vitamin D Points of View

Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)

According to the information of national cancer institute, in 2013 Us alone 22,240 women were diagnosed with the incidence of the disease with death of 14030.
Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, chemotherapy such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin may be necessary to prevent the spread and recurrence of the cancer. Epidemiological studies focusing in vegetables and fruits in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), some herbs have showed to inhibit the progression of cancer with little or no side effects.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Serum of vitamin D and genes mutation
Suggestion of epidemiological studies, linking people who live in higher attitude or carry vitamin D receptor VDR rs2228570 and ApaI polymorphism are associated to the incidence of ovarian cancer and related motility rate(1)(2)(3)(4). These may be due to vitamin D deficiency and genes mutation. According to Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, [1.25(OH)2D3, the active form of vitamin D showed to inhibit cancer cell growth, induce cancer cell maturation, induce apoptosis, and decrease angiogenesis. People with lower levels of  serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) are associated to risk of ovarian cancer development(6)(7), lower overall survival rate and severe deficiency in more aggressive course of ovarian cancer(5). But the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, support an overall association between circulating 25(OH)D and ovarian cancer risk, in logistic regression models used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals among 516 cases and 770 matched controls, showed do not support an overall association between circulating 25(OH)D and ovarian cancer risk, except possibly among overweight women(8).

The efficacy
Epidemiological studies focusing in vitamin D in reduced risk of ovarian cancer have been inclusive. The study of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, in a total of 1,225 incident epithelial ovarian cancer cases (NHS: 970, NHSII: 255) over 4,628,648 person-years of follow-up, indicated no evidence to support intake of vitamin D from food or supplements or predicted 25(OH)D levels are associated to risk of ovarian cancer(9) neither Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(10), nor vitamin D supplementation(11). According to Dr. Holick MF., Improved vitamin D status is associated to decreased risk for developing several deadly cancers including colon, breast, pancreatic and ovarian cancers(12). according to Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Vitamin D3 supplementation in moderate doses, many be benefits in decreased risk of developing cancer, including ovarian cancer(13). Some researchers suggested that 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppressed telomerase (a an essential enzyme that counteracts the telomere attrition accompanying DNA replication during cell division) expression and decreased in malignant human ovarian tumors as well as human ovarian cancer cell lines through microRNA(short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs.)-498(14)(15). In ovarian epithelial cancers (OCa), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2) VD)(3) induced OCa cell apoptosis through down-regulating telomerase(16). Adding to above findings, The study by University of Hawaii Cancer Center suggested that lifetime vitamin D exposure may be inversely associated with risk of ovarian carcinoma(17).

Taking altogether, serum levels of vitamin D and vitamin D may be associated to reduced risk and treatment of  ovarian cancer, through regulation of gnene and suppression telomerase expression. Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.




Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
 
References
(a) Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Schulz M¹, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Wirfält E, Berglund G, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Lukanova A, Martínez Garcia C, González CA, Tormo MJ, Quirós JR, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Lund E, Gram IT, Skeie G, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Pasanisi P, Galasso R, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Trichopoulos D, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Tetsche M, Jenab M, Norat T, Kaaks R, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(b) Fruits and vegetables and ovarian cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies by Koushik A¹, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Arslan AA, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cerhan JR, Colditz GA, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Genkinger JM, Goldbohm RA, Hankinson SE, Koenig KL, Larsson SC, Leitzmann M, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Patel A, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Smit E, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA(PubMed).
(c) Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk by Riboli E¹, Norat T.(PubMed)
(d) Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis by Fairfield KM¹, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(1) Vitamin D receptor is a novel drug target for ovarian cancer treatment by Zhang X¹, Nicosia SV, Bai W.(PubMed)
(2) Systematic review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk by Xu Y¹, He B, Pan Y, Deng Q, Sun H, Li R, Gao T, Song G, Wang S.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamin D receptor rs2228570 polymorphism and invasive ovarian carcinoma risk: pooled analysis in five studies within the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium by Lurie G¹, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ, Carney ME, Palmieri RT, Pharoah PD, Song H, Hogdall E, Kjaer SK, DiCioccio RA, McGuire V, Whittemore AS, Gayther SA, Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U, Ramus SJ, Goodman MT; Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium.(PubMed)
(4) Vitamin D receptor FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms and susceptibility to ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis by Song GG¹, Lee YH.(PubMed)
(5) [The role of vitamin D in the carcinogenesis of breast and ovarian cancer].

[Article in Polish by Walentowicz-Sadłecka M¹, Sadłecki P, Walentowicz P, Grabiec M.(PubMed)

(6) Casting light on 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in ovarian cancer: a study from the NHANES by Bakhru A¹, Mallinger JB, Buckanovich RJ, Griggs JJ.(PubMed)
(7) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of ovarian cancer by Toriola AT¹, Surcel HM, Agborsangaya C, Grankvist K, Tuohimaa P, Toniolo P, Lukanova A, Pukkala E, Lehtinen M.(PubMed)

(8) Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers by Zheng W¹, Danforth KN, Tworoger SS, Goodman MT, Arslan AA, Patel AV, McCullough ML, Weinstein SJ, Kolonel LN, Purdue MP, Shu XO, Snyder K, Steplowski E, Visvanathan K, Yu K, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Gao YT, Hankinson SE, Harvey C, Hayes RB, Henderson BE, Horst RL, Helzlsouer KJ.(PubMed)
(9) Surrogates of long-term vitamin d exposure and ovarian cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies by Prescott J¹, Bertrand KA, Poole EM, Rosner BA, Tworoger SS.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of incident ovarian cancer by Tworoger SS¹, Lee IM, Buring JE, Rosner B, Hollis BW, Hankinson SE.(PubMed)
(11) The association of vitamin D supplementation with the risk of cancer in postmenopausal women by Redaniel MT¹, Gardner MP, Martin RM, Jeffreys M.(PubMed)
(12) Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer connection by Holick MF.(PubMed)
(13) [The role of vitamin D in the carcinogenesis of breast and ovarian cancer].

[Article in Polish] by Walentowicz-Sadłecka M¹, Sadłecki P, Walentowicz P, Grabiec M.(PubMed)

(14) MIR498 microRNA 498 [ Homo sapiens (human) ](PubMed)

(15) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses telomerase expression and human cancer growth through microRNA-498 by Kasiappan R¹, Shen Z, Tse AK, Jinwal U, Tang J, Lungchukiet P, Sun Y, Kruk P, Nicosia SV, Zhang X, Bai W.(PubMed) 

(16) Induction of ovarian cancer cell apoptosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through the down-regulation of telomerase by Jiang F¹, Bao J, Li P, Nicosia SV, Bai W.(PubMed) 

(17) Cataract and ovarian carcinoma: is the vitamin D hypothesis alive? by Lurie G¹, Matsuno RK, Wilkens LR, Thompson PJ, Ollberding NJ, Carney ME, Goodman MT.(PubMed)

Polycystic kidney disease in Herbs Points of View

  Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)

Polycystic kidney disease, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome is a cystic genetic disorder (a)(b)(c) of the kidneys, classified into:
A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) affects all ethnic groups with a prevalence of 1:400-1:1000 live births. The disease induced formation of  numerous cysts in the kidneys with progressively expand and eventually destroy normal kidney structure and function. And may be associated to other disease complications(1)
B. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is genetic disorder due to mutation of gene in chromosomal locus 6p12.2., causing up to 50% of affected neonates die of pulmonary hypoplasia and specific changes in the kidney and liver. Children who survive neonatal period (from birth to 28 days of age)may be experience with decrease in kidney size (not affect the kidney function) and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern similar to patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(2).
Although the disease is due to gene mutation, according to the study by the West Virginia University, certain phytochemicals in foods and herbs have found effectively in  to attenuation of cyst pathogenesis in animal studies(3).

1. Thunder God Vine (Lei Gong Teng)
Triptolide, is a diterpenoid epoxide found in the Thunder God Vine or Tripterygium wilfordii. According to the study at Yale University, daily injections Of a model of ADPKD with triptolide beginning on Day P16 significantly reduced the total number of cysts per kidney, with a pronounced effect on the number of microcysts and the overall cystic burden. At P22 and P35, the chemical compound also improve blood urea nitrogen levels(4),  renal function at postnatal day 8 by inhibition of the early phases of cyst growth(5).

2. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in trditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
Curcumin, a major chemical constituent found in turmeric, showed a profound effect in inhibition of  cyst progression, by improved renal histology and reduced STAT3 activation, proliferation index, cystic index, and kidney weight/body weight ratios, as well as significantly postponed renal failure in mice with severe PKD(6). Other study at the Peking University, showed to inhibit renal cyst formation through inhibited forskolin-promoted cell proliferation and promoted the tubule formation in MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells(a possible tool for assessing the membrane permeability properties of early drug discovery compounds), which indicates curcumin promotes MDCK cell differentiation(7). Berberine, another chemical compound found in turmeric and palnts in berberis family exerted its AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) property in suppression of the over expression of rapamycin (mTOR) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in patients with Polycystic kidney disease(8)(9).

3. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B, a major chemical constituent of Ginkgo biloba, significantly inhibited MDCK cyst formation dose dependently and cyst enlargement in the MDCK cyst model, embryonic kidney cyst model, and PKD mouse mode, through induced cyst cell differentiation and altered the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway(10).

4. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Sweetleaf) 
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, also known as sweetleaf is agenus of Stevia, belonging to the family  Asteraceae, native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America.The herb has been used in folk medicine in treating obesity, hypertension and heartburn, and to help lower uric acid levels(11). According to the joint study by the Mahidol University and Yale University School of Medicine, steviol found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, suppressed CFTR and mTOR/S6K expression in renal cyst-lining epithelial cells, through stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)(12).Other study also showed a positive effect of steviol in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cyst enlargement by inhibiting CFTR channel activity and promoting proteasomal-mediated CFTR degradation(13).

5. San Leng
San Leng, a Chines herb, is also known as sparganum stoloniferum buch.-hams. The acrid, bitter and neutral herb has been used in TCM to promote blood clots, inhibit thrombosis, lower the  blood viscosity, etc. as it breaks up the Blood,  eliminates Blood accumulation, moves Qi. calms pain, etc. by enhancing the functions of liver and spleen channels. According to study by University of Alberta, the herb has also been used as a trial drug to treat polycystic kidney disease (PKD) patients in China. A recently study showed a positive effect against Polycystic kidney disease through reduced the proliferation of renal epithelial cells stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), and inhibited the phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and possibly through inhibition of polycystin-L channel(14).

Taking altogether, the herbs above may be effective in reduced formation of renal cyst, inhibited  progression of the disease in patients with Polycystic kidney disease through some mechanisms, but large sample size and multi centers studies to identify the principle ingredients to validate these effectiveness are necessary. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.




Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(a) Loss of Polycystin-1 Inhibits Bicc1 Expression during Mouse Development by Lian P¹, Li A¹, Li Y², Liu H², Liang D³, Hu B³, Lin D⁴, Jiang T⁵, Moeckel G⁶, Qin D⁷, Wu G⁸.(PubMed)
(b) Reduced ciliary polycystin-2 in induced pluripotent stem cells from polycystic kidney disease patients with PKD1 mutations by Freedman BS¹, Lam AQ, Sundsbak JL, Iatrino R, Su X, Koon SJ, Wu M, Daheron L, Harris PC, Zhou J, Bonventre JV.(PubMed)
(c) Polycystin-1 but not polycystin-2 deficiency causes upregulation of the mTOR pathway and can be synergistically targeted with rapamycin and metformin by Mekahli D¹, Decuypere JP, Sammels E, Welkenhuyzen K, Schoeber J, Audrezet MP, Corvelyn A, Dechênes G, Ong AC, Wilmer MJ, van den Heuvel L, Bultynck G, Parys JB, Missiaen L, Levtchenko E, De Smedt H.(PubMed)
(1) Metabolic abnormalities in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Mao Z¹, Xie G, Ong AC.(PubMed)
(2)  decrease in kidney size and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern that is similar to that seen on sonograms of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Blickman JG¹, Bramson RT, Herrin JT.(PubMed)
(3) Evidence for a role of proteins, lipids, and phytochemicals in the prevention of polycystic kidney disease progression and severity by Maditz KH¹, Gigliotti JC, Tou JC.(PubMed)
(4) Triptolide reduces cyst formation in a neonatal to adult transition Pkd1 model of ADPKD by Leuenroth SJ¹, Bencivenga N, Chahboune H, Hyder F, Crews CM.(PubMed)
(5) Triptolide reduces cystogenesis in a model of ADPKD by Leuenroth SJ¹, Bencivenga N, Igarashi P, Somlo S, Crews CM(PubMed)
(6) Curcumin inhibits cystogenesis by simultaneous interference of multiple signaling pathways: in vivo evidence from a Pkd1-deletion model by Leonhard WN¹, van der Wal A, Novalic Z, Kunnen SJ, Gansevoort RT, Breuning MH, de Heer E, Peters DJ.(PubMed)
(7) Curcumin inhibits renal cyst formation and enlargement in vitro by regulating intracellular signaling pathways by Gao J¹, Zhou H, Lei T, Zhou L, Li W, Li X, Yang B.(PubMed)
(7a) Activation of AMP-activated kinase as a strategy for managing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by McCarty MF¹, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F.(PubMed)
(7b) Berberine slows cell growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cells by Bonon A¹, Mangolini A, Pinton P, Del Senno L, Aguiari G.(PubMed)
(10) Ginkgolide B inhibits renal cyst development in in vitro and in vivo cyst models by Zhou H¹, Gao J, Zhou L, Li X, Li W, Li X, Xia Y, Yang B.(PubMed)
(11) Tanvir, Ashraf (24 May 2005). "Sugar Leav – A new breed of 'sweetener'". Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
(12) Steviol retards renal cyst growth through reduction of CFTR expression and inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease by Yuajit C¹, Muanprasat C², Gallagher AR³, Fedeles SV³, Kittayaruksakul S⁴, Homvisasevongsa S⁵, Somlo S⁶, Chatsudthipong V⁷.(PubMed)
(13) Steviol reduces MDCK Cyst formation and growth by inhibiting CFTR channel activity and promoting proteasome-mediated CFTR degradation by Yuajit C¹, Homvisasevongsa S, Chatsudthipong L, Soodvilai S, Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V.(PubMed)
(14) Inhibition of polycystin-L channel by the Chinese herb Sparganum stoloniferum Buch.-Ham by Li F¹, Dai XQ, Li Q, Wu Y, Chen XZ.(PubMed)