Saturday, November 14, 2015

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis(PMR): The Diagnosis

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints. A shoulder disorderwas found in 27% of subjects, rheumatoid arthritis in 1% and osteoarthritis(OA) of the hand, hip, and knee in five, seven, and 18% of subjects, respectively. Disability was frequent: a walking distance of < 500 m was found in 60% and ADL dependency in 40% of the group. Factors related to one or both of these disability measures included female gender, hip and knee OA, impaired vision, cognitive impairment and neurologicaldisease(1).




                        Polymalgia Arthritis


Polymalgia Arthritis Polymalagia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

Diagnosis
There is no specific test to diagnose polymyalgia rheumatica. The practice guideline for general practitioners (GPs) on polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis was published in February 2010 by the Dutch College of General Practitioners. This guideline provides GPs with recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica. After other disorders have been excluded, the diagnosis of ‘polymyalgia rheumatica’ is made in patients over the age of 50 who have bilateral pain in the neck and shouldergirdle and/or hip girdle that has lasted for longer than 4 weeks, morning stiffness that lasts longer than 60 minutes and an ESR > 40 mm in the first hour(22). Other researchers suggested that Diagnosis of rheumatologic disorders in the elderly is often complicated by the primary care clinician’s inability to differentiate among similar manifestations of rheumatologic disorders, the presence of comorbid conditions, and symptoms attributed simply to aging. A major consequence of the aches and pains associated with rheumatologic disorders, including polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), is the impedance of activities of daily living, potentially leading to a loss of independence. PMR is common in the elderly. Often coexisting with PMR, temporal arteritis can lead to complications, including blindness, stroke, or cardiac sequelae. Timely detection and appropriate treatment of PMR in the elderly may improve quality of life, as well as deter irreversible problems. Patient education also has an important role(23).
If you are suspected to develop Polymalagia Arthritis, after a general physical exam, including the examination of shoulder motion, or swelling of the joints in the wrists, hands, etc., certain tests may be necessary

1. Blood test(24)
a. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the blood test to exam the red blood cells in a test tube. he higher the ESR value is an indication of inflammation.

b. C-reactive protein (CRP)
Blood test measures the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) produced by the liver in response to an injury or infection and people with polymyalgia rheumatic.

c. Blood test for thrombocytes
Patient with polymyalgia rheumatica have an unusually high number of thrombocytosis. On the other hand, People with anemic polymyalgia rheumatica have a lower number of red blood cells than normal.

d. Rheumatoid factor (RF)
RF is an antibody, a protein made by the immune system presented in the blood of people with rheumatoid arthritis, but not in the blood of people with polymyalgia rheumatica. 

2. Biopsy
Polymyalgia rheumatica is often associated with giant cell arteritis with biopsy by taking a small sample from the scalp artery in the emporal artery and examined under a microscope in a laboratory. Patients suspected ofgiant cell arteritis or polymyalgia rheumatica are often referred to the otolaryngologist for temporal artery biopsy. These patients may initially present to the otolaryngologist with symptoms referable to the head and neck(25).

3. Etc.

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Friday, November 13, 2015

Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies edition of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Symptoms

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are  medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints(1).

      Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                                     

                                   Osteoarthritis 

Osteoarthritis (OA), a form of arthritis, is defined as a condition of as a result of aging causes of wear and tear on a joint, affecting over 25 million people in the United States in alone.  University of Porto Medical School indicated that one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), according to case definition, in knee, hip and hand joints(3).

The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain(5), stiffness(6), or difficulty of moving the joint or joints(7). The pain usually gets worse in change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, the pain can occur even at rest(8). Today management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improved physical function through pharmacological, non pharmacological, and surgical treatments(4).

                         The Symptoms 

Some researchers classified the severity symptoms of osteoarthritis as follow
1. Pain in joints of the hand
Most commonly affected joints of the hand in osteoarthritis include the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (CMC 1) and the distal (DIP) andproximal (PIP) interphalangeal joints. may be resulted of
associated of High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men(9), especially for patient with knee osteoarthritis(10).Ageing(11), female gender(12), genotype(13)(14), heavy work(15)(16) have shown to associate to the pain and pressure on the hands, and injuries predispose to osteoarthritis in the hand(17). The pain may be also due to permeability change in the synovial tissue caused by molecules released from the joint cartilage(18)(19).

2. Knee and Hip
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and hip is among the most frequent arthritic conditions(19). Some researcher suggested that the pathological joint changes in OA include: cartilage destruction by pro-inflammatory cytokines(20), matrix metalloproteinases(21)(22) and prostaglandins(23) in promotion of  a catabolic environment(19).

3. Spine
Vertebral deformity, in particular wedging, of the thoracic spine is not exclusively characteristic for osteoporosis(24), but in Europe, it is a marker of vertebral osteoporosis, in different regions and populations(25) and certain vertebral deformities develop by mechanisms other than fracture(26). Osteoporotic fracture of the thoracic spine can induce severe pain in your back, legs, and arms and weakness or numbness in these areas if the fracture injures the nerves of the spine(27)
 Osteoarthritis is found to affect the low back can lead to chronic low back pain (lumbago)(28)(29) and degenerative disc disease (spondylosis)(30)(31). Other researchers indicated that postmenopausal women with lumbar spine disc degeneration are as the result of  by increased CII degradation(32)(33).

Arthritis Is Curable
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies
References
(1) Prevalence of rheumatic symptoms, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout in Shanghai, China: a COPCORD study by Dai SM1, Han XH, Zhao DB, Shi YQ, Liu Y, Meng JM.(PubMed) 
(2) Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Elderly by Ramon Gheno, Juan M. Cepparo, Cristina E. Rosca,1 and Anne Cotten(PMC)  
(3) The effect of osteoarthritis definition on prevalence and incidence estimates: a systematic review by Pereira D1, Peleteiro B, Araújo J, Branco J, Santos RA, Ramos E.(PubMed)
(4) Effect of therapeutic aquatic exercise on symptoms and function associated with lower limb osteoarthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis by Waller B1, Ogonowska-Slodownik A2, Vitor M3, Lambeck J4, Daly D5, Kujala UM6, Heinonen A7.(PubMed)
(5) Effects of therapeutic ultrasound on pain, physical functions and safety outcomes in patients with kneeosteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang C1, Xie Y2, Luo X3, Ji Q3, Lu C3, He C4, Wang P3.(PubMed)
(6) Oral intake of purple passion fruit peel extract reduces pain and stiffness and improves physical function in adult patients with knee osteoarthritis by Farid R1, Rezaieyazdi Z, Mirfeizi Z, Hatef MR, Mirheidari M, Mansouri H, Esmaelli H, Bentley G, Lu Y, Foo Y, Watson RR.(PubMed)
(7) Functional ability, mobility, and pain before and after knee replacement in patients aged 75 and older: a cross-sectional study by Limnell K1, Jämsen E, Huhtala H, Jäntti P, Puolakka T, Jylhä M.(PubMed)
(8) The symptoms of OA and the genesis of pain by David J. Hunter, MBBS PhD,1,2 Jason J. McDougall, BSc PhD,3 and Francis J. Keefe4(PubMed)
(9) Osteoarthritis of the Distal Interphalangeal and First Carpometacarpal Joints is Associated with High Bone Mass in Women and Small Bone Size and Low Lean Mass in Men by von Schewelov T1, Magnusson H1, Cöster M1, Karlsson C1, Rosengren BE1.(PubMed)
(10) Patients with knee osteoarthritis have a phenotype with higher bone mass, higher fat mass, and lower lean body mass by Karlsson MK1, Magnusson H, Cöster M, Karlsson C, Rosengren BE.(PubMed)
(11) Ageing and osteoarthritis: a circadian rhythm connection by Gossan N1, Boot-Handford R, Meng QJ.(PubMed)
(12) Osteoarthritis in Latin America: Study of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics in 3040 Patients by Reginato AM1, Riera H, Vera M, Torres AR, Espinosa R, Esquivel JA, Felipe OJ, Blas JR, Rillo O, Papasidero S, Souto R, Rossi C, Molina JF, Ballesteros F,Radrigan F, Guibert M, Chico A, Gil ML, Camacho W, Urioste L, Garcia AK, Iraheta I, Gutierrez CE, Duarte M, Castañeda O, Coimbra I, Muñoz Louis R, Reveille J, Quintero M; Pan-American League of Associations for Rheumatology (PANLAR) Osteoarthritis Study Group.(PubMed)
(13) Vitamin D receptor genotype is associated with radiographic osteoarthritis at the knee by Uitterlinden AG1, Burger H, Huang Q, Odding E, Duijn CM, Hofman A, Birkenhäger JC, van Leeuwen JP, Pols HA.(PubMed)
(14) Estrogen receptor alpha genotype is associated with a reduced prevalence of radiographic hip osteoarthritis in elderly Caucasian women by Lian K1, Lui L, Zmuda JM, Nevitt MC, Hochberg MC, Lee JM, Li J, Lane NE.(PubMed)
(15) Knee osteoarthritis: influence of work involving heavy lifting, kneeling, climbing stairs or ladders, or kneeling/squatting combined with heavy lifting by Jensen LK1.(PubMed)
(16) Hip osteoarthritis: influence of work with heavy lifting, climbing stairs or ladders, or combining kneeling/squatting with heavy lifting by Jensen LK1.(PubMed)
(17) [Osteoarthritis of the thumb and fingers].[Article in Finnish] by Waris E1, Waris V, Konttinen YT.(PubMed)
(18) Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretation by Jeremy Sokolove and Christin M. Lepus(PMC)
(19) Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Part I: aetiology and pathogenesis as a basis for pharmacotherapy. by Adatia A1, Rainsford KD, Kean WF.(PubMed)
(20) CNI-1493, an inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines, retards cartilage destruction in rats with collagen induced arthritis. by Larsson E1, Harris HE, Palmblad K, Månsson B, Saxne T, Klareskog L.(PubMed)
(21) Effective knock down of matrix metalloproteinase-13 by an intra-articular injection of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in a murine surgically-induced osteoarthritis model. by Akagi R1, Sasho T, Saito M, Endo J, Yamaguchi S, Muramatsu Y, Mukoyama S, Akatsu Y, Katsuragi J, Fukawa T, Takahashi K.(PubMed)
(22) Knee loading reduces MMP13 activity in the mouse cartilage by Hamamura K, Zhang P, Zhao L, Shim JW, Chen A, Dodge TR, Wan Q, Shih H, Na S, Lin CC, Sun HB, Yokota H1.(PubMed)
(23) [Prostaglandin E₂: innovative approaches for tissue engineering of articular cartilage].[Article in German] by Brochhausen-Delius C1.(PubMed)
(24) Aging of the thoracic spine: distinction between wedging in osteoarthritis and fracture in osteoporosis--a cross-sectional and longitudinal study by Abdel-Hamid Osman A1, Bassiouni H, Koutri R, Nijs J, Geusens P, Dequeker J.(PubMed)
(25) The prevalence of vertebral deformity in european men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study by O'Neill TW1, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ.(PubMed)
(26) Vertebral Fracture Initiative Part II Radiological Assessment of Vertebral Fracture Authored by: Judith E Adams1 , Leon Lenchik2 , Christian Roux3 and Harry K. Genant4(International Osteoporosis Foundation)
(27) A Patient's Guide to Thoracic Compression Fractures(University of Maryland Medical Center)
(28) [Comparison of the effect of laser and magnetic therapy for pain level and the range of motion of the spine of people with osteoarthritis lower back].[Article in Polish] by Zdrodowska B1, Leszczyńska-Filus M1, Leszczyński R1, Błaszczyk J2.(PubMed)
(29) Development of an Experimental Animal Model for Lower Back Pain by Percutaneous Injury-Induced Lumbar Facet Joint Osteoarthritis. by Kim JS1,2, Ahmadinia K2,3, Li X2, Hamilton JL2, Andrews S4, Haralampus CA2, Xiao G2,5, Sohn HM6, You JW6, Seo YS7, Stein GS8, Van Wijnen AJ9, Kim SG10, Im HJ2,3,11,12,13.(PubMed)
(30) Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study by Yoshimura N1, Muraki S, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, Yoshida H, Suzuki T, Yamamoto S, Ishibashi H, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K, Akune T.(PubMed)
(31) Association of occupational activity with radiographic knee osteoarthritis and lumbar spondylosis in elderly patients of population-based cohorts: a large-scale population-based study. by Muraki S1, Akune T, Oka H, Mabuchi A, En-Yo Y, Yoshida M, Saika A, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H, Yoshimura N.(PubMed)
(32) Association between spine disc degeneration and type II collagen degradation in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study by Garnero P1, Sornay-Rendu E, Arlot M, Christiansen C, Delmas PD.(PubMed)
(33) Regeneration of the intervertebral disc with nucleus pulposus cell-seeded collagen II/hyaluronan/chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer constructs in a rabbit disc degeneration model. by Huang B1, Zhuang Y, Li CQ, Liu LT, Zhou Y.(PubMed)

               
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Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis(PMR): The Complications

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints. A shoulder disorderwas found in 27% of subjects, rheumatoid arthritis in 1% and osteoarthritis(OA) of the hand, hip, and knee in five, seven, and 18% of subjects, respectively. Disability was frequent: a walking distance of < 500 m was found in 60% and ADL dependency in 40% of the group. Factors related to one or both of these disability measures included female gender, hip and knee OA, impaired vision, cognitive impairment and neurologicaldisease(1).


                            Polymalgia Arthritis 


Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

The Complications
1. Visual complications
There is a report of Four case histories are reported in which patients withpolymyalgia rheumatica (polymyalgia arteritic) developed evidence of cranial arteritis (in one case two years and in one six months) following withdrawal of steroid therapy after apparent cure(14). 

2. Stroke
Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a relatively common rheumatic disease, particularly in the elderly. Vasculitis is associated with PMR and theoretically makes such patients susceptible to vascular events such as stroke, according to study of researchers at the Taipei Medical University(15).

3. Low back pain and MRI-abnormalities
Abnormalities in shoulder and hip joints are most common, but signs of cervical and lumbar interspinous bursitis might also be found in patients with PMR(16). 

4. Cervical interspinous bursitis
Cervical interspinous bursitis is a likely basis for discomfort in the neck of patients with PMR. The prominent inflammatory involvement of cervical bursae supports the hypothesis that PMR is a disorder of prominent involvement of extra-articular synovial structures. MRI evidence of interspinous cervical bursitis was found in all patients with PMR, and in three patients with fibromyalgia, in two with psoriatic spondylitis and one with cervical osteoarthritis(17). 

5. Renal failure
Renal involvement in PMR is extremely rare and very few cases of AA amyloidosis secondary to PMR have been described in literature. Dr. Javaid MM, and research team at the King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, rpeort a case of a case of a patient with history PMR who developed nephrotic range proteinuria and rapidly deteriorating renal function secondary to AA amyloidosis within 18 months of the onset of symptoms of PMR. This case reinforces the association of PMR with secondary AA amyloidosis and highlights the importance of monitoring renal function in patients with PMR(18).

6. Perforated colonic diverticular disease
Patients with polymyalgia may have perforated colonic diverticular disease which mimics their rheumatic pathology. In such cases steroid therapy, which is the mainstay of polymyalgia therapy, can be detrimental. Primary and hospital practitioners are encouraged to be vigilant regarding non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms and consider alternative diagnoses in those patients whose symptoms do not resolve with standard therapy, as this can lead to an overall better outcome(19).

7. Metastatic lymphoma
There is a report of A 48-year-old HIV-positive woman presented with progressive pain and stiffness of both shoulders and hips. She was given the diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) due to high erythrocyte sedimentation rate. However, a 1-week course of prednisolone failed to improve her symptoms. She later discovered a breast lump of which histopathological tissue was consistent with a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Whole body bone scan revealed multiple bony metastases(20).

8. Cancer
Patients hospitalized for PMR and GCA had a marginally increased risk of cancer, with the highest risk noted for the first year after hospitalization. However, for specific cancers, such as skin cancer and leukaemia, the increases were still significant for patients diagnosed later than 1 year after hospitalization(21)
9. Etc.

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1223854
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057203
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21262024
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18208867
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969738
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819228
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686306
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299378
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Thursday, November 12, 2015

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis(PMR): The Causes and Rick factors

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints. A shoulder disorderwas found in 27% of subjects, rheumatoid arthritis in 1% and osteoarthritis(OA) of the hand, hip, and knee in five, seven, and 18% of subjects, respectively. Disability was frequent: a walking distance of < 500 m was found in 60% and ADL dependency in 40% of the group. Factors related to one or both of these disability measures included female gender, hip and knee OA, impaired vision, cognitive impairment and neurologicaldisease(1).


                            Polymalgia Arthritis 


Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

 B. Causes and Rick factors
B.1. Causes
The cause of PMR is not well understood, but researchers believe it is a result of the abnormal inflammatory activity of inflammatory cells and proteins of the immune system due to the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures.
1. Genetic factors
In the study to evaluate HLA-DRB1 associations in patients with polymyalgiarheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) in the Spanish population, showed that he HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with susceptibility for developing PMR and GCA are different. Whether PMR with low ESR represents a different clinical subset of the disease should be clarified in a larger sample of patients. HLA-DRB1 genes might predict the presence of relapses in PMR, but they do not seem to be indicators of severe disease in GCA patients(7).

2. Environmental contagious factors
In the review personal and published observations of giant cell (temporal)arteritis (GCA) or polymyal-gia rheumatica (PMR) with familial or conjugal aggregation and emphasise on epidemiological, clinical and genetic features of such cases, showed that familial aggregation of GCA and PMR accumulated data pointing to a genetic predisposition. However,environmental contagious factors could have trigger synchronous disease onset in up to one-fourth of the cases(8).

3. Giant cell arteritisGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory vasculopathy that involves large- and medium-sized arteries and can cause vision loss, stroke and aneurysms. GCA occurs in people aged >50 years and is more common in women. A higher incidence of the disease is observed in populations from Northern European countries. Polymyalgiarheumatica (PMR) is a periarticular inflammatory process manifesting as pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders and pelvic girdle. PMR shares the same pattern of age and sex distribution as GCA. The pathophysiology of PMR and GCA is not completely understood, but the two conditions may be related and often occur concurrently(9).

4. Etc. 

B.2. Risk factors
1. Aging
If you are over 50 years of age, you are at increased risk of Polymalagia Arthritis (PMR). Polymyalgia rheumatica is a rheumatic disease which mainly affects the elderly, and is seldom diagnosed in patients <50 years of age. the prevalence polymyalgia rheumatica is approximately 16.8 to 53.7 per 100,000 of the population >50 years of age(10).

2. Diet
In the study to investigate the association of red meat and other specific dietary components in predicting the development of inflammatory polyarthritis, DR. Pattison DJ, and the research team at the University of Manchester, indicated that high level of red meat consumption may represent a novel risk factor for inflammatory arthritis or may act as a marker for a group of persons with an increased risk from other lifestyle causes(11).

3. Smoking
In the study to examined the influence of smoking on disease outcome at 3 years among patients newly presenting with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP), indicated that Despite smokers being more likely to develop nodules and to be RF positive, current smokers did not have higher levels of radiologic damage, and had fewer swollen joints. We hypothesize that this could be due to either the effect of cigarette smoking on the inflammatory response or other factors (e.g., reduced physical activity in smokers) which may limit joint inflammation and damage(12).

4. Gender
If you are women, you are at increased risk to develop Polymalagia Arthritis

5. Race
Rheumatic diseases are common in China. In the study to clarify prevalence rates of common rheumatic diseases in China, using the World Health Organization-International League of Associations for Rheumatology COPCORD (Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases) protocol and those that did not employ this protocol but were published in recognized journals were identified and analyzed. showed that the prevalence of rheumatic complaints varied with the locality surveyed. The prevalence of OA is comparable with that in Western countries but varies in terms of joint involvement. The prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis is similar to that in Caucasians. Except in Taiwan, the prevalence of RA in China is lower than that in developed countries. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout increased after the 1980s, but it remains lower than that in developed countries(13).

6. Etc.

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15305244
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19646354
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812500
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562970
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15593211
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11229462
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237382
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Tuesday, November 10, 2015

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis(PMR): The Signs and Symptoms

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. (1).


                            Polymalgia Arthritis 


Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

A. Signs and Symptoms
1. In the study in Assessment and management of polymyalgia rheumatica in older adults, Dr. Kennedy-Malone LM, and Dr. Enevold GL. at the University of North Carolina School of Nursing in Greensbor, showed thatPolymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a periarticular rheumatic condition characterized by pain and stiffness, primarily in the neck, shoulders, hips, and pelvic girdle. Temporal arteritis (TA) or giant cell arteritis, the most common primary vasculitis in older adults, is found in approximately 10% to 30% of people who have PMR. Left untreated, TA can result in sudden, irreversible blindness. Geriatric nurses need to familiarize themselves with these disorders to accurately assess and manage people with them(3).

2. Other symptoms include
a. Fever and lumbar pain
There is a report of a71-year-old man consulted our Department of Orthopedics for fever and lumbar pain, which initially developed in early September 2000. Administration of NSAIDs resulted in the disappearance of lumbar pain. However, fever persisted. Administration of NSAIDs resulted in the disappearance of lumbar pain. However, fever persisted. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level was persistently high. Therefore, on October 5, 2000, the patient was referred to our department. At the outpatient clinic, a detailed examination was performed. However, the etiology could not be determined. Repeated administration of NSAIDs resulted in pyretolysis, and the dose of NSAIDs was decreased from January 31, 2001. Severe fever appeared again, and inflammatory reaction also exacerbated. On March 11, 2001, muscular pain involving the bilateral shoulders and forearms suddenly developed. For diagnostic treatment, administration of prednisolone (PSL) at 10 mg/day was started. Muscular pain rapidly disappeared(4).

b. In the study of Polymyalgia rheumatica(PMR), Dr. Kwiatkowska B,and Dr. Filipowicz-Sosnowska A. at the Eleonora Reicher Rheumatology Institute, Warszawa, Poland indicated that PMR is a rheumatic disease which mainlyaffects the elderly, and is seldom diagnosed in patients <50 years of age. The prevalence of polymyalgia rheumatica is approximately 16.8 to 53.7 per 100,000 of the population >50 years of age. Patients may present withspiking fever, malaise, fatigue, weight loss and other features suggesting inflammation, which in each case requires differential diagnosis from malignancies(5). Others indicated that Polymyalgia rheumatica is a common disease affecting the elderly population. Symptoms and signs are often nonspecific, including pain and stiffness in the proximal muscles, anorexia, fatigue, depression, weight loss, fever and temporal headaches(6).
c. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14528524
(2) http://health.yahoo.net/channel/musculoskeletal-disorders.html
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11410767
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462022
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19562970
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3388001
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Monday, November 9, 2015

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)Treatments In Traditional Chinese medicine perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints. A shoulder disorderwas found in 27% of subjects, rheumatoid arthritis in 1% and osteoarthritis(OA) of the hand, hip, and knee in five, seven, and 18% of subjects, respectively. Disability was frequent: a walking distance of < 500 m was found in 60% and ADL dependency in 40% of the group. Factors related to one or both of these disability measures included female gender, hip and knee OA, impaired vision, cognitive impairment and neurological disease(1).

Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined a chronic disorder as a result of inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body. The disease affects more women than in men and generally occurs after the ages of 40 and diminishes the quality of life of many elders.

The Treatments
In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
According to the article of TCM Differentiation & Treatment for Rheumatic Arthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis by Sam Shien-Chien Liang, C.A. PH.D. In TCM RA is chracterized asa type of “bi” syndrome ( Bi-syndrome is a disease characterized by pain, numbness, and dyskinesia of the muscle and joints of the limbs), wind “bi”, heat “bi”, cold “bi”, damp “bi”.
E.3.1. Heat “Bi”
1. Symptoms include pain, redness, inflammation, and localized heat sensation in the joints, fever, aversion to wind, thirst, and irritability.
2. Treatment: strengthen spleen, drain dampness, clear heat, detoxify, open channels.
3. Formulas:
a. For redness, swelling, and pain,
fomula includes Cinnamon & Anemarrhena Combination
a.1.(Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang) + Stephania & Astragalus Combinationa,2,(Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang) + Cinnamon & Angelica Formula
a.3.(Shang Zhong Xia Tong Yong Tong Feng Tang)
b. For redness, swelling, pain, and dampness
Cinnamon & Anemarrhena Combination (Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang) + Ma Huang & Coix
Combination (Ma Xing Yi Gan Tang)
c. For redness ,swelling, pain, aversion to wind, thirst, and irritability
Cinnamon & Anemarrhena Combination (Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang) + Ma Huang & Gypsum Combination (Yue Bi Tang) + Stephania & Astragalus Combination
d. For heat, pain, and subdermal red spots
Cinnamon & Anemarrhena Combination (Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang) Stephania & Astragalus Combination (Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang) + Tang Kuei & Anemarrhena Combination (Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang)
E.3.2. Wind “Bi”
a. Symptoms include soreness and pain in the joints throughout the body, often bigger joints such as the elbow, knee, and ankle joints, thin white coat, floating rapid or floating slow pulse.
b. Treatment: expel wind, disperse evil, dry dampness, activate blood.
c. Formulas
Cinnamon & Angelica Formula (Shang Zhong Xia Tong Yong Tong Feng Tang) + Stephania & Carthamus Combination (ShuFeng Huo Xue Tang) + Stephania & Astragalus Combination (Fang Ji Huang Qi Tang)
E.3.3. Cold (painful) “Bi”
a. Symptoms include excruciating pain in the joints, immobility, foot swelling, localized pain, no redness and local heat sensation, pain is aggravated by cold and alleviated by warmth, white tongue coat, wiry and tight pulse.
b. Treatment: warm yang, disperse cold, activate blood, dispel wind, dry damp, stop pain, and open channels.
c. Formulas
Wu Tou & Cinnamon Combination (Wu Tou Gui Zhi Tang) + Dang Gui & Astragalus Combination
(Dang Gui Bu Xue Tang) + Clematis & Stephania Combination (Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang)
E.3.4. Damp (stagnant) “Bi”
a. Symptoms include numbness, heavy sensation, and pain in the joints, localized pain and swelling, slow
exacerbation, flabby tongue with teethmarks, white greasy tongue coat, soggy or slow pulse.
b. Treatment: tonify mspleen, dry dampness, warm yang, dispel wind, disperse cold, open channel.
c. Formulas
c.1. Ma Huang & Asarum Combination (Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang) + Cinnamon, Hoelen & Atractylodes Combination (Gui Zhi Jia Ling Fu Zhu Tang)
c.2. Coix Combination (Yi Yi Ren Tang) or Chiang-huo & Tu-huo Combination (Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang)
E.3.5. Qi & Blood Stagnation “Bi”
a. Symptoms include swollen, painful joints, dull skin, color, dry lips, chest congestion, palpitation,
dark tongue, and choppy pulse.
b. Treatment: activate blood, relieve stagnation, mstop pain, open channels.
c. Formulas
Clematis & Stephania Combination (Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang) or Drive Out Blood Stasis from a Painful Body Decoction (Sheng Tong Zhu Yu Tang) + Stephania & Astragalus Combination (Fang
Ji Huang Qi Tang) + Dang Gui & Anemarrhena Combination (Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang)
E.3.6. Liver & Kidney Deficiency type Wind Cold Damp “Bi”
a. Symptoms include painful joints in the extremities, coldness and sore pain in the low back, numbness and immobility of the lower extremities, pain is aggravated by rainy weathers, thin white and slightly greasy tongue coat, soggy and slow, or deep and thin pulse.
b. Treatment: tonify and nourish liver and kidneys, benefit the blood and qi, dispel wind, disperse cold, dry dampness.
c. Formulas:
c.1. For lower extremities:
Du-huo & Loranthus Combination (Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang) or Three Painful Obstruction Decoction (San Bi Tang) + Cinnamon & Anemarrhena Combination (Gui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang) + Major Siler Combination (Da Fang Feng Tang)
E.3.7. Qi & Blood Deficiency type Wind Cold Damp “Bi”
a. Symptoms include sore pain in the low back and legs, numbness and trembling of the lower extremities, fatigue, shortness of breath, pale face and lips, dull pain in the joints, pale tongue, thin white tongue coat, deep and weak, or deep and thin pulse.
b. Treatment: benefit qi, nourish blood, warm and open channels.
c. Formulas
Astragalus & Cinnamon Twig Five Substance Decoction (Huang Qi Gui Zhi Wu Wu Tang) or Major Siler Combination (Da Fang Feng Tang) + Dang Gui & Anemarrhena Combination (Dang Gui Nian Tong Tang) + Coix Combination (Yi Yi Ren Tang)
E.3.8. Yin Cold Stagnation “Bi”
a. Symptoms include aversion to cold, swelling and dull pain throughout the body, swelling in the joints, no redness and local heat, numbness, clear and long stream urination, white tongue coat, slow and thin, or deep and thin pulse.
b. Treatment: warm and tonify yang, disperse cold, clear stagnation.
c. Formulas: Ma Huang & Asarum Combination (Ma Huang Fu Zi Xi Xin Tang) + Cinnamon, Hoelen & Atractylodes Combination (Gui Zhi Jia Ling Fu Zhu Tang) + Stephania & Astragalus Combination (Fang
Ji Huang Qi Tang) or Coix Combination (Yi Yi Ren Tang)
For more information of Acute Rheumatoid Arthritis, Chronic Rheumatoid Arthritis and acupuncture treatment in TCM perspective accotding to above doctor, please visit (64)

Sources
(64) http://www.suntenglobal.com/news/img/2008%20summer.pdf
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Sunday, November 8, 2015

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)Treatments In Herbal medicine perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed. A major restriction of joint movement range was frequent in the shoulder but uncommon in other joints. A shoulder disorderwas found in 27% of subjects, rheumatoid arthritis in 1% and osteoarthritis(OA) of the hand, hip, and knee in five, seven, and 18% of subjects, respectively. Disability was frequent: a walking distance of < 500 m was found in 60% and ADL dependency in 40% of the group. Factors related to one or both of these disability measures included female gender, hip and knee OA, impaired vision, cognitive impairment and neurological disease(1).

Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined a chronic disorder as a result of inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body. The disease affects more women than in men and generally occurs after the ages of 40 and diminishes the quality of life of many elders.

The Treatments

E.2 In herbal medicine perspective
1. Soy
Intake of soy protein can enhance the protective effect against Rheumatoid Arthritis. In the study to evaluate preventive and therapeutic effects of soy protein on collagen-induced arthritis rats, showed that Administration of soy protein significantly suppressed the progression of collagen II-induced arthritis and inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin6, leptin, and adiponectin. Soy protein appeared to be a potent immunomodulatory inhibitor of collagen II-induced arthritis in rats
(32).
2. Green tea
EGCG in experimental animals and findings related to the EGCG-drug interaction. Although these findings provide scientific evidence of the anti-rheumatic activity of EGCG, further preclinical studies are warranted before phase clinical trials could be initiated with confidence for patients with joint diseases(33).
3. Turmeric
Turmeric (Curcuma longa L., Zingiberaceae) rhizomes contain two classes of secondary metabolites, curcuminoids and the less well-studied essential oils. Dr. Funk JL and research team at the University of Arizona, indicated that Crude or refined TEO extracts dramatically inhibited joint swelling (90-100% inhibition) in female rats with streptococcal cell wall (SCW)-induced arthritis when extracts were administered via intraperitoneal injection to maximize uniform delivery. However, this anti-arthritic effect was accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. Oral administration of a 20-fold higher dose TEO was nontoxic, but only mildly joint-protective (20% inhibition). These results do not support the isolated use of TEO for arthritis treatment but, instead, identify potential safety concerns in vertebrates exposed to TEO(37).
4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplements are being promoted for arthritis treatment in western societies on the basis of ginger’s traditional use as an anti-inflammatory in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Dr. Funk JL and scientists at the University of Arizona showed that the crude dichloromethane extract, which also contained essential oils and more polar compounds, was more efficacious (when normalized to gingerol content) in preventing both joint inflammation and destruction(38).
5. Alfalfa
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over 15010 years to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North Americal aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.
a. Antioxidants
In a study of measurements of pH, water holding capacity, color, oxymyoglobin content, TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential in evaluating the effects of a dietary protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa to turkey diets conducted by University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.(1), researchers found that TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential values suggested that the inclusion of the concentrate to turkey diets acts as an antioxidant in the raw meat.
b. Disease of autoimmune
In a study of five groups of 12-week-old female mice were per oral treated with vehicle (control), lyophilized AS (550 mg wt/kg BW), ASEA (ASEA, 25 mg/kg BW), coumestrol (CUM, 0.075 mg/kg BW) and tamoxifen (TAM, 0.375 mg/kg BW) as the positive control, conducted by Institute of Microbiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (4), researchers found that alhalfa decreased the disease severity, increased survival and life span of the autoimmune-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice, suggesting a potential of ASEA in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
c. Anti-inflammatory activity
In a study of anti-inflammatory effects may be used for inflammatory disorders by examining alfalfa sprout ethyl acetate extract (ASEA) in ,ice coducted by College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.(5), researchers found that significantly higher survival rates than the control group and suggests that ASEA supplementation can suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alleviate acute inflammatory hazards.
6. Grape Seed Extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.
a. Antioxidant Activity
in the assessment of phenolic content, antioxidant activity of White and red wines spiked with green tea extract and grape seed extract found that the green tea extract and grape seed extract increased antioxidant activity dose-dependently and the CRTs varied considerably between the Korean and Australian groups, with Koreans preferring wines spiked with green tea extract and Australians showing a preference for wines spiked with grape seed extract, according to “Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Cross-Cultural Consumer Rejection Threshold in White and Red Wines Functionally Enhanced with Catechin-Rich” by Yoo YJ, Saliba A, Prenzler PD, Ryan DM.(60)
b. Arthritis (CIA)
in the examination of whether grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice found that GSPE dose-dependently suppressed osteoclastogenesis in vitro. GSPE significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide production by anti-CD3-monoclonal-antibody-stimulated CD4+ splenocytes. These results indicate that intraperitoneal injection of GSPE attenuated CIA in mice. GSPE may be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, according to “Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) attenuates collagen-induced arthritis” by Cho ML, Heo YJ, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS, Woo YJ, Ju JH, Park SH, Kim HY, Min JK.(61)
7. Ginseng Asia
a. Antioxidant activity
In the evaluation of the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer and its antioxidant effect found that antioxidant activity exhibited Panax japonicus polysaccharides (PJP) had a good potential for antioxidant, according to “Optimization of polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer by RSM and its anti-oxidant activity” by Wang R, Chen P, Jia F, Tang J, Ma F.(62)
b. Immunological activities
In the study of Water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (designated as WGOS) with a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 were obtained from warm-water extract of Panax ginseng roots, found that WGOS were potent B and T-cell stimulators and WGOS-1 has the highest immunostimulating effect on lymphocyte proliferation among those purified fractions. It is hoped that the WGOS will be developed into functional food or medicine, according to “Structural characterization and immunological activities of the water-soluble oligosaccharides isolated from the Panax ginseng roots” by Wan D, Jiao L, Yang H, Liu S.(63)
8. Etc.
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