Skin aging in Vitamin C points of view

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging(1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity(2)(3).
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some consistent results(3a)(3b)(3c), but the large sample size and multi canters studies are necessary to validate it effectiveness.
1. Plasma levels of vitamin C
L-ascorbic acid, was known for its effects on skin-whitening and against anti-oxidation causes of skin aging. During the aging process, levels of vitamin C was found slowly deplete, according to Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology in the measurement of plasma and urine of C57BL/6 male mice turnover during 3 to 30 months of aging(4). Therefore, restoration of physiological levels of vitamin C inside the cells might improve  the lysosomal degradation (protection of cell from the degradative enzymes, through protection of the cytosol) in the outflow pathway cells and prevent the pathogenesis of glaucomadegrade proteins(5).
Unfortunately, some researchers that higher levels of circulating vitamin C may not provide protection against incident radiographic knee OA, and be associated with an increased risk of knee OA(6) and the ¹Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, insisted "careful attention to individual and family medical history and personal genomic data may prove essential to make wise dietary and supplement choices to be combined with exercise(7).

2. The effects
According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses dependent manner,  concentration of L-ascorbic acid, induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up the spots(8). Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulation  for collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA eplaced every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acid in anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Other study suggested the combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate  and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Amazingly, in vivo, application of vitamin C showed to significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The  Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with 100% of  satisfied overall appearance of tested subject skin(14).

Taken altogether, vitamin C was found to be effective in slowdown skin aging regardless to the cause, through its antioxidant status, down regulated the expression of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and enhanced production of collagens. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(15)(16). As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying

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References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1) Active ingredients against human epidermal aging by Lorencini M¹, Brohem CA², Dieamant GC², Zanchin NI³, Maibach HI(PubMed)
(2) CAM use in dermatology. Is there a potential role for honey, green tea, and vitamin C? by Barbosa NS¹, Kalaaji AN².(PubMed)
(3) The science behind vitamins by Linder J.(PubMed)
(3a) Split-face study of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum in treating photo-aged skin by Xu TH¹, Chen JZ, Li YH, Wu Y, Luo YJ, Gao XH, Chen HD(PubMed)
(3b) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(3c) Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of a cosmetic multiple emulsion containing vitamin C and wheat protein by Akhtar N¹, Yazan Y(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid levels in various tissues, plasma and urine of mice during aging by Iwama M¹, Amano A, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(5) Ascorbic Acid Modulation of Iron Homeostasis and Lysosomal Function in Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Xu P¹, Lin Y, Porter K, Liton PB(PubMed)
(6) High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis by Chaganti RK¹, Tolstykh I², Javaid MK³, Neogi T⁴, Torner J⁵, Curtis J⁶, Jacques P⁷, Felson D⁴, Lane NE⁸, Nevitt MC⁹; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group (MOST)(PubMed)
(7) Trade-offs between anti-aging dietary supplementation and exercise by Mendelsohn AR¹, Larrick JW(PubMed)
(8) [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW¹, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(9) Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by Kishimoto Y¹, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(10) Nanoscale gelatinase A (MMP-2) inhibition on human skin fibroblasts of Longkong (Lansium domesticum Correa) leaf extracts for anti-aging by Manosroi A¹, Kumguan K, Chankhampan C, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(PubMed)
(11) Benefits of combinations of vitamin A, C and E derivatives in the stability of cosmetic formulations by Gianeti MD¹, Gaspar LR, Camargo FB Jr, Campos PM.(PubMed)
(12) Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E. by Segall AI¹, Moyano MA.(PubMed)
(13) Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy by Raschke T¹, Koop U, Düsing HJ, Filbry A, Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Wenck H, Wittern KP.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of a prescription strength 4% hydroquinone/10% L-ascorbic acid treatment system for normal to oily skin by Bruce S¹, Watson J(PubMed)
(15) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)

(16) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Vitamin A points of view

Kyle J.Norton(Draft Article)

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.

1. Retinols
Activation of both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid in nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ), may associated to skin aging(1). In chronologically aged and photoaged human skin due to alternation of connective tissue collagen, caused by cysteine-rich protein 61(2) (CCN1, a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis). application of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive form of vitamin A in skin, significantly increased type I procollagen and reduced collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1)and suppressed recombinant human CCN1(3).
P-Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, in the skin of hairless mice study, exhibited the increased cytokeratin 16 expression which is essential in skin healing and maintenance, without causing the desquamation and erythema(4). In a vivo study in assessing major aging signs and performing three-dimensional profilometry and digital imaging during a 9-month double-blind placebo-control involving 48 volunteers, topical application of a ROL-containing product not only improved all major aging signs including wrinkles under the eyes, fine lines and tone evenness, but also promoted keratinocyte proliferation, induced epidermal thickening and alleviated skin aging signs, without any significant adverse reaction(5). Retinyl retinoate 1, another synthetic version of retinols, showed inhibitory activity against c-Jun than retinol and superior effects on collagen synthesis compared to retinol, and may have the potential to be conveniently used as an additive in cosmetics for prevention and improvement of skin aging and medicines for the treatment of skin troubles(6). Some researchers suggested that topical retinol improves fine wrinkles associated with natural aging, through its effects in induction of glycosaminoglycan, increased collagen production are most likely responsible for wrinkle effacement. Retinol-treated aged skin is more likely to withstand skin injury and ulcer formation along with improved appearance(7). Application of a stabilized 0.1% retinol-containing moisturizer showed the improving lines and wrinkles, pigmentation, elasticity, firmness and overall photodamage(8). N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine, a retinoic acid agonist in the study in comparison with retinol acid, showed the same effective of both in complete disappearance of the wrinkles caused by UVB irradiation probably via RAR transactivation activity, but the synthetic agonist showed no adverse effect in causing skin irritation(9).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) and Retinal Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, though to play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Nutrition rich in carotenoids is best known to prevent cell damage, premature skin aging, and skin cancer(10). It has been reported to possess potent anti-oxidant properties and widely used in the skin care industry either as topically applied agents or oral supplements in an attempt to prolong youthful skin appearance(11)(12). Free radicals cause of premature skin aging and lead to immunosuppression and the formation of skin diseases, administration of carotenoids may interact with free radicals to enhance the protection system against that destructive(13). Other study suggested that Stress factors such as illness, UV and IR radiation of the sun, and smoking and alcohol consumption reduce the concentration of the carotenoids in the skin of that lead to deeper and denser of the furrows and wrinkles(14).
The testing of high doses of sun-emitted UV-radiation induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as major pro-oxidants thus inducing premature skin aging, showed a positive effect of Carotenoid-tablets combined with placebo-cream in induced less carotenoid accumulation than carotenoid-tablets alone(15) of that suggested that In contrast to topical application, the systemically applied carotenoids are stored in the body fat tissue and slowly released onto the skin surface with sweat and sebum. Retinaldehyde (RAL) showed a significant improvement of wrinkles(forehead wrinkles, nasolabial folds, crow's feet and perioral wrinkles)(16).In fact, deficiency of vitamin A may result of induced premature aging. In skin of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats, showed over expression of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) and hyaluronidase (HAase) but not on vitamin A treated mice, through promoting the production of collagen in dermis and inducing cell growth and inhibition of epidermal differentiation in skin tissues(17).

Taken altogether, vitamin A and its variants are found to be effective in prevention of skin damage and skin aging caused by over expression of type I procollagen and under expression of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1).
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to  the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.

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References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1)  40 years of topical tretinoin use in review by Baldwin HE¹, Nighland M, Kendall C, Mays DA, Grossman R, Newburger J.(PubMed)
(2) Elevated cysteine-rich 61 mediates aberrant collagen homeostasis in chronologically aged and photoaged human skin by Quan T¹, He T, Shao Y, Lin L, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ.(PubMed)
(3) Retinoids suppress cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1), a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis, in skin equivalent cultures and aged human skin in vivo by Quan T¹, Qin Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ(PubMed)
(4) Effects of the aminophenol analogue p-Dodecylaminophenol on mouse skin by Takahashi N¹, Fujiu Y(PubMed)
(5) Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical by Bellemère G¹, Stamatas GN, Bruère V, Bertin C, Issachar N, Oddos T.(PubMed)
(6) Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid retinoid derivative by Kim H¹, Kim B, Kim H, Um S, Lee J, Ryoo H, Jung H(PubMed)
(7) Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol) by Kafi R¹, Kwak HS, Schumacher WE, Cho S, Hanft VN, Hamilton TA, King AL, Neal JD, Varani J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ, Kang S.(PubMed)
(8) A stabilized 0.1% retinol facial moisturizer improves the appearance of photodamaged skin in an eight-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study by Tucker-Samaras S¹, Zedayko T, Cole C, Miller D, Wallo W, Leyden JJ.(PubMed)
(9) N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine, a new retinoic acid agonist, mediates topical retinoid efficacy with no irritation on photoaged skin by Kambayashi H¹, Odake Y, Takada K, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, Kato S(PubMed)
(10) Influence of dietary carotenoids on radical scavenging capacity of the skin and skin lipids by Meinke MC¹, Friedrich A, Tscherch K, Haag SF, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Groth N, Lademann J, Rohn S.(PubMed)
(11) Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging by Schagen SK¹, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC.(PubMed)
(12) The role of nutraceuticals in anti-aging medicine by Vranesić-Bender D.(PubMed)
(13) Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin by Lademann J¹, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)
(14) Carotenoids in human skin by Lademann J¹, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)

(15) Dermal carotenoid level and kinetics after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants: enrichment strategies in a controlled in vivo study by Darvin ME¹, Fluhr JW, Schanzer S, Richter H, Patzelt A, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Golz K, Doucet O, Sterry W, Lademann J(PubMed)
(16) Retinaldehyde/hyaluronic acid fragments: a synergistic association for the management of skin aging by Cordero A¹, Leon-Dorantes G, Pons-Guiraud A, Di Pietro A, Asensi SV, Walkiewicz-Cyraska B, Litvik R, Turlier V, Mery S, Merial-Kieny C(PubMed)
(17) A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues by Takahashi N¹, Takasu S.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Foods points of view

Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
The degradation of the epidermal and dermal layers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs, such as UV Exposure, decline of lysosomal/endosomal cathepsin K, S and V activity(c) as well as environment factors such as irregular dryness, dark/light pigmentation, sallowness, severe atrophy, telangiectases, premalignant lesions, laxity, leathery appearance and deep wrinkling, etc.,  cause modification of the surface of skin and the physical properties of that lead to skin aging. Certain foods have been found to be effective in protect the skin against natural aging, including green tea and garlic.
1. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
In wrinkle formation, caffeic acid and S-allyl cysteine found in garlic significantly inhibited the degradation of type І procollagen and the expressions of MMPs in vivo and attenuated the histological collagen fiber disorder and oxidative stress in vivo, through decreased oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating the activities of NF-κB and AP-1, and exhibited an indirect anti-oxidant effect by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions levels and down-regulated transcriptional factors(1). Its garlic's antioxidant properties  may either prevent or delay chronic diseases associated with aging(2). According to Aarhus University, garlic not only protected skin cell from undergo aging process but also inhibited the abnormal growth of skin cells, through its on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts(3).

2. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
In formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure in rat or hairless mouse skin, extract of Zingiber officinale, significantly inhibited the fibroblast-derived elastase at a suberythemal dose, in prevention of the decrease in skin elasticity in both types of animal skin(4).

3. Black bean
Small roughly ovoid legumes with glossy black shells, genus Phaseolus, belongs to the family Fabaceae and can bought in most grocery stores all around the year in dried and canned forms. It is believed that black bean was first domesticated growth in South America.
According to Jiangnan University, chemical constituents in black bean sprouts may potentiate as additives in anti-aging and whitening skin cosmetic products due to its antioxidant properties(5).
On UVB-induced apoptotic skin cell death, anthocyanins a major chemical compound found in black bean, not only reduced UVB-induced reactive oxygen species levels but also inhibited UVB-induced apoptotic cell death through the prevention of caspase-3 pathway activation and reduction of proapoptotic Bax protein levels(6). Other study also found the effectiveness of anthocyanins in modulation of oxidative disorders including UVB-induced inflammation(7).

4. Avocado
Avocados are a commercially valuable fruit and are cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Daily intake of one-half a Hass avocado (68 g), may support cardiovascular health, weight management and healthy aging(8). Study on the of ingestion of an unsaponifiable avocado and soya extract (P.I.A.S.) indicated a very probable presence of phytosterols and a richer proportion of cholesterol, precursors particularly methostenol in the skin of rats fed(9).

5. Passion fruit
Passionflower is also known as passion vines,, in the genus Passiflora , belonging to the family Passifloraceae, native to southeastern parts of the America. The herb has been used in traditional medicine in treating nervous tension including anxiety, insomnia, seizures, sleep problems and hysteria.
Passion fruit seed extract, piceatannol, and scirpusin B affected the keratinocyte by upregulated the glutathione (GSH) levels in keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed the UVB-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhanced matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 activity(10). A flavone chrysin from Passiflora caerulea Linn. and a benzoflavone moiety (BZF) recently isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn in rat skin study, showed a great potential for clinical and therapeutic applications against the physiological and biochemical effects of aging(11).

6. Mango
Mango tree  is a flower plant of genus of Mangifera, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, native to the subtropical and tropical southeast Asia. The
Beide exerting its antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, mango extract showed to inhibit wrinkle formation and damage to collagen fiber against UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice(12). Polyamine, a major chemical constituent of mango and other plants may be potential target for reduced aging skin as the level of spermidine was maximal in 10-week-old mice and markedly reduced in 26-week-old mice(13).

7. Apple
Apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree is originated in Central Asia.
Apple whole fruit and its chemical compound showed to protect cells from aging through  influence aging and oxidative stress(14). The study from Taipei Medical University, in the study of its chemical compounds suggested the use of extract of M. doumeri var. formosana (containing phenolic compounds) in anti-aging or cosmetic products(15) through exhibition of anti-oxidant and tyrosinase reducing activities(16).


9. Sea buckthorn fruit
Sea buckthorn is a shrub in the genus Hippophae, belonging to the family Elaeagnaceae, native to in
the wide regions of the Atlantic coasts of Europe right across to northwestern Mongolia and also
northwestern China.
A sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend (SFB) containing sea buckthorn fruit extract, 
exhibited a protective and therapeutic drug candidate against skin aging by regulating the moisture
content, MMP expression levels and SOD activity in UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice,
according to the study by the Pusan National University(17).

10. Grape
Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.
Trans-resveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from grape, showed a remarkable improvement in decreased aging signs(18). In facial skin morphology and functionality, combination of grape seed extract and soy phospholipids showed to have the potential in induced signal transduction pathways in facial hypodermis, resulting in anti-aging effects throughout all skin compartments, including dermal and epidermal layers(19). Clinically and biometrically, composition of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine ComplexT showed to  increase parameters of cutaneous hydration, reduction of pH, ultrasound density and a histological increment of collagen and elastic fibers (both on the face and arm), through a reduction of seborrhea (only on the face)(20).

11. Pomegranate
Pomegranates is a fruit-bearing small tree, genus Punica, belonging to family Lythraceae, native to Iran but has been cultivated in Asian since ancient time.
Pomegranate are among many plants ma be beneficial in protect against human skin aging(21), In the
study at the Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract showed a positive effect in protecting skin against UVB-induced damage in cultured human skin fibroblasts, through increased expression of procollagen type I and decreased expression of MMP-1(22). In an immortal human keratinocyte line (Hala cell line), pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx protected HaCaT cells against UVB-induced oxidative stress and markers of photoaging(23). Ellagic acid, a polyphenol compound presented in berries and pomegranate, prevented collagen destruction and inflammatory responses caused by UV-B, according to the Hallym University(24).

12. Almond skin
Almond consists of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed (nut) inside is native to the Middle East. It is most widely cultivated seed in the world for it economic and health benefit.
The study of α-Tocopherol (AT) and polyphenols (AP) present in almonds  ahainst UV exposure causes of oxidative stress, inflammation, erythema, and skin cancer, showed the positive effect of AT and AP, applied to medium or topically, in photoprotection against UVA(25)(26).

13. Cacao bean and cola nut
Caocao a small tropical American evergreen tree, of the genus Theobroma, belonging to the family Malvaceae. Its seed has been used for making chocolate and cocoa mass, cocoa powder.
Cola tree is a genus Cola, belonging the family Malvaceae, native to the tropical rainforests of Africa.
Topical application of plant extracts and their xanthine derivatives showed to suppressed wrinkle formation, dermal connective alteration, and collagen accumulation(27). The ¹Natura Innovation and Product Technology Ltda, Cajamar study indicated the antioxidant effects of cacao in protection against oxidative causes of skin cell damage(28).


14. Olive oils
Olive is belongs to the the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin and south end of the Caspian Sea. Its fruit, is also called the olive and the source of olive oil.
Unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found abundantly in olive oil may be effective in alleviation of skin problems such as dryness and those related to the aging process. The Università degli Studi di Torino study showed the use of combination of hemp seed and olive oils may inhibit the problem through spraying in some gel-emulsions(29). According to the Procter & Gamble Company, olive-derived fatty acid ethoxylates, not only showed to restore antioxidant enzymes in skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but also reduced melanin production by an adrenergic receptor mechanism in melanocytes(30).


15. Date palm kernel extract
Date palm tree is a genus of Phoenix, belonging to the family Arecaceae, native from lands around Iraq. According to Vincience Research Center Date palm kernel
extract, in the study of 10 Ten healthy women volunteers, between the ages of 46 and 58 years, applied
the cream formula with 5% date palm kernel or placebo on the eye area twice a day for 5 weeks,
application of date palm kernel reduced the total surface of wrinkles by 27.6% (p = 0.038), the depth of
wrinkles by 3.52% (p = 0.0231). These results are statistically significant and were clinically confirmed
where visual improvement was seen in 60% of the volunteers treated(31).

16. Lemon oil
Lemon is a species of Citrus Aurantifolia, belongs to the family Rutaceae. It has around shape are with green to yellow in color and 3–6 cm in diameter and native to Southeast Asia.
According to University of Catania, Italy, a natural compound isolated from lemon oil (Lem1) not only showed to significantly increase the antioxidative potential of skin biosurface in healthy volunteers and a strong antioxidant effects in inhibition of free radical-mediated reactions, as evaluated in vitro and in vivo(32) and may provide a  better understanding of the endogenous antioxidant potential of skin and the real validity of a natural antioxidant biotechnology in the antiaging management of the skin(33).

Taken altogether, the list of foods have been found effectively in protection of photoagingnd alleviation of skin symptoms due to aging, as well as through influence of the expression of procollagen type I and MMP-1. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
 References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(c) Differential expression of cathepsins K, S and V between young and aged Caucasian women skin epidermis by Sage J¹, De Quéral D², Leblanc-Noblesse E², Kurfurst R², Schnebert S², Perrier E², Nizard C², Lalmanach G³, Lecaille F⁴.(PubMed)
(d) Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging by Mukherjee PK¹, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK.(PubMed)
(1) Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active garlic components and the inhibition of MMPs via NF-κB signaling by Kim SR¹, Jung YR, An HJ, Kim DH, Jang EJ, Choi YJ, Moon KM, Park MH, Park CH, Chung KW, Bae HR, Choi YW, Kim ND, Chung HY(PubMed)
(2) Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy by Rahman K(PubMed)
(3) Testing garlic for possible anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts in culture by Svendsen L¹, Rattan SI, Clark BF.(PubMed)
(4) Inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced wrinkle formation by an elastase-inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase-associated wrinkles by Tsukahara K¹, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, Takema Y, Fujimura T, Imokawa G(PubMed)
(5) Study of active ingredients in black soybean sprouts and their safety in cosmetic use by Lai J¹, Xin C, Zhao Y, Feng B, He C, Dong Y, Fang Y, Wei S.(PubMed)
(6) Protective effect of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats on UVB-induced apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo by Tsoyi K¹, Park HB, Kim YM, Chung JI, Shin SC, Shim HJ, Lee WS, Seo HG, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ.(PubMed)
(7) Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats inhibit UVB-induced inflammatory cylooxygenase-2 gene expression and PGE2 production through regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway by Tsoyi K¹, Park HB, Kim YM, Chung JI, Shin SC, Lee WS, Seo HG, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ.(PubMed)
(8) Hass avocado composition and potential health effects by Dreher ML¹, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)
(9) [Influence of the daily ingestion of a total unsaponifiable extract from avocado and soy bean oils on cholesterol metabolism in the rat].[Article in French] by Chevallier F, Lutton C, Sulpice JC, D'Hollander F.(PubMed)
(10) The protective effects of piceatannol from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes by Maruki-Uchida H¹, Kurita I, Sugiyama K, Sai M, Maeda K, Ito T.(PubMed)
(11) Beneficial effects of chrysin and benzoflavone on virility in 2-year-old male rats by Dhawan K¹, Kumar S, Sharma A.(PubMed)
(12) Protective effect of mango (Mangifera indica L.) against UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice by Song JH¹, Bae EY, Choi G, Hyun JW, Lee MY, Lee HW, Chae S.(PubMed)
(13) Decrease in polyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink by Nishimura K¹, Shiina R, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K.(PubMed)
(14) Apple can act as anti-aging on yeast cells by Palermo V¹, Mattivi F, Silvestri R, La Regina G, Falcone C, Mazzoni C.(PubMed)
(15) Phenolic constituents of Malus doumeri var. formosana in the field of skin care. by Leu SJ¹, Lin YP, Lin RD, Wen CL, Cheng KT, Hsu FL, Lee MH(PubMed)
(16) Constituents from the Formosan apple reduce tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes by Lin YP¹, Hsu FL, Chen CS, Chern JW, Lee MH(PubMed)
(17) UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice is effectively prevented by oral intake of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend for 6 weeks through MMP suppression and increase of SOD activity by Hwang IS¹, Kim JE, Choi SI, Lee HR, Lee YJ, Jang MJ, Son HJ, Lee HS, Oh CH, Kim BH, Lee SH, Hwang DY.(PubMed)
(18) Enhanced antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol: potential of binary systems with polyethylene glycol and cyclodextrin by Moyano-Mendez JR¹, Fabbrocini G, De Stefano D, Mazzella C, Mayol L, Scognamiglio I, Carnuccio R, Ayala F, La Rotonda MI, De Rosa G(PubMed)
(19) Hypodermal delivery of cosmetic actives for improved facial skin morphology and functionality by Bojanowski K.(PubMed)
(20) Clinical, biometric and ultrasound assessment of the effects of daily use of a nutraceutical composed of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine Complex in photoaged human skin by Costa A¹, Lindmark L, Arruda LH, Assumpção EC, Ota FS, Pereira Mde O, Langen SS(PubMed)
(21) Innovations in natural ingredients and their use in skin care by Fowler JF Jr¹, Woolery-Lloyd H, Waldorf H, Saini R(PubMed)
(22) Extract of Punica granatum inhibits skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation by Park HM¹, Moon E, Kim AJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Lee JB, Park YK, Jung HS, Kim YB, Kim SY(PubMed)
(23) Inhibition of UVB-mediated oxidative stress and markers of photoaging in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes by pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx by Zaid MA¹, Afaq F, Syed DN, Dreher M, Mukhtar H.(PubMed)
(24) Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation by Bae JY¹, Choi JS, Kang SW, Lee YJ, Park J, Kang YH(PubMed)
(25) A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent by Evans-Johnson JA¹, Garlick JA, Johnson EJ, Wang XD, Oliver Chen CY.(PubMed)
(26) Effect of pre-treatment of almond oil on ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice by Sultana Y¹, Kohli K, Athar M, Khar RK, Aqil M.(PubMed)
(27) Topical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives can prevent UV-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice by Mitani H¹, Ryu A, Suzuki T, Yamashita M, Arakane K, Koide(PubMed)
(28) A new potent natural antioxidant mixture provides global protection against oxidative skin cell damage by Jorge AT¹, Arroteia KF, Lago JC, de Sá-Rocha VM, Gesztesi J, Moreira PL(PubMed)
(29) Hemp-seed and olive oils: their stability against oxidation and use in O/W emulsions.

Sapino S¹, Carlotti ME, Peira E, Gallarate M(PubMed)

(30) Application of genomics to breakthroughs in the cosmetic treatment of skin ageing and discoloration by Osborne R¹, Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Finlay DR.(PubMed)

(31) Date palm kernel extract exhibits antiaging properties and significantly reduces skin wrinkles by Bauza E¹, Dal Farra C, Berghi A, Oberto G, Peyronel D, Domloge N(PubMed)

(32) Oxidative stress and antioxidants at skin biosurface: a novel antioxidant from lemon oil capable of inhibiting oxidative damage to the skin by Calabrese V¹, Scapagnini G, Randazzo SD, Randazzo G, Catalano C, Geraci G, Morganti P(PubMed)

(33) Biochemical studies on a novel antioxidant from lemon oil and its biotechnological application in cosmetic dermatology by Calabrese V¹, Randazzo SD, Catalano C, Rizza V.(PubMed)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) in Vitamin E Points of View

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) is defined as a condition of increased in the number of cells of prostate gland, causing partial, or sometimes virtually complete obstruction of the urinary tract. According to statistic, BPH commonly starts at age of 30 and symptoms usually can not be realized until age of 50. More than half of men between age of 60-70 are experience symptoms of BPH and only 10% are required treatment.
Vitamin E,  a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia have not been consistent(1)(2)(3).
A composition, consisting cernitin, saw palmetto, B-sitosterol, vitamin E has shown to significantly reduce nocturia and frequency and diminish overall symptomatology of BPH, according to the Georgetown University Medical Center(4). Some researchers suggested that Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) may be associated to the long-term exposure of the prostate to the strong androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) due to aging induced conversion of free testosterone and food supplementation with extracts of Serenoa repens and a combination of the antioxidants selenium, (cis)-lycopene and natural vitamin E, together with fish oil rich in long-chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids of the omega-3 group may be effective as pharmaceutical 5alpha-reductase inhibitors in partial androgen deficiency correct testosterone substitution(5). Vitamin E, as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger may be effective in reduced oxidative stress as patients with BPH were found with significant decrease in plasma alpha-Toc and Asc level(6)(7). Although diet and dietary supplement intervention appeared to slow BPH progression, over consumption of dietary supplements may be harmful(8).

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin E may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of patients with BPH. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

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References
(1) Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutriceuticals by Comhaire F¹, Mahmoud A.(PubMed)
(2) Diet, micronutrients, and the prostate gland by Thomas JA.(PubMed)
(3) Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy by Tavani A¹, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(4) Randomized trial of a combination of natural products (cernitin, saw palmetto, B-sitosterol, vitamin E) on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) by Preuss HG¹, Marcusen C, Regan J, Klimberg IW, Welebir TA, Jones WA.(PubMed)
(5) Preventing diseases of the prostate in the elderly using hormones and nutriceuticals by Comhaire F¹, Mahmoud A.(PubMed)
(6) Oxidative stress in benign prostate hyperplasia by Aryal M¹, Pandeya A, Gautam N, Baral N, Lamsal M, Majhi S, Chandra L, Pandit R, Das BK(PubMed)
(7) Oxidative stress in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia by Aryal M¹, Pandeya A, Bas BK, Lamsal M, Majhi S, Pandit R, Agrawal CS, Gautam N, Baral N.(PubMed)
(8) Diet and dietary supplement intervention appeared to slow disease progression by Sebastiano C¹, Vincenzo F, Tommaso C, Giuseppe S, Marco R, Ivana C, Giorgio R, Massimo M, Giuseppe M.(PubMed)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) in Vitamin D Points of View

 By Kyle J. Norton

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) is defined as a condition of increased in the number of cells of prostate gland, causing partial, or sometimes virtually complete obstruction of the urinary tract. According to statistic, BPH commonly starts at age of 30 and symptoms usually can not be realized until age of 50. More than half of men between age of 60-70 are experience symptoms of BPH and only 10% are required treatment.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
Epidemiological studies, focusing the use of dietary vitamin E in reduced risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) have produced inconsistent results(a)(b).
1. Vitamin D receptor(VDR) and BPH
The study of 222 prostate cancer patients, 209 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, 128 male controls who were over 60 years old and without any evidence of prostate cancer or BPH, and 198 female controls in Japanese men to exp;ore the genetic mutation of polymorphism in the VDR gene for risk of prostate cancer and BPH found the positive effect of  BsmI polymorphism in the VDR gene in protection against prostate cancer(1). Other study showed  rs731236 variant of the vitamin D receptor had a protective effect for LUTS, a common symptoms of men with BPH(2), and VDR Fok I polymorphisms may be correlated with BPH complicated by histological prostatitis, the study of Graduate School, South Medical Universit showed(3). In Indian population, Taq-I and Bsm-I genetic variants of VDR gene influence susceptibility BPH(4). But in the study of polymorphims with functional significance in the Bsm, Apa 1 and Taq 1 genes were therefore compared in 28 prostate cancer (CaP), 44 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 30 control cases in Thailand, indicated no significant variation in distribution of these three groups. Of that suggested these variations in the distribution frequencies from country to country and depending to other factors such as sun exposure, dietary and other lifestyle factors(5).

2. The serum of Vitamin D
Some researchers suggested that serum of vitamin D may be an indication of early onset of benign prostatichyoerplasia BPH. According to the study by American Urological Association Education and Research, low levels of 25-OH vitamin D is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia(6). But a study by Democritus University of Thrace showed no clear relationship between vitamin D and serum levels of PSA or-of f/t-PSA in PD patients(7).
 
3. The effects
BPH(1). BXL-628. a vitamin D3 analog, showed to decrease prostate growth and BPH symptoms, through inhibition of cell migration and cytoskeleton remodeling in altered bladder contractility associated with BPH-induced lower urinary tract symptoms(8). Elocalcitol, a vitamin D3 analog, reduced the static component of BPH by inhibiting the activity of intraprostatic growth factors downstream of the androgen receptor, by targeting the RhoA/ROCK and NF-kappaB pathway(9). The New York University School of Medicine study showed increase intake of vitamin D impact an adverse correlation with decreased BPH prevalence(10). Another novel nonsecosteroidal VDR agonist (CH5036249) showed an cell growth inhibitory activity of CH5036249 to be comparable to that of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3(11). Other analogs, including BXL-353, may also be potential for patients with BPH(12).

Taking altogether, serum of vitamin D may not be realizable diagnosis in determine the early onset of BPH, but Vitamin D analogs are associated to reduced risk and treatment of Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). As a;ways. all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.
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References
(a) Dietary patterns, supplement use, and the risk of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial by Kristal AR¹, Arnold KB, Schenk JM, Neuhouser ML, Goodman P, Penson DF, Thompson IM.(PubMed)
(b) Dietary patterns, supplement use, and the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia by Poon KS¹, McVary KT.(PubMed)
(c) Vitamin D and benign prostatic hyperplasia -- a review by Espinosa G¹, Esposito R, Kazzazi A, Djavan B.(PubMed)



(1) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Japanese population by Habuchi T¹, Suzuki T, Sasaki R, Wang L, Sato K, Satoh S, Akao T, Tsuchiya N, Shimoda N, Wada Y, Koizumi A, Chihara J, Ogawa O, Kato T.(PubMed)
(2) Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Candidate Gene Association Studies of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Men by Cartwright R¹, Mangera A², Tikkinen KA³, Rajan P⁴, Pesonen J⁵, Kirby AC⁶, Thiagamoorthy G⁷, Ambrose C⁸, Gonzalez-Maffe J⁹, Bennett PR¹⁰, Palmer T¹¹, Walley A¹², Järvelin MR¹³, Khullar V¹⁴, Chapple C¹⁵(PubMed)
(3) [Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene Fok I polymorphisms and benign prostatic hyperplasia complicated by histological prostatitis].[Article in Chinese] by Ruan L¹, Zhong WD, Li ZM, Hua X.(PubMed)
(4) Association of genetic variants of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (Fok-I, Taq-I and Bsm-I) with susceptibility of benign prostatic hyperplasia in a North Indian population by Manchanda PK¹, Konwar R, Nayak VL, Singh V, Bid HK.(PubMed)
(5) Lack of association of VDR polymorphisms with Thai prostate cancer as compared with benign prostate hyperplasia and controls by Chaimuangraj S¹, Thammachoti R, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Thammavit W.(PubMed)
(6) Low 25-OH vitamin D is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia by Haghsheno MA¹, Mellström D, Behre CJ, Damber JE, Johansson H, Karlsson M, Lorentzon M, Peeker R, Barret-Connor E, Waern E, Sundh V, Ohlsson C, Hammarsten J.(PubMed)
(7) Serum levels of prostate-specific antigen and vitamin D in peritoneal dialysis patients by Passadakis P¹, Ersoy F, Tam P, Memmos D, Siamopoulos K, Ozener C, Akçiçek F, Camsari T, Ates K, Ataman R, Vlachojannis J, Dombros N, Utas C, Akpolat T, Bozfakioglu S, Wu GG, Karayaylali I, Arinsoy T, Stathakis C, Yavuz M, Tsakiris D, Dimitriades A, Yilmaz ME, Gültekin M, Karayalçin B, Challa A, Polat N, Oreopoulos DG.(PubMed)

(8 BXL-628, a vitamin D receptor agonist effective in benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment, prevents RhoA activation and inhibits RhoA/Rho kinase signaling in rat and human bladder by Morelli A¹, Vignozzi L, Filippi S, Vannelli GB, Ambrosini S, Mancina R, Crescioli C, Donati S, Fibbi B, Colli E, Adorini L, Maggi M.(PubMed)
(9) Vitamin D receptor agonists target static, dynamic, and inflammatory components of benign prostatic hyperplasia by Adorini L¹, Penna G, Fibbi B, Maggi M.(PubMed)
(10) Vitamin D and benign prostatic hyperplasia -- a review by Espinosa G¹, Esposito R, Kazzazi A, Djavan B.(PubMed)
(11) A novel nonsecosteroidal VDR agonist (CH5036249) exhibits efficacy in a spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia beagle model by Taniguchi K¹, Katagiri K, Kashiwagi H, Harada S, Sugimoto Y, Shimizu Y, Arakawa H, Ito T, Yamazaki M, Watanabe T, Kato A, Hoshino E, Takahashi T, Esaki T, Suzuki M, Takeda S, Ichikawa F, Harada A, Sekiguchi N, Ishigai M, Kawata H, Yoneya T, Onuma E, Sudoh M, Aoki Y.(PubMed)
(12) Inhibition of spontaneous and androgen-induced prostate growth by a nonhypercalcemic calcitriol analog by Crescioli C¹, Ferruzzi P, Caporali A, Mancina R, Comerci A, Muratori M, Scaltriti M, Vannelli GB, Smiroldo S, Mariani R, Villari D, Bettuzzi S, Serio M, Adorini L, Maggi M.(PubMed)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) in Vitamin A Points of View

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) is defined as a condition of increased in the number of cells of prostate gland, causing partial, or sometimes virtually complete obstruction of the urinary tract. According to statistic, BPH commonly starts at age of 30 and symptoms usually can not be realized until age of 50. More than half of men between age of 60-70 are experience symptoms of BPH and only 10% are required treatment. Epidemiological studies, linking herbal medicine in reduced risk of benign prostate hyperplasia have produced a certain positive result, but multi centers and large sample size to identify the principle ingredient and to validate these result are necessary.

Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to  the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.

1. Retinols
Vitamin A (retinol) and its derivatives, the retinoids concentration was 2-fold elevated in BPH compared with the tissues of normal prostate, and prostate carcinoma tissues of that may be an indication of role of retinoids in the physiology of the prostate and possibly also in the pathophysiology of prostate cancer(1). In human INSL3 in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), all-trans-retinoic acid showed to up-regulate LGR8 gene activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner while having no effect on INSL3 gene activity(2). the study of the effects of 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) in suppressing prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and carcinogenesis in p27(Kip1) deficient mice, showed that 9cRA suppress prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) in all three p27(a cell cycle suppressor gene) genotypes through decreased suppress prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and increased cellular senescence(3).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through its antioxidant effects. Dietary carotenoids risk of BPH and prostate cancer is associated to age and fat intake. The study of 100 patients with prostate cancer and two different control series [100 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients and 100 general hospital patients] showed a risk differentiation of  reduction by dietary beta-carotene and vitamin A was significant in the older men (70-79 years), but not in the younger men (50-69 years) with protective effect against prostate cancer related to the low overall fat intake in Japan(4). According to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, consumption of fruit and vegetables rich in beta-carotene was inversely related to BPH(5)(6).
The Kyoto University study, in a case-control study of prostatic cancer and BPH, consisted of 100 patients with prostatic cancer, matched for hospital, age (+/- 3 yr) and hospital admission date (+/- 3 months) to patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and hospital controls indicated a correlation of daily intake of beta-carotene (RR = 2.13: 1.20-3.77), as compared with hospital controls, were significantly correlated with prostatic cancer development(7). Lower concentration of of carotenoids, may be an indication of disease progression rather than the systemic inflammatory response in patients with prostate cancer reported by the ¹University Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary(8). Unfortunately, according to Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, serum beta-carotene and smoking are associated to increased risk with the development of BPH(9).

Taking altogether, although controversial, vitamin A may be associated to reduced risk of BPH but further large sample size studies are necessary to clarify it effectiveness. Overdoses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.

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References
(1) Abnormal level of retinoic acid in prostate cancer tissues by Pasquali D¹, Thaller C, Eichele G.(PubMed)
(2) INSL3 in the benign hyperplastic and neoplastic human prostate gland by Klonisch T¹, Müller-Huesmann H, Riedel M, Kehlen A, Bialek J, Radestock Y, Holzhausen HJ, Steger K, Ludwig M, Weidner W, Hoang-Vu C, Hombach-Klonisch S.(PubMed)
(3) p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process by Taylor W¹, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K.(PubMed)
(4) Dietary beta-carotene and cancer of the prostate: a case-control study in Kyoto, Japan by Ohno Y¹, Yoshida O, Oishi K, Okada K, Yamabe H, Schroeder FH.(PubMed)
(5) Fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of micronutrients, and benign prostatic hyperplasia in US men. by Rohrmann S¹, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Platz EA.(PubMed)
(6) Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy by Tavani A¹, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(7) A case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits by Oishi K¹, Okada K, Yoshida O, Yamabe H, Ohno Y, Hayes RB, Schroeder FH.(PubMed)
(8) Vitamin antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and the systemic inflammatory response in patients with prostate cancer by Almushatat AS¹, Talwar D, McArdle PA, Williamson C, Sattar N, O'Reilly DS, Underwood MA, McMillan DC.(PubMed)
(9) [Epidemiological study on diet, smoking and alcohol drinking in the relationship to prostatic weight].[Article in Japanese] by Nukui M.(PubMed)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) in Vitamin C Points of View

  Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) is defined as a condition of increased in the number of cells of prostate gland, causing partial, or sometimes virtually complete obstruction of the urinary tract. According to statistic, BPH commonly starts at age of 30 and symptoms usually can not be realized until age of 50. More than half of men between age of 60-70 are experience symptoms of BPH and only 10% are required treatment.

Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidemiological studies linking dietary vitamin C in reduced risk of Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) may be inconclusive(a)(b)(c).

The study of Vitamin C supplementation for its effect of HIF-1alpha, highly expressed in hyperplasic prostates and prevents prostate cell death by Soul National University College of Medicine indicated that vitamin C effectively prevent prostate hyperplasia through its suppression on HIF-1alpha via prolyl hydroxylation(1). The study of phenol composition and antioxidant capacity of Epilobium species at the ¹Semmelweis University, also support the role vitamin C in reduced risk of BHP through its radical-scavenger activity(2). Some researchers suggested that  free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced more with advancement of age leads to oxidative stress and associated with BPH, as some studies showed significant decrease in plasma alpha-Toc and Asc level in BPH patients(3). The comparison of the effectiveness of  cimetidine 1 g/day for 4 weeks and 30 received vitamin C 1 g/day for the same period of a total of 60 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) study, showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (mean urinary flow, subjective obstructive or irritative symptoms, or prostate size) but Cimetidine was found to be no more active than vitamin C in treating benign prostatic hypertrophy(4). Regardless how effective the supplements are, some researchers ruled out the use of supplements because over consumption can be harmful(5).
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References
(a) Fruit and vegetable consumption, intake of micronutrients, and benign prostatic hyperplasia in US men by Rohrmann S¹, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Platz EA.(PubMed)
(b) Intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of surgically treated benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study from Italy by Tavani A¹, Longoni E, Bosetti C, Maso LD, Polesel J, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Negri E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(c) A case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits by Oishi K¹, Okada K, Yoshida O, Yamabe H, Ohno Y, Hayes RB, Schroeder FH.(PubMed)
(1) Vitamin C supplementation prevents testosterone-induced hyperplasia of rat prostate by down-regulating HIF-1alpha by Li SH¹, Ryu JH, Park SE, Cho YS, Park JW, Lee WJ, Chun YS.(PubMed)
(2) Polyphenol composition and antioxidant capacity of Epilobium species byHevesi Tóth B¹, Blazics B, Kéry A.(PubMed)
(3) Oxidative stress in benign prostate hyperplasia by Aryal M¹, Pandeya A, Gautam N, Baral N, Lamsal M, Majhi S, Chandra L, Pandit R, Das BK.(PubMed)
(4) Controlled study of cimetidine in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy by Lindner A¹, Ramon J, Brooks ME.(PubMed)
(5) Dietary patterns and prostatic diseases by Sebastiano C¹, Vincenzo F, Tommaso C, Giuseppe S, Marco R, Ivana C, Giorgio R, Massimo M, Giuseppe M.(PubMed)