Food theray - Celery

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
 

1. Celery and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression
Stomach cancer/gastric cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.
atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa.

Apigenin, one of the most common flavonoids, found abundantly in celery, in a joint study from institution in Taiwan, including the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, showed effectively decreased atrophic gastritis (atrophic gastritis group) and dysplasia/gastric cancer (gastric cancer group) rates in Mongolian gerbils induced by Helicobacter pylori colonization and Helicobacter pylori(b). Celery seed extract (CSE), in in a dose- and time-dependent manner, exhibited anti-proliferation effect on human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, through Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis related proteins, such as cyclin A, CDK2, down regulated bcl-2 and up -regulated Bax pathways(c).
Celery seed oil, in benzo[a]pyrene- (BP) induced forestomach cancer in mice, the chemical constituents. 3-n-butyl phthalide and sedanolide showed to reduce tumor incidence from 68% to 30% and 11%,  and  67% and 83% in tumor multiplicity, respectively(d). In fact, according to the State University of New York,  dietary intake of celery, substantial reductions in risk gastric cancer is associated to its phytochemical such as carotene(e).


References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Apigenin has anti-atrophic gastritis and anti-gastric cancer progression effects in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils by Kuo CH¹, Weng BC², Wu CC³, Yang SF⁴, Wu DC⁵, Wang YC(PubMed)
(c) Molecular mechanisms of celery seed extract induced apoptosis via s phase cell cycle arrest in the BGC-823 human stomach cancer cell line by Gao LL¹, Feng L, Yao ST, Jiao P, Qin SC, Zhang W, Zhang YB, Li FR(PubMed)
(d) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK(PubMed)
(e) Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer by Graham S¹, Haughey B, Marshall J, Brasure J, Zielezny M, Freudenheim J, West D, Nolan J, Wilkinson G.(PubMed)


2. Celery and liver cancer
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cell growth in the liver. Commonly, proliferation starts at bile ducts, blood vessels or connective tissue of the liver.
According to the study at Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, dietary intake high amounts of celery was associated with reduced liver cancer risk(b). Methanolic extract of celery seeds, in Wistar rats study, showed to protect against diethylnitrosoamine (DEN)+2-acetylaminofluorine (AAF)+partial hepatectomy (PH) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in dose dependent manner, through modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development(c). Perillyl alcohol(d), its essential oils(e) and chemical compound phthalides(f) found in celery seed may be potent in treating liver tumors, with Perillyl alcohol also acting as a chemopreventative agent for other cancers, such as colon, skin, and lung cancer.


References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Vegetable-based dietary pattern and liver cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women's and men's health studies by Zhang W¹, Xiang YB, Li HL, Yang G, Cai H, Ji BT, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO(PubMed)
(c) Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development by Sultana S¹, Ahmed S, Jahangir T, Sharma S(PubMed)
(d) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)
(e) Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver by Banerjee S¹, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR.(PubMed)
(f) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK.(PubMed)

3. Celery and Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal.
L-3-n-butylphthalide (L-NBP), containing in the extract from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery) on cerebral ischemic, vascular dementia and amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced animal models, showed to inhibit oxidative injury, neuronal apoptosis and glial activation, regulating amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing and reducing Aβ generation(b), improved cognitive impairment such as learning and memory and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease, through regulating APP(soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion) processing, and reducing glial activation and oxidative stress(c) and protected neurons against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity via inhibiting tau protein hyperphosphorylation(d).

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)
(d) l-3-n-Butylphthalide ameliorates beta-amyloid-induced neuronal toxicity in cultured neuronal cells by Peng Y¹, Xing C, Lemere CA, Chen G, Wang L, Feng Y, Wang X.(PubMed)


4. Celery and lung cancer
Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.
The study of dietary intake of vegetables and fruit and lung cancer risk in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, northeast China(b) and Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan(c), showed a positive effect of intake of celery daily in reduced risk of lung cancer. According to Dr. Belanger JT. research, Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of celery seeds, exhibited the effect of inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and reverting tumor cells back to a differentiated state in very cancer cells, including lung cancer, through increased mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors,  tissue growth factor beta receptors, Bak and decreased ras protein prenylation, ubiquinone synthesis, and induce Phase I and Phase II detoxification systems(d).

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Dietary intake of fruit and vegetable and lung cancer risk: a case-control study in Harbin, northeast China by Galeone C¹, Negri E, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Hu J.(PubMed)
(c) [A cohort study on the relationship between vegetable intake and risks of lung cancer in the Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan].[Article in Chinese] by Lu Q¹, Yao S, Huang C, Lan Y, Cang S, Qiao Y, Wang R.(PubMed)
(d) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)

5. Celery and Conlon Cancer
Colon cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way and is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including US and Canada.
Luteolin is 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone found abundantly in celery showed in regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, through inhibited CDK2, decreased levels of Cyclin D1 levels and promoted G2/M arrest via certain mechanisms(b)(c). In the study of a total of 336 incident cases of histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (111 colon cancer and 225 rectal cancer in Harbin city, the Harbin Medical College found that increased consumption of green vegetables, including celery, have a strong protective effect against colorectal cancer(d).
According to Dr. Belanger JT, Perillyl alcohol,a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of  celery seeds was active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and can revert tumor cells back to a differentiated state, including colon cancer cells(e).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin by Lim do Y¹, Jeong Y, Tyner AL, Park JH.(PubMed)
(c) Carotenoids and colon cancer by Slattery ML¹, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Schaeffer D, Potter JD.(PubMed)
(d) Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China by Hu JF¹, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ.(PubMed)
(e) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)


6. Celery and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
In take of overall vegetable was found to have an Inverse associations to blood pressure (BP), including celery(b). Celery (Apium graveolens) seed extracts, in hypertensive rat study, showed to decreased BP and increased the HR, through its active hydrophobic constitutes(c)

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Relations of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study by Chan Q¹, Stamler J, Brown IJ, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Oude Griep LM, Miura K, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Elliott P(PubMed)
(c) Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration by Moghadam MH¹, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA.(PubMed)

7. Celery and Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress is the damage caused by imbalance between Reactive oxygen species and the abilities of the body to inhibit them.
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high levels of phytochemicals showed to be effective in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in the human body, including celery(b).Flavonoid extracts from celery, according to the Harbin Medical University, in the rat study sreduced the  activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and increased content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(c). According to University of Novi Sad, roots and leaves extract of celery also, exhibited its scavenging property of OH* and DPPH* radicals and reduction of LPx intensity in liposomes, through their protective (antioxidant) activity(d). Limonene, a major compound found in celery seed oil, process anti free radical activity, and may be used as natural antioxidants in food applications(e).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables by Chu YF¹, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(c) Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats.

Cao J¹, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X.(PubMed)

(d) Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on some biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride by Popović M¹, Kaurinović B, Trivić S, Mimica-Dukić N, Bursać M.(PubMed)
(e) Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants by Kiralan M¹, Bayrak A, Abdulaziz OF, Ozbucak T.(PubMed)

8. Celery and Hepatoprotective effect
Hepatoprotective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the Liver.
In acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) induced liver damage, celery (Apium graveolens) leaves, showed to reverse the severity of liver damage, hepatic lipid, glycogen, ions status and histological alterations through its rich flavonoids(b). According to the Panjab University, in testing of Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) and Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine (Syn. Astercantha auriculata Nees, Acanthaceae) used in Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of liver ailments, showed a significant hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats(c). Other, in the study of the composition of Celery, chicory leaves, and barley grains, showed a positive effects in decreasing the elevation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and blood lipids(d).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months 

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Hepatoprotective action of celery (Apium graveolens) leaves in acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) by Shivashri C¹, Rajarajeshwari T, Rajasekar P.(PubMed)
(c) Hepatoprotective activity of Apium graveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats by Singh A¹, Handa SS.(PubMed)
(d) Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats by Abd El-Mageed NM.(PubMed)

9. Celery and cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.
The study of the composition of ethanolic extract of seeds of Apium graveolens L. and its chloroform and aqueous basic fraction in olive oil on induced hyperlipidemic rats inhibited the total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG),  low density lipoproteins (LDL) level, and significantly increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in does depended manner(b). Mountain celery seed essential oils (MC-E)' ether fractionate and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl exhibited strong hypolipidemic and  free radical scanvenging activities, repectively, according to the Da-Yeh University(c). Other study in the genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rat model, aqueous celery extract, oral admisnistion for 8 weeks induced a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) level(d)(e)(f).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Effect of chloroform and aqueous basic fraction of ethanolic extract from Apium graveolens L. in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia in ratsm by Iyer D¹, Patil UK(PubMed)
(c) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountain celery (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk) seed essential oils by Cheng MC¹, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY.(PubMed)
(d) The mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolaemic activity of aqueous celery extract, its butanol and aqueous fractions in genetically hypercholesterolaemic RICO rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(e) Effects of celery extract and 3-N-butylphthalide on lipid levels in genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(f) Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet by Tsi D¹, Das NP, Tan BK.(PubMed)

10. Celery and stroke
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.
Celery may consist a potential in improve outcome of after stroke. According to Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College , Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), isolated from the seeds of celery, used as an anti-hypertensive herbal medicine for treating stroke patients(b) in the randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China, indicated a positive outcome at the third month after stroke through both NBP  intravenous and oral treatment(c). Other in the study of DL-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a synthetic compound based on L-3-n-Butylphthalide given to  after the onset of ischemic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, found that pre- and post-treatment significantly lowered neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and minimized pathological changes in the penumbra area(d).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial and Cui LY¹, Zhu YC, Gao S, Wang JM, Peng B, Ni J, Zhou LX, He J, Ma XQ.(PubMed)

(c) DL-3-n-Butylphthalide, an anti-oxidant agent, prevents neurological deficits and cerebral injury following stroke per functional analysis, magnetic resonance imaging and histological assessment by Zhang L¹, Yu WH, Wang YX, Wang C, Zhao F, Qi W, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Dong J, Yew DT.(PubMed)


11. Celery and Dementia
Dementia is defined as a condition of gradually serious loss of global cognitive ability, including memory, thinking, language, judgment, behavior, etc. According to statistic, over 24 million people living with some form of dementia worldwide.
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a chemical compound extracted from Chinese celery showed an improvement in spatial learning and memory in the ischemic-rat(b). According to Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, the extract not only consisted neuroprotective effects on ischemic, vascular dementia, and amyloid-beta (Abeta)-infused animal models, but also reduced total cerebral Abeta plaque deposition and lowered Abeta levels in brain homogenates through enhanced soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion (alphaAPPs), alpha-secretase, and PKCalpha expression in Alzheimer's patients(c) and tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice(d).

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)(d) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)

12. Celery and anti microbial effects
According to the Iowa State University, celery juice concentrate (CJ) showed to reduce the pH of CJ before addition to the ham had greater impact on L. monocytogenes growth on does depending manner(b). Its wide version, Apium graveolens L. (wild celery), chemical constistuents sedanenolide, neocnidilide and neophytadiene showed to exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.(c).
In the testing of the effects of Apium graveolens essential oil' antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities, researchers at the University of Monastir, found that the essential oil of A. graveolens are strongly inhibitory against Escherichia coli and moderately inhibitory against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus(d)


Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) The effect of pH and nitrite concentration on the antimicrobial impact of celery juice concentrate compared with conventional sodium nitrite on Listeria monocytogenes by Horsch AM¹, Sebranek JG, Dickson JS, Niebuhr SE, Larson EM, Lavieri NA, Ruther BL, Wilson LA.(PubMed)
(c) Isolation of the volatile fraction from Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation: chemical composition and antifungal activity by Marongiu B¹, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Maxia A, Frau MA, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L.(PubMed)
(d) Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract by Baananou S¹, Bouftira I, Mahmoud A, Boukef K, Marongiu B, Boughattas NA(PubMed)

14. Celery and anti inflammatory activities
Flavone aglycones and others rich in flavone glycosides found Celery extract, according to the study by the The Ohio State University, Columbus, modulated inflammation by reducing TNF-α and NF-κB(b). The  extract of the seed from celery (Apium graviolens) (CSE), in mice study, found to found to possess anti-inflammatory activity, gastro-protective activity, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity(c). Apiin, a major chemical constituents found in celery, showed to exert its anti-inflammatory activity in-vivo, probably through reduction of iNOS enzyme expression(d), the extracts from extracts from Indian celery seed  also exhibited anti inflammatory against osteoarthritis caused by microcrystalline hydroxyapatite (BCP) and pseudo-gout(e)

Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html


 References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Flavone deglycosylation increases their anti-inflammatory activity and absorption by Hostetler G¹, Riedl K, Cardenas H, Diosa-Toro M, Arango D, Schwartz S, Doseff AI.(PubMed)(c) A toxicological investigation of a celery seed extract having anti-inflammatory activity by Powanda MC¹, Rainsford KD.(PubMed)
(d) An extract of Apium graveolens var. dulce leaves: structure of the major constituent, apiin, and its anti-inflammatory properties by Mencherini T¹, Cau A, Bianco G, Della Loggia R, Aquino RP, Autore G.(PubMed).
(e) Combination anti-inflammatory therapy: synergism in rats of NSAIDs/corticosteroids with some herbal/animal products by Whitehouse MW¹, Butters DE.(PubMed)

15.Celery and Weight loss

Skin aging in Vitamin D points of view

Kyle J.Norton Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Plasma of vitamin D
Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels [25(OH)D] levels was associated to risk of skin aging as the study at Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, showed that UV-radiation exerts both skin aging -promoting and -inhibiting effects on skin aging. Altered mineral homeostasis caused by a high vitamin D activity, exhibited the  premature aging that include, besides short lifespan, retarded growth, ectopic calcification, immunological deficiency, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, hypogonadism, skin and general organ atrophy but laboratory investigations convincingly shoed that vitamin D compounds protect the skin against the hazardous effects of various skin aging-inducing agents, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation(1). Therefore optimal serum concentration are necessary due to its U-shaped risk(2). The Stanford University School of Medicine study indicated that vitamin D deficiency enhanced low scores for specific photodamage parameters including erythema/telangiectasias, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkling(3), specially in the skin from the 77- and 82-yr-old subjects revealed that aging can decrease by greater than twofold the capacity of the skin to produce previtamin D3(4).

The effects
According to Treviglio-Caravaggio Hospital, daily supplementation of vitamin D indicated is about 800-1,000 IU/day but may increase up to a maximum dose of 2,000 IU/day in conditions of severe vitamin D deficiency with a concomitant reduced or no sun exposure, reduced dietary intake and reduced calcium absorption(5)(6). Some researchers suggested that intrinsic skin aging may reflects the reduction processes that are common in internal organs, as the reduced production of sex hormones influence skin morphology and functions, skin permeability, wound healing, sebaceous lipogenesis, and the metabolism of skin cells in both sex and Vitamin D administered and antioxidant treatment may be beneficial(7). In postmenopausal health, low levels of vitamin D may induce obesity, malabsorption syndromes, medication use (e.g. anticonvulsants, antiretrovirals), skin aging. According to Universidad de Zaragoza, Increased level of the vitamin through regular sunlight exposure (without sunscreens) for 15 min, 3-4 times a week, in the middle of the day in summer may be beneficial, but supplementation intake of vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) should be monitored depending on the dose used and the presence of concomitant medical conditions such as renal disease(8). Dr Johnson MA at the University of Georgia, insisted " Diminished synthesis of vitamin D in the skin that occurs with aging and poor dietary intake contribute to the high prevalence of poor vitamin D status in older adults"(9). Dr. Heaney RP. suggested that cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis declines with age, it would require input of an additional 2600 iu/d (65 microg/d) of oral vitamin D3 to ensure that 97.5% of older women have 25(OH)D values at or above desirable levels"(10).

Taken altogether, optimal serum concentration was found to interact in enhancing the reduced production of sex hormones and reducing photodamage parameters including erythema/telangiectasias, hyperpigmentation, and wrinkling due to aging. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying

Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html

References
(1) Unravelling of hidden secrets: The role of vitamin D in skin aging by Reichrath J.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin D and aging by Tuohimaa P.(PubMed)
(3) Association of facial skin aging and vitamin D levels in middle-aged white women by Chang AL¹, Fu T, Amir O, Tang JY.(PubMed)
(4) Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3 by MacLaughlin J, Holick MF.(PubMed)
(5) Vitamin D: role and opportunity to prescribe by Resmini G¹, Tarantino U, Iolascon G.(PubMed)
(6) Vitamin D and aging by Gallagher JC.(PubMed)
(7) Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging by Zouboulis CC¹, Makrantonaki E.(PubMed)
(8) EMAS position statement: Vitamin D and postmenopausal health by Pérez-López FR¹, Brincat M, Erel CT, Tremollieres F, Gambacciani M, Lambrinoudaki I, Moen MH, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Vujovic S, Rozenberg S, Rees M(PubMed)
(9) Nutrition and aging--practical advice for healthy eating by Johnson MA(PubMed)
(10) Barriers to optimizing vitamin D3 intake for the elderly by Heaney RP.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Vitamin C points of view

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging(1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity(2)(3).
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some consistent results(3a)(3b)(3c), but the large sample size and multi canters studies are necessary to validate it effectiveness.
1. Plasma levels of vitamin C
L-ascorbic acid, was known for its effects on skin-whitening and against anti-oxidation causes of skin aging. During the aging process, levels of vitamin C was found slowly deplete, according to Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology in the measurement of plasma and urine of C57BL/6 male mice turnover during 3 to 30 months of aging(4). Therefore, restoration of physiological levels of vitamin C inside the cells might improve  the lysosomal degradation (protection of cell from the degradative enzymes, through protection of the cytosol) in the outflow pathway cells and prevent the pathogenesis of glaucomadegrade proteins(5).
Unfortunately, some researchers that higher levels of circulating vitamin C may not provide protection against incident radiographic knee OA, and be associated with an increased risk of knee OA(6) and the ¹Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, insisted "careful attention to individual and family medical history and personal genomic data may prove essential to make wise dietary and supplement choices to be combined with exercise(7).

2. The effects
According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses dependent manner,  concentration of L-ascorbic acid, induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up the spots(8). Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulation  for collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA eplaced every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acid in anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Other study suggested the combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate  and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Amazingly, in vivo, application of vitamin C showed to significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The  Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with 100% of  satisfied overall appearance of tested subject skin(14).

Taken altogether, vitamin C was found to be effective in slowdown skin aging regardless to the cause, through its antioxidant status, down regulated the expression of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and enhanced production of collagens. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(15)(16). As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying

Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html 
References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1) Active ingredients against human epidermal aging by Lorencini M¹, Brohem CA², Dieamant GC², Zanchin NI³, Maibach HI(PubMed)
(2) CAM use in dermatology. Is there a potential role for honey, green tea, and vitamin C? by Barbosa NS¹, Kalaaji AN².(PubMed)
(3) The science behind vitamins by Linder J.(PubMed)
(3a) Split-face study of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum in treating photo-aged skin by Xu TH¹, Chen JZ, Li YH, Wu Y, Luo YJ, Gao XH, Chen HD(PubMed)
(3b) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(3c) Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of a cosmetic multiple emulsion containing vitamin C and wheat protein by Akhtar N¹, Yazan Y(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid levels in various tissues, plasma and urine of mice during aging by Iwama M¹, Amano A, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(5) Ascorbic Acid Modulation of Iron Homeostasis and Lysosomal Function in Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Xu P¹, Lin Y, Porter K, Liton PB(PubMed)
(6) High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis by Chaganti RK¹, Tolstykh I², Javaid MK³, Neogi T⁴, Torner J⁵, Curtis J⁶, Jacques P⁷, Felson D⁴, Lane NE⁸, Nevitt MC⁹; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group (MOST)(PubMed)
(7) Trade-offs between anti-aging dietary supplementation and exercise by Mendelsohn AR¹, Larrick JW(PubMed)
(8) [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW¹, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(9) Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by Kishimoto Y¹, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(10) Nanoscale gelatinase A (MMP-2) inhibition on human skin fibroblasts of Longkong (Lansium domesticum Correa) leaf extracts for anti-aging by Manosroi A¹, Kumguan K, Chankhampan C, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(PubMed)
(11) Benefits of combinations of vitamin A, C and E derivatives in the stability of cosmetic formulations by Gianeti MD¹, Gaspar LR, Camargo FB Jr, Campos PM.(PubMed)
(12) Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E. by Segall AI¹, Moyano MA.(PubMed)
(13) Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy by Raschke T¹, Koop U, Düsing HJ, Filbry A, Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Wenck H, Wittern KP.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of a prescription strength 4% hydroquinone/10% L-ascorbic acid treatment system for normal to oily skin by Bruce S¹, Watson J(PubMed)
(15) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)

(16) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Vitamin A points of view

Kyle J.Norton(Draft Article)

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.

1. Retinols
Activation of both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid in nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARα, RARβ, and RARγ), may associated to skin aging(1). In chronologically aged and photoaged human skin due to alternation of connective tissue collagen, caused by cysteine-rich protein 61(2) (CCN1, a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis). application of all-trans retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive form of vitamin A in skin, significantly increased type I procollagen and reduced collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1)and suppressed recombinant human CCN1(3).
P-Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, in the skin of hairless mice study, exhibited the increased cytokeratin 16 expression which is essential in skin healing and maintenance, without causing the desquamation and erythema(4). In a vivo study in assessing major aging signs and performing three-dimensional profilometry and digital imaging during a 9-month double-blind placebo-control involving 48 volunteers, topical application of a ROL-containing product not only improved all major aging signs including wrinkles under the eyes, fine lines and tone evenness, but also promoted keratinocyte proliferation, induced epidermal thickening and alleviated skin aging signs, without any significant adverse reaction(5). Retinyl retinoate 1, another synthetic version of retinols, showed inhibitory activity against c-Jun than retinol and superior effects on collagen synthesis compared to retinol, and may have the potential to be conveniently used as an additive in cosmetics for prevention and improvement of skin aging and medicines for the treatment of skin troubles(6). Some researchers suggested that topical retinol improves fine wrinkles associated with natural aging, through its effects in induction of glycosaminoglycan, increased collagen production are most likely responsible for wrinkle effacement. Retinol-treated aged skin is more likely to withstand skin injury and ulcer formation along with improved appearance(7). Application of a stabilized 0.1% retinol-containing moisturizer showed the improving lines and wrinkles, pigmentation, elasticity, firmness and overall photodamage(8). N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine, a retinoic acid agonist in the study in comparison with retinol acid, showed the same effective of both in complete disappearance of the wrinkles caused by UVB irradiation probably via RAR transactivation activity, but the synthetic agonist showed no adverse effect in causing skin irritation(9).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) and Retinal Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, though to play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Nutrition rich in carotenoids is best known to prevent cell damage, premature skin aging, and skin cancer(10). It has been reported to possess potent anti-oxidant properties and widely used in the skin care industry either as topically applied agents or oral supplements in an attempt to prolong youthful skin appearance(11)(12). Free radicals cause of premature skin aging and lead to immunosuppression and the formation of skin diseases, administration of carotenoids may interact with free radicals to enhance the protection system against that destructive(13). Other study suggested that Stress factors such as illness, UV and IR radiation of the sun, and smoking and alcohol consumption reduce the concentration of the carotenoids in the skin of that lead to deeper and denser of the furrows and wrinkles(14).
The testing of high doses of sun-emitted UV-radiation induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as major pro-oxidants thus inducing premature skin aging, showed a positive effect of Carotenoid-tablets combined with placebo-cream in induced less carotenoid accumulation than carotenoid-tablets alone(15) of that suggested that In contrast to topical application, the systemically applied carotenoids are stored in the body fat tissue and slowly released onto the skin surface with sweat and sebum. Retinaldehyde (RAL) showed a significant improvement of wrinkles(forehead wrinkles, nasolabial folds, crow's feet and perioral wrinkles)(16).In fact, deficiency of vitamin A may result of induced premature aging. In skin of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats, showed over expression of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) and hyaluronidase (HAase) but not on vitamin A treated mice, through promoting the production of collagen in dermis and inducing cell growth and inhibition of epidermal differentiation in skin tissues(17).

Taken altogether, vitamin A and its variants are found to be effective in prevention of skin damage and skin aging caused by over expression of type I procollagen and under expression of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1).
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to  the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.

Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html 
References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1)  40 years of topical tretinoin use in review by Baldwin HE¹, Nighland M, Kendall C, Mays DA, Grossman R, Newburger J.(PubMed)
(2) Elevated cysteine-rich 61 mediates aberrant collagen homeostasis in chronologically aged and photoaged human skin by Quan T¹, He T, Shao Y, Lin L, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ.(PubMed)
(3) Retinoids suppress cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1), a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis, in skin equivalent cultures and aged human skin in vivo by Quan T¹, Qin Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ(PubMed)
(4) Effects of the aminophenol analogue p-Dodecylaminophenol on mouse skin by Takahashi N¹, Fujiu Y(PubMed)
(5) Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical by Bellemère G¹, Stamatas GN, Bruère V, Bertin C, Issachar N, Oddos T.(PubMed)
(6) Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid retinoid derivative by Kim H¹, Kim B, Kim H, Um S, Lee J, Ryoo H, Jung H(PubMed)
(7) Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol) by Kafi R¹, Kwak HS, Schumacher WE, Cho S, Hanft VN, Hamilton TA, King AL, Neal JD, Varani J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ, Kang S.(PubMed)
(8) A stabilized 0.1% retinol facial moisturizer improves the appearance of photodamaged skin in an eight-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study by Tucker-Samaras S¹, Zedayko T, Cole C, Miller D, Wallo W, Leyden JJ.(PubMed)
(9) N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine, a new retinoic acid agonist, mediates topical retinoid efficacy with no irritation on photoaged skin by Kambayashi H¹, Odake Y, Takada K, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, Kato S(PubMed)
(10) Influence of dietary carotenoids on radical scavenging capacity of the skin and skin lipids by Meinke MC¹, Friedrich A, Tscherch K, Haag SF, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Groth N, Lademann J, Rohn S.(PubMed)
(11) Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging by Schagen SK¹, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC.(PubMed)
(12) The role of nutraceuticals in anti-aging medicine by Vranesić-Bender D.(PubMed)
(13) Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin by Lademann J¹, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)
(14) Carotenoids in human skin by Lademann J¹, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)

(15) Dermal carotenoid level and kinetics after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants: enrichment strategies in a controlled in vivo study by Darvin ME¹, Fluhr JW, Schanzer S, Richter H, Patzelt A, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Golz K, Doucet O, Sterry W, Lademann J(PubMed)
(16) Retinaldehyde/hyaluronic acid fragments: a synergistic association for the management of skin aging by Cordero A¹, Leon-Dorantes G, Pons-Guiraud A, Di Pietro A, Asensi SV, Walkiewicz-Cyraska B, Litvik R, Turlier V, Mery S, Merial-Kieny C(PubMed)
(17) A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues by Takahashi N¹, Takasu S.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Foods points of view

Kyle J. Norton(Draft article)

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin,  affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading  injuries damage regulation pathways of skin,  including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
The degradation of the epidermal and dermal layers of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs, such as UV Exposure, decline of lysosomal/endosomal cathepsin K, S and V activity(c) as well as environment factors such as irregular dryness, dark/light pigmentation, sallowness, severe atrophy, telangiectases, premalignant lesions, laxity, leathery appearance and deep wrinkling, etc.,  cause modification of the surface of skin and the physical properties of that lead to skin aging. Certain foods have been found to be effective in protect the skin against natural aging, including green tea and garlic.
1. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
In wrinkle formation, caffeic acid and S-allyl cysteine found in garlic significantly inhibited the degradation of type І procollagen and the expressions of MMPs in vivo and attenuated the histological collagen fiber disorder and oxidative stress in vivo, through decreased oxidative stress and inflammation by modulating the activities of NF-κB and AP-1, and exhibited an indirect anti-oxidant effect by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions levels and down-regulated transcriptional factors(1). Its garlic's antioxidant properties  may either prevent or delay chronic diseases associated with aging(2). According to Aarhus University, garlic not only protected skin cell from undergo aging process but also inhibited the abnormal growth of skin cells, through its on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts(3).

2. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
In formation of wrinkles induced by UV exposure in rat or hairless mouse skin, extract of Zingiber officinale, significantly inhibited the fibroblast-derived elastase at a suberythemal dose, in prevention of the decrease in skin elasticity in both types of animal skin(4).

3. Black bean
Small roughly ovoid legumes with glossy black shells, genus Phaseolus, belongs to the family Fabaceae and can bought in most grocery stores all around the year in dried and canned forms. It is believed that black bean was first domesticated growth in South America.
According to Jiangnan University, chemical constituents in black bean sprouts may potentiate as additives in anti-aging and whitening skin cosmetic products due to its antioxidant properties(5).
On UVB-induced apoptotic skin cell death, anthocyanins a major chemical compound found in black bean, not only reduced UVB-induced reactive oxygen species levels but also inhibited UVB-induced apoptotic cell death through the prevention of caspase-3 pathway activation and reduction of proapoptotic Bax protein levels(6). Other study also found the effectiveness of anthocyanins in modulation of oxidative disorders including UVB-induced inflammation(7).

4. Avocado
Avocados are a commercially valuable fruit and are cultivated in tropical climates throughout the world, it is a green-skinned, pear-shaped fruit that ripens after harvesting and native to the Caribbean, Mexico, South America and Central America, belonging to the flowering plant family Lauraceae.
Daily intake of one-half a Hass avocado (68 g), may support cardiovascular health, weight management and healthy aging(8). Study on the of ingestion of an unsaponifiable avocado and soya extract (P.I.A.S.) indicated a very probable presence of phytosterols and a richer proportion of cholesterol, precursors particularly methostenol in the skin of rats fed(9).

5. Passion fruit
Passionflower is also known as passion vines,, in the genus Passiflora , belonging to the family Passifloraceae, native to southeastern parts of the America. The herb has been used in traditional medicine in treating nervous tension including anxiety, insomnia, seizures, sleep problems and hysteria.
Passion fruit seed extract, piceatannol, and scirpusin B affected the keratinocyte by upregulated the glutathione (GSH) levels in keratinocytes in a dose-dependent manner, suppressed the UVB-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enhanced matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 activity(10). A flavone chrysin from Passiflora caerulea Linn. and a benzoflavone moiety (BZF) recently isolated from Passiflora incarnata Linn in rat skin study, showed a great potential for clinical and therapeutic applications against the physiological and biochemical effects of aging(11).

6. Mango
Mango tree  is a flower plant of genus of Mangifera, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae, native to the subtropical and tropical southeast Asia. The
Beide exerting its antioxidant with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, mango extract showed to inhibit wrinkle formation and damage to collagen fiber against UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice(12). Polyamine, a major chemical constituent of mango and other plants may be potential target for reduced aging skin as the level of spermidine was maximal in 10-week-old mice and markedly reduced in 26-week-old mice(13).

7. Apple
Apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree is originated in Central Asia.
Apple whole fruit and its chemical compound showed to protect cells from aging through  influence aging and oxidative stress(14). The study from Taipei Medical University, in the study of its chemical compounds suggested the use of extract of M. doumeri var. formosana (containing phenolic compounds) in anti-aging or cosmetic products(15) through exhibition of anti-oxidant and tyrosinase reducing activities(16).


9. Sea buckthorn fruit
Sea buckthorn is a shrub in the genus Hippophae, belonging to the family Elaeagnaceae, native to in
the wide regions of the Atlantic coasts of Europe right across to northwestern Mongolia and also
northwestern China.
A sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend (SFB) containing sea buckthorn fruit extract, 
exhibited a protective and therapeutic drug candidate against skin aging by regulating the moisture
content, MMP expression levels and SOD activity in UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice,
according to the study by the Pusan National University(17).

10. Grape
Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.
Trans-resveratrol, a polyphenol extracted from grape, showed a remarkable improvement in decreased aging signs(18). In facial skin morphology and functionality, combination of grape seed extract and soy phospholipids showed to have the potential in induced signal transduction pathways in facial hypodermis, resulting in anti-aging effects throughout all skin compartments, including dermal and epidermal layers(19). Clinically and biometrically, composition of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine ComplexT showed to  increase parameters of cutaneous hydration, reduction of pH, ultrasound density and a histological increment of collagen and elastic fibers (both on the face and arm), through a reduction of seborrhea (only on the face)(20).

11. Pomegranate
Pomegranates is a fruit-bearing small tree, genus Punica, belonging to family Lythraceae, native to Iran but has been cultivated in Asian since ancient time.
Pomegranate are among many plants ma be beneficial in protect against human skin aging(21), In the
study at the Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract showed a positive effect in protecting skin against UVB-induced damage in cultured human skin fibroblasts, through increased expression of procollagen type I and decreased expression of MMP-1(22). In an immortal human keratinocyte line (Hala cell line), pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx protected HaCaT cells against UVB-induced oxidative stress and markers of photoaging(23). Ellagic acid, a polyphenol compound presented in berries and pomegranate, prevented collagen destruction and inflammatory responses caused by UV-B, according to the Hallym University(24).

12. Almond skin
Almond consists of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed (nut) inside is native to the Middle East. It is most widely cultivated seed in the world for it economic and health benefit.
The study of α-Tocopherol (AT) and polyphenols (AP) present in almonds  ahainst UV exposure causes of oxidative stress, inflammation, erythema, and skin cancer, showed the positive effect of AT and AP, applied to medium or topically, in photoprotection against UVA(25)(26).

13. Cacao bean and cola nut
Caocao a small tropical American evergreen tree, of the genus Theobroma, belonging to the family Malvaceae. Its seed has been used for making chocolate and cocoa mass, cocoa powder.
Cola tree is a genus Cola, belonging the family Malvaceae, native to the tropical rainforests of Africa.
Topical application of plant extracts and their xanthine derivatives showed to suppressed wrinkle formation, dermal connective alteration, and collagen accumulation(27). The ¹Natura Innovation and Product Technology Ltda, Cajamar study indicated the antioxidant effects of cacao in protection against oxidative causes of skin cell damage(28).


14. Olive oils
Olive is belongs to the the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin and south end of the Caspian Sea. Its fruit, is also called the olive and the source of olive oil.
Unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found abundantly in olive oil may be effective in alleviation of skin problems such as dryness and those related to the aging process. The Università degli Studi di Torino study showed the use of combination of hemp seed and olive oils may inhibit the problem through spraying in some gel-emulsions(29). According to the Procter & Gamble Company, olive-derived fatty acid ethoxylates, not only showed to restore antioxidant enzymes in skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but also reduced melanin production by an adrenergic receptor mechanism in melanocytes(30).


15. Date palm kernel extract
Date palm tree is a genus of Phoenix, belonging to the family Arecaceae, native from lands around Iraq. According to Vincience Research Center Date palm kernel
extract, in the study of 10 Ten healthy women volunteers, between the ages of 46 and 58 years, applied
the cream formula with 5% date palm kernel or placebo on the eye area twice a day for 5 weeks,
application of date palm kernel reduced the total surface of wrinkles by 27.6% (p = 0.038), the depth of
wrinkles by 3.52% (p = 0.0231). These results are statistically significant and were clinically confirmed
where visual improvement was seen in 60% of the volunteers treated(31).

16. Lemon oil
Lemon is a species of Citrus Aurantifolia, belongs to the family Rutaceae. It has around shape are with green to yellow in color and 3–6 cm in diameter and native to Southeast Asia.
According to University of Catania, Italy, a natural compound isolated from lemon oil (Lem1) not only showed to significantly increase the antioxidative potential of skin biosurface in healthy volunteers and a strong antioxidant effects in inhibition of free radical-mediated reactions, as evaluated in vitro and in vivo(32) and may provide a  better understanding of the endogenous antioxidant potential of skin and the real validity of a natural antioxidant biotechnology in the antiaging management of the skin(33).

Taken altogether, the list of foods have been found effectively in protection of photoagingnd alleviation of skin symptoms due to aging, as well as through influence of the expression of procollagen type I and MMP-1. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.
Natural Remedies for Dementia Memory Loss ReversalGuarantee to Stop Progression and Reverse Memory Loss in Alzheimer and  Dementia  with step by step instructions through Scientific Studies  within 2 Months or your Money back

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
 References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(c) Differential expression of cathepsins K, S and V between young and aged Caucasian women skin epidermis by Sage J¹, De Quéral D², Leblanc-Noblesse E², Kurfurst R², Schnebert S², Perrier E², Nizard C², Lalmanach G³, Lecaille F⁴.(PubMed)
(d) Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging by Mukherjee PK¹, Maity N, Nema NK, Sarkar BK.(PubMed)
(1) Anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory effects of active garlic components and the inhibition of MMPs via NF-κB signaling by Kim SR¹, Jung YR, An HJ, Kim DH, Jang EJ, Choi YJ, Moon KM, Park MH, Park CH, Chung KW, Bae HR, Choi YW, Kim ND, Chung HY(PubMed)
(2) Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy by Rahman K(PubMed)
(3) Testing garlic for possible anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts in culture by Svendsen L¹, Rattan SI, Clark BF.(PubMed)
(4) Inhibition of ultraviolet-B-induced wrinkle formation by an elastase-inhibiting herbal extract: implication for the mechanism underlying elastase-associated wrinkles by Tsukahara K¹, Nakagawa H, Moriwaki S, Takema Y, Fujimura T, Imokawa G(PubMed)
(5) Study of active ingredients in black soybean sprouts and their safety in cosmetic use by Lai J¹, Xin C, Zhao Y, Feng B, He C, Dong Y, Fang Y, Wei S.(PubMed)
(6) Protective effect of anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats on UVB-induced apoptotic cell death in vitro and in vivo by Tsoyi K¹, Park HB, Kim YM, Chung JI, Shin SC, Shim HJ, Lee WS, Seo HG, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ.(PubMed)
(7) Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats inhibit UVB-induced inflammatory cylooxygenase-2 gene expression and PGE2 production through regulation of the nuclear factor-kappaB and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway by Tsoyi K¹, Park HB, Kim YM, Chung JI, Shin SC, Lee WS, Seo HG, Lee JH, Chang KC, Kim HJ.(PubMed)
(8) Hass avocado composition and potential health effects by Dreher ML¹, Davenport AJ.(PubMed)
(9) [Influence of the daily ingestion of a total unsaponifiable extract from avocado and soy bean oils on cholesterol metabolism in the rat].[Article in French] by Chevallier F, Lutton C, Sulpice JC, D'Hollander F.(PubMed)
(10) The protective effects of piceatannol from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes by Maruki-Uchida H¹, Kurita I, Sugiyama K, Sai M, Maeda K, Ito T.(PubMed)
(11) Beneficial effects of chrysin and benzoflavone on virility in 2-year-old male rats by Dhawan K¹, Kumar S, Sharma A.(PubMed)
(12) Protective effect of mango (Mangifera indica L.) against UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice by Song JH¹, Bae EY, Choi G, Hyun JW, Lee MY, Lee HW, Chae S.(PubMed)
(13) Decrease in polyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink by Nishimura K¹, Shiina R, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K.(PubMed)
(14) Apple can act as anti-aging on yeast cells by Palermo V¹, Mattivi F, Silvestri R, La Regina G, Falcone C, Mazzoni C.(PubMed)
(15) Phenolic constituents of Malus doumeri var. formosana in the field of skin care. by Leu SJ¹, Lin YP, Lin RD, Wen CL, Cheng KT, Hsu FL, Lee MH(PubMed)
(16) Constituents from the Formosan apple reduce tyrosinase activity in human epidermal melanocytes by Lin YP¹, Hsu FL, Chen CS, Chern JW, Lee MH(PubMed)
(17) UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice is effectively prevented by oral intake of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit blend for 6 weeks through MMP suppression and increase of SOD activity by Hwang IS¹, Kim JE, Choi SI, Lee HR, Lee YJ, Jang MJ, Son HJ, Lee HS, Oh CH, Kim BH, Lee SH, Hwang DY.(PubMed)
(18) Enhanced antioxidant effect of trans-resveratrol: potential of binary systems with polyethylene glycol and cyclodextrin by Moyano-Mendez JR¹, Fabbrocini G, De Stefano D, Mazzella C, Mayol L, Scognamiglio I, Carnuccio R, Ayala F, La Rotonda MI, De Rosa G(PubMed)
(19) Hypodermal delivery of cosmetic actives for improved facial skin morphology and functionality by Bojanowski K.(PubMed)
(20) Clinical, biometric and ultrasound assessment of the effects of daily use of a nutraceutical composed of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and Biomarine Complex in photoaged human skin by Costa A¹, Lindmark L, Arruda LH, Assumpção EC, Ota FS, Pereira Mde O, Langen SS(PubMed)
(21) Innovations in natural ingredients and their use in skin care by Fowler JF Jr¹, Woolery-Lloyd H, Waldorf H, Saini R(PubMed)
(22) Extract of Punica granatum inhibits skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation by Park HM¹, Moon E, Kim AJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Lee JB, Park YK, Jung HS, Kim YB, Kim SY(PubMed)
(23) Inhibition of UVB-mediated oxidative stress and markers of photoaging in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes by pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx by Zaid MA¹, Afaq F, Syed DN, Dreher M, Mukhtar H.(PubMed)
(24) Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation by Bae JY¹, Choi JS, Kang SW, Lee YJ, Park J, Kang YH(PubMed)
(25) A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent by Evans-Johnson JA¹, Garlick JA, Johnson EJ, Wang XD, Oliver Chen CY.(PubMed)
(26) Effect of pre-treatment of almond oil on ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice by Sultana Y¹, Kohli K, Athar M, Khar RK, Aqil M.(PubMed)
(27) Topical application of plant extracts containing xanthine derivatives can prevent UV-induced wrinkle formation in hairless mice by Mitani H¹, Ryu A, Suzuki T, Yamashita M, Arakane K, Koide(PubMed)
(28) A new potent natural antioxidant mixture provides global protection against oxidative skin cell damage by Jorge AT¹, Arroteia KF, Lago JC, de Sá-Rocha VM, Gesztesi J, Moreira PL(PubMed)
(29) Hemp-seed and olive oils: their stability against oxidation and use in O/W emulsions.

Sapino S¹, Carlotti ME, Peira E, Gallarate M(PubMed)

(30) Application of genomics to breakthroughs in the cosmetic treatment of skin ageing and discoloration by Osborne R¹, Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Finlay DR.(PubMed)

(31) Date palm kernel extract exhibits antiaging properties and significantly reduces skin wrinkles by Bauza E¹, Dal Farra C, Berghi A, Oberto G, Peyronel D, Domloge N(PubMed)

(32) Oxidative stress and antioxidants at skin biosurface: a novel antioxidant from lemon oil capable of inhibiting oxidative damage to the skin by Calabrese V¹, Scapagnini G, Randazzo SD, Randazzo G, Catalano C, Geraci G, Morganti P(PubMed)

(33) Biochemical studies on a novel antioxidant from lemon oil and its biotechnological application in cosmetic dermatology by Calabrese V¹, Randazzo SD, Catalano C, Rizza V.(PubMed)