Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies edition of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Prevention and management: Antioxidants

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

         Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

       The Prevention and Management Antioxidants

1. Immune system and functioning (Free radical scavengers)
Free Radicals play an important role in the function of the Immune System. The immune system produces free radicals to kill foreign microbes(176)(177), but the production of free radical sometime can be excessive, leading to formation of a large number of free radicals(178)(179). The domino effects have shown to induce many chronic illness, such as cancers(179)
a. Vitamin A
vitamin A plays an essential roles in enhancing a broad range of immune processes, including white blood cells activation and proliferation(180)(181)of T-helper-cell differentiation, the production of specific antibody in regulation of the immune response(182).
b. Vitamin C
Researchers found that vitamin C raised the concentration in the blood of total immunoglobulin(183) in promotion of the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens(184).
c. Vitamin E
Vitamin E not only increased both cell-dividing and IL-producing capacities of naive T cells(185) but also enhanced the immune functions(186) in association with significant improvement in resistance to influenza infection(187).
d. Zinc
Zinc, having a regulatory role in the immune system,(189) as a antioxidant is essential mineral improved immune system by enhancing the proper function of T and B cells(188) which belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, in fighting against damaging free radicals(190).

2. Antioxidants and osteoarthritis
Diet included  vitamin E significantly reduce the levels of inflammation by analyzing the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood serum(193). According to the study of "Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis", vitamins A, C, and E in combination; ginger; turmeric; or Zyflamend (New Chapter, Brattleboro, Vermont) have found to be effective for the treatment of OA(191). According to Dr. Christensen R, and DR.  Bliddal H. food supplement containing fish oils, urtica dioica, zinc, and vitamin E (Phytalgic) may also have a very large clinical effect, for treatment of OA(192)

b. Glucosamine
Glucosamine, a compound of the simple sugar glucose and the amino acid glutamine, is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans(194), a major component of joint cartilage(195). Treatment of glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, collagen hydrolysate, or nutrients, such as antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids showed to prevent cartilage degeneration and treat arthritis, according to study(195).

c. DLPA (dl- phenylalanine)
DLPA, a mixture of D-Phenylalanine and L-Phenylalanine, is a nutritional supplement amino acid(196). showed effectively in treatment for OA (197) as well as  reducing arthritis pain(198) and joint inflammation(198) in many patients.

d.  Methylsulfonylmethane, also known  DMSO2 is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO2
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Fifty men and women, 40-76 years of age with knee OA pain enrolled in an outpatient medical center. MSM (3g twice a day) improved symptoms of pain and physical function during the short intervention without major adverse events, after 12 weeks(199)(200)

3. Etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References

(176) Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health by Lien Ai Pham-Huy,1 Hua He,2 and Chuong Pham-Huy3(PMC)
(177) Superoxide Anion and Its Functions(Beta Forces)
(178) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease by Valko M1, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J.(PubMed)
(179) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer by Valko M1, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M.(PubMed)
(180) Vitamin A, immunity, and infection by Semba RD1.(PubMed)
(181) Vitamin A as an immunomodulating agent by Rumore MM1.(PubMed)
(182) The effect of newborn vitamin A supplementation on infant immune functions: trial design, interventions, and baseline data by Ahmad SM1, Raqib R2, Qadri F3, Stephensen CB4(PubMed)
(183) Effect of dietary vitamin C on the growth performance and innate immunity of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) by Zhou Q1, Wang L, Wang H, Xie F, Wang T.(PubMed)
(184) The treatment of poliomyelitis and other virus diseases with vitamin C by KLENNER FR.(PubMed)

(185) Vitamin E-enhanced IL-2 production in old mice: naive but not memory T cells show increased cell division cycling and IL-2-producing capacity by Adolfsson O1, Huber BT, Meydani SN.(PubMed)
(186) Vitamin E and immune response in the aged: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. by Meydani SN1, Han SN, Wu D.(PubMed)
(187) Vitamin E and infectious diseases in the aged by Han SN1, Meydani SN.(PubMed)
(188) Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation by Bonaventura P1, Benedetti G1, Albarède F2, Miossec P3.(PubMed)
(189) Zinc homeostasis and immunosenescence by Maywald M1, Rink L2.(PubMed)
(190) Dietary zinc deficiency induced-changes in the activity of enzymes and the levels of free radicals, lipids and protein electrophoretic behavior in growing rats by Yousef MI1, El-Hendy HA, El-Demerdash FM, Elagamy EI.(PubMed)
(191) Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by Rosenbaum CC1, O'Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K.(PubMed)
(192) Is Phytalgic(R) a goldmine for osteoarthritis patients or is there something fishy about this nutraceutical? A summary of findings and risk-of-bias assessment by Christensen R, Bliddal H.(PubMed)
(193) Vitamin E has a dual effect of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in acetic acid–induced ulcerative colitis in rat by Gulgun Tahan, MD,*† Erman Aytac, MD,* Huseyin Aytekin, MD,‡ Feyza Gunduz, MD,† Gulen Dogusoy, MD,§ Seval Aydin, MD,¶ Veysel Tahan, MD,** and Hafize Uzun, MD(PMC)
(194) Glucosamine inhibits the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains on vascular smooth muscle cell proteoglycans by depletion of ATP by Little PJ1, Drennon KD, Tannock LR.(PubMed)
(195) Effects of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate on Cartilage Metabolism in OA: Outlook on Other Nutrient Partners Especially Omega-3 Fatty Acid by Jörg Jerosch(PubMed)
(196) NON-PHYSIOLOGICAL AMINO ACID (NPAA) THERAPY TARGETING BRAIN PHENYLALANINE REDUCTION: PILOT STUDIES IN PAHENU2 MIC by Kara R. Vogel,1 Erland Arning,2 Brandi L. Wasek,2 Teodoro Bottiglieri,2 and K. Michael Gibson1,(PubMed)
(197) DLPA (D, L Phenylalanine)(Whole health Chicago)
(198) PHENYLALANINE(WebMD)
(199) Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. by Kim LS1, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF.(PubMed)
(200) Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane supplementation on osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled study by Debbi EM1, Agar G, Fichman G, Ziv YB, Kardosh R, Halperin N, Elbaz A, Beer Y, Debi R.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis Treatment in Traditional Chinese Medicine Perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1)

                  Polymalgia Arthritis

Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

In conventional medicine, there is no known way to prevent Polymalgia Arthritis, although progression of the disease usually can be stopped or slowed by early, aggressive treatment. Since Polymalgia Arthritis is caused by inflammation pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures. Diet with high in anti inflammatory and immunity enhancing foods, antioxidants and phytochemicals may provide protection and reduced risk of the disease.

                                   The Treatments

F.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective

The aims of the Chinese herbal medicine formula is to enhance the immune system and promote kidney’s Qi.
Du huo Ji Sheng Tang (DHJST)
a. In the study of Action Mechanisms of Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang on Cartilage Degradation in a Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis, Dr. Chao-Wei Chen and the research team at the Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, showed that at the end of the sixth week after surgery, there was a significantly histological degeneration in the control group compared with the normal group. In the control group, the mean score for histological degeneration were further increases at 10th week, and there was a significantly lower mean score for histological degeneration in the DHJST group compared with the control group. To research the potential mechanism, the expression level of VEGF and HIF-1α were detected. The expression of VEGF mRNA and HIF-1α mRNA are low in normal group, while the activities increase gradually in the control group. However, compared to that of the same time point model group, activity of VEGF and HIF-1α decreased significantly in DHJST group. In conclusion, DHJST exerts significant therapeutic effect on osteoarthritis rabbits, and mechanisms are associated with inhibition of VEGF and HIF-1α expression(57).
b. Ingredients
1. Du Huo (Radix Angelicae Pubescentis)
2. Chuan Xiong (Rhizoma Chuanxiong)
3. Sang Ji Sheng (Herba Taxilli)
4. Ren Shen (Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)
5. Du Zhong (Cortex Eucommiae)
6. Gan Cao (Rx et Rz Glycyrrhizae)
7. Niu Xi (Radix Cyathulae)
8. Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae Sinensis)
9. Xi Xin (Radix et Rhizoma Asari)
10. Bai Shao (Radix Paeoniae Alba)
11. Qin Jiao (Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae)
12. Sheng Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae)
13. Fu Ling (Poriae)
14. Gui Xin (Cortex Rasus Cinnamomi)
15. Fang Feng (Radix Saposhnikoviae)(56)

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Sources
(56) http://btcm.ehrenwerks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=28_29&products_id=1938
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848800

Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies edition of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Prevention and management: Diet

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

         Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                   The Prevention and Management Diet

The aims of the diet is to provide protection to avoid elevation of the inflammatory effects(139) in induced-degeneration causes of osteoarthritis(133)(134)
1. Green tea
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), according to the College of Pharmacy, found abundantly in green tea showed to exhibit its anti anti-rheumatic activity in patients with joint diseases(140) through its antioxidant property(141).

2. Salmon

Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.
a. Weight loss

Intake of salmon oil has shown to induce body weight loss in mice, according to the study by University of Washington(142). N3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) enhanced body weight loss, at the end of the 1-month period in 16 children through deduction of insulin resistance(143).

b. Antioxidants
Megadoses of vitamin E, found in salmon oil exhibited pro-oxidative activity, through increased the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver(144).

c. Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids is necessary to maintain the ratio of good and bad cholesterol(145), thus reducing the risk of cholesterol inflammation(146)(148) cause of heart diseases (147) and osteoarthritis(133)(134).

d. Anti inflammation
Omega 3 fatty acids not only reduces the risk of inflammatory effects on our joints and improved blood flow(149), by regulating the migration of inflammatory cells(139), but also reduce the elevation of the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) causes of autoimmune diseases(150).

3. Walnut tree

Walnut tree, cultivated for its nut and kernel and for commercial purpose all over the world, is one of the Genus plant belong to the family Juglandaceae about 30–130 ft).
a. Antioxidant effects(151)(152)
Even-though walnuts consumption did not only significantly change the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy, well-nourished older adults through its polyphenols in inhibitiobn plasma and LDL oxidation(151) but chronic consumption, it improved postprandial serum antioxidants and biomarkers of oxidative status(152) through its antioxidant linoleic acid and pyridoxal phosphate in enhancing total plasma thiols(151).

b. Inflammation defense(153)
Intake of walnuts is shown to promote manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), an enzyme located in mitochondria(154), is the key enzyme in protection of the energy-generating mitochondria from oxidative damage caused by free radicals(155).

c. Diabetes risk

Adiponectin found abundantly in walnut-enriched meal plays an important causal role in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome(156). Diabetes in older adult is shown to associate increased risk of osteoarthritis(157).

4. Dulse

Dulse, commonly used in Ireland and Atlantic Canada both as foods and medicines, is a red seaweed of genus Palmaria, belong to Family Palmariaceae grown attached to rocks by a “holdfast” in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific. Dulse is found in many health food stores or fish markets or can be ordered directly from local distributors.
a. Health benefits
Seaweeds, including dulse, showed to consist a important functional activities, such as antioxidant(158)(160)(161), antimutagenic(159)(162) and anticoagulant effect(160), antitumor activity(160), and modification of lipid metabolism(161).
b. Antioxidants
Dulse extracts showed to inhibit certain lipid peroxidations(162).
c. Weigh loss
As a rich source of fiber, dulse enhances the process of digestion, for making the stomach feeling fullness, thus reducing the risk of insulin cause of food craving(163).

5. Lime (Lemon)
Lime, a around shape with green to yellow in color and 3–6 cm in diameter, is a species of Citrus Aurantifolia, belongs to the family Rutaceae, native to Southeast Asia.
a. Antioxidant
Lime flower extract may contain high levels of antioxidant(164)(165) but lesser than the ethanol extract of cinnamon(166).
b. Vitamin C
Besides preventing the breaking off small vein cause of hardening of the vessel wall(167), vitamin C also improves the digestive system in maximum absorption of vital nutrients and plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause muscle damage(168). According to the University of Limerick, prior supplementation with dietary antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E may ameliorate muscle functional decrements subsequent to eccentric muscle contraction(169).

6. Dairy Products
Dairy products contain high amount of nutrients, it also has measure amount of vitamin D of which is necessary for the body in calcium absorption(170). Intake of dairy products per day, according to joint study including Université Libre de Bruxelles appears to be safe and may confer a favourable benefit with regard to bone health, such as osteoarthritis(172), rheumatoid arthritis(170).

In elderly Fracture risk, according to the Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, improved bone growth is influenced by dietary intake, particularly of calcium and protein such as Dairy products, yogurts are essential to achieve optimal peak bone mass during skeletal growth and to prevent bone loss(171).  Recommendation of consuming 3 servings of dairy products per day during childhood and adolescence, has shown to improve bone health and reduce the risk of fractures in later life(171).

In the observation of  a significant dose-response relationship between baseline milk intake and adjusted mean decrease of JSW in women, researcher at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, showed that frequent milk consumption may be associated with reduced OA progression in women and delay in knee OA progression(173).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References
(134) Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors by Khalid Rahman(PMC)
(135) New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate by Hae-Suk Kim,a Michael J. Quon,c and Jeong-a Kima,b(PMC)
(136) Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications by Singh BN1, Shankar S, Srivastava RK.(PubMed)
(137) Dietary polyphenols and mechanisms of osteoarthritis by Shen CL1, Smith BJ, Lo DF, Chyu MC, Dunn DM, Chen CH, Kwun IS.(PubMed)
(138) Green tea: a new option for the prevention or control of osteoarthritis by Katiyar SK, Raman C.(PubMed)

(139) Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans role of oxidative stress by K Esposito, F Nappo, R Marfella, G Giugliano, F Giugliano, M Ciotola(Circulation)

(140) Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin 3-gallate in arthritis: progress and promise by Ahmed S1.(PubMed)

(141) Preparation and antioxidant activity of green tea extract enriched in epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) by Hu J1, Zhou D, Chen Y.(PubMed)

(142) Genetically determined body weight loss in mice fed diets containing salmon oil by LeBoeuf RC1, Veldee MS.(PubMed)

(143) Supplementation of n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synergistically decreases insulin resistance withweight loss of obese prepubertal and pubertal children by López-Alarcón M1, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(PubMed)

(144) Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil by Flader D1, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(PubMed)

(145) Omega 3 fatty acids promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in hamster fed high fat diet by Kasbi Chadli F1, Nazih H, Krempf M, Nguyen P, Ouguerram K.(PubMed)

(146) Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity by Tall AR1, Yvan-Charvet L2.(PubMed)

(147) In vitro fatty acid enrichment of macrophages alters inflammatory response and net cholesterol accumulation by Wang S1, Wu D, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, Honda KL, Lichtenstein AH.(PubMed)

(148) Uncoupling lipid metabolism from inflammation through fatty acid binding protein-dependent expression of UCP2. byXu H1, Hertzel AV1, Steen KA1, Wang Q2, Suttles J3, Bernlohr DA4.(PubMed)

(149) Low-dose aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids improve uterine artery blood flow velocity in women with recurrent miscarriage due to impaired uterine perfusion by Lazzarin N1, Vaquero E, Exacoustos C, Bertonotti E, Romanini ME, Arduini D.(PubMed)

(150) Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. by Simopoulos AP1.(PubMed)

(151) Chronic and acute effects of walnuts on antioxidant capacity and nutritional status in humans: a randomized, cross-over pilot study by McKay DL1, Chen CY, Yeum KJ, Matthan NR, Lichtenstein AH, Blumberg JB.(PubMed)

(152) Effect of a walnut meal on postprandial oxidative stress and antioxidants in healthy individuals by Haddad EH1, Gaban-Chong N, Oda K, Sabaté J.(PubMed)

(153) Olive oil and walnut breakfasts reduce the postprandial inflammatory response in mononuclear cells compared with a butter breakfast in healthy men by Jiménez-Gómez Y1, López-Miranda J, Blanco-Colio LM, Marín C, Pérez-Martínez P, Ruano J, Paniagua JA, Rodríguez F, Egido J, Pérez-Jiménez F.(PubMed)

(154) manganese(The world healthier foods)

(155) The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in inflammation defense by Li C1, Zhou HM(PubMed)

(156) An acute intake of a walnut-enriched meal improves postprandial adiponectin response in healthy young adults by Lozano A1, Perez-Martinez P, Marin C, Tinahones FJ, Delgado-Lista J, Cruz-Teno C, Gomez-Luna P, Rodriguez-Cantalejo F, Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda(PubMed)

(157) Links between osteoarthritis and diabetes: implications for management from a physical activity perspective by Piva SR1, Susko AM2, Khoja SS2, Josbeno DA2, Fitzgerald GK2, Toledo FG3.(PubMed)

(158) Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of three species of tropical seaweeds by Chia YY1, Kanthimathi MS2,3, Khoo KS4, Rajarajeswaran J5, Cheng HM6, Yap WS7.(PubMed)

(159) Brown seaweed fucoidan: biological activity and apoptosis, growth signaling mechanism in cancer by Senthilkumar K1, Manivasagan P, Venkatesan J, Kim SK.(PubMed)

(160) Anticoagulant, Antioxidant and Antitumor Activities of Heterofucans from the Seaweed Dictyopteris delicatul by Kaline Dantas Magalhaes,1,2,† Leandro Silva Costa,1,3,† Gabriel Pereira Fidelis,1 Ruth Medeiros Oliveira,1 Leonardo Thiago Duarte Barreto Nobre,1 Nednaldo Dantas-Santos,1,2 Rafael Barros Gomes Camara,1 Ivan Rui Lopes Albuquerque,1,2 Sara Lima Cordeiro,1 Diego Araujo Sabry,1 Mariana Santana Santos Pereira Costa,1 Luciana Guimaraes Alves,1 and Hugo Alexandre Oliveira Rocha1,2(PMC)

(161) [Nutritional evaluation and physiological effects of edible seaweeds].[Article in Spanish] by Jiménez-Escrig A1, Goñi Cambrodón I.(PubMed)

(162) Extracts from dulse (Palmaria palmata) are effective antioxidants and inhibitors of cell proliferation in vitro by Yuan YV1, Carrington MF, Walsh NA.(PubMed)

(163) THE WORLD HEALTHIEST FOODS - PART II - VEGETABLES by Kyle J. Norton

(164) Role of bilirubin as antioxidant in neonatal jaundice and effect of ethanolic extract of sweet lime peel on experimentally induced jaundice in rat by Nag N1, Halder S, Chaudhuri R, Adhikary S, Mazumder S.(PubMed)

(165) Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of tortillas obtained after lime-cooking extrusion process of whole pigmented mexican maize by Aguayo-Rojas J1, Mora-Rochín S, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Serna-Saldivar SO, Gutierrez-Uribe JA, Reyes-Moreno C, Milán-Carril(PubMed)

(166) Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of eleven edible plants by Boğa M1, Hacıbekiroğlu I, Kolak U.(PubMed)

(167) Aging Hearts and Arteries: A Scientific Quest, Chapter 4: Blood Vessels and Aging: The Rest of the Journey(NIH)

(168) Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage? by McGinley C1, Shafat A, Donnelly AE(PubMed)

(169) Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamins C and E on muscle function during and after eccentric contractions in humans by Shafat A1, Butler P, Jensen RL, Donnelly AE.(PubMed)

(170) Effects of Dairy Products Consumption on Health: Benefits and Beliefs-A Commentary from the Belgian Bone Club and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases by Rozenberg S1, Body JJ2, Bruyère O3, Bergmann P4, Brandi ML5, Cooper C6,7, Devogelaer JP8, Gielen E9, Goemaere S10, Kaufman JM11, Rizzoli R12,Reginster JY13(PubMed)

(171) Dairy products, yogurts, and bone health by Rizzoli R1.(PubMed)

(172) Got osteoarthritis? Maybe milk can help by Sahni S1, McLean RR.(PubMed)

(173) Milk consumption and progression of medial tibiofemoral knee osteoarthritis: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative by Lu B1, Driban JB, Duryea J, McAlindon T, Lapane KL, Eaton CB(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis Treatment in Herbal Medicine Perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1)

                  Polymalgia Arthritis

Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

In conventional medicine, there is no known way to prevent Polymalgia Arthritis, although progression of the disease usually can be stopped or slowed by early, aggressive treatment. Since Polymalgia Arthritis is caused by inflammation pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures. Diet with high in anti inflammatory and immunity enhancing foods, antioxidants and phytochemicals may provide protection and reduced risk of the disease.

                                   The Treatments

F.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Comfrey
Comfrey is a perennial Plant in the genus of Symphytum, belonging to the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe. It has been used in herbal and traditional medicine to ease excessive bleeding or on open wounds, relief pain and swollen, treat circulation issues, reduce cholesterol, etc.
In the investigation of the effect of a daily application of 6g Kytta-Salbe f (3 x 2 g) over a 3 week period with patients suffering from painful osteoarthritis of the knee with the complaints relating to osteoarthritis of the knee had persisted for 6.5 years found that the comfrey root extract ointment is well suited for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Pain is reduced, mobility of the knee improved and quality of life increased, according to “Efficacy of acomfrey root (Symphyti offic. radix) extract ointment in the treatment of patients with painful osteoarthritis of the knee: results of a double-blind, randomised, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial” by Grube B, Grünwald J, Krug L, Staiger C.(46).

2. Devil’s claw
Devil’s claw also known as wood spider, is a plant of genus Harpagophytum in the family of Pedaliaceae, native to South Africa.The plant has been used as herb in traditional and herbal medicine to treat fever, rheumatoid arthritis, skin, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach and kidneys conditions, etc.
1. Antiinflammatory effects
In the investigation of Harpagophytum procumbens (Hp) and it effect on inflammatory and degenerative disease, found that standardized ethanol Hp extract from Harpagophytum procumbensinhibits induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression, possibly by blocking the AP-1 pathway. This is novel evidence of a possible mechanism of action of this antiinflammatory drug, according to “Molecular Targets of the AntiinflammatoryHarpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw): Inhibition of TNFα and COX-2 Gene Expression by Preventing Activation of AP-1.” by Fiebich BL, Muñoz E, Rose T, Weiss G, McGregor GP.(47).

2. Osteoarthritis
a. In the observation of Harpagophytum procumbens and it effects on chronic inflammatory conditions such as Osteoarthritis found that Devil’s Clawappeared effective in the reduction of the main clinical symptom of pain. The assessment of safety is limited by the small populations generally evaluated in the clinical studies. From the current data, Devil’s Claw appears to be associated with minor risk (relative to NSAIDs), but further long-term assessment is required, according to the study of “Devil’s Claw(Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety” by Brien S, Lewith GT, McGregor G.(48).

b. In the study of Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and it effects on osteoarthritis found that fourteen studies were identified: eight observational studies; 2 comparator trials (1 open, the other randomized to assess clinical effectiveness); and 4 double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy. Many of the published trials lacked certain important methodological quality criteria. However, the data from the higher quality studies suggest that Devil’s Claw appeared effective in the reduction of the main clinical symptom of pain, according to the study of “Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety” by Brien S, Lewith GT, McGregor G.(49).

4. Degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system
Extracts of the secondary tubers of Devil’s Claw (Harpagophytumprocumbens) and it degenerative painful rheumatism effects found that Pharmacological experiments have shown analgesic, antiphlogistic and antiinflammatory actions. Most important constituents are iridoid glycosides, which are supposed to contribute mainly to the observed effects. However, the entire extract has to be considered as active ingredient, according to”[Therapy of degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system with South African devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC)].[Article in German]” by Wegener T.(50).

5. Arthrosis of hip or knee
In observation of Preparations made from the secondary tubers of Devil’sclaw (Harpagophytum procumbens) and it effects on rheumatic diseases (arthrosis and low back pain) found that a continuous improvement in typical clinical findings such as 45.5% for pain on palpation, 35% for limitation of mobility and 25.4% for joint crepitus. Only two cases of possible adverse drug reactions were reported (dyspeptic complaints and a sensation of fullness), according to “Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.)” by Wegener T, Lüpke NP.(51).

6. Low back pain
In the analyzing Harpagophytum procumbens and it osteoarthritis and low back pain effects found that the use of an aqueous extract of Harpagophytumprocumbens at 60 mg harpagoside being non-inferior to 12.5 mg rofecoxib per day for chronic non-specific low-back pain (NSLBP) in the short term. Strong evidence exists for the use of an aqueous Harpagophytum extract at a daily dose equivalent of 50 mg harpagoside in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic NSLBP., according to the study of “Harpgophytum procumbens for osteoarthritis and low back pain: a systematic review” by Gagnier JJ, Chrubasik S, Manheimer E.(52).

3. Valerian
Valerian is a perennial flowering plant, in the genus Valeriana, belonging to the family Valerianaceae, native to Europe and parts of Asia. The herb has been used as a sedative and relaxing agent and to treat the liver, the urinary tract, the digestive tract problem, nerve conditions, etc.
In the classification of V. officinalis extracts and its antioxidant properties against iron in hippocampal neurons in vitro, found that The effect of V. officinalis in deoxyribose degradation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was also investigated. In brain homogenates, V. officinalis inhibited thiobarbituric acid reactive substances induced by all pro-oxidants tested in a concentration dependent manner. Similarly, V. officinalis caused a significant decrease on the LPO in cerebral cortex and in deoxyribose degradation. QA-induced ROS production in cortical slices was also significantly reduced by V. officinalis, according to “In vitro antioxidant activity of Valeriana officinalis against different neurotoxic agents” by Sudati JH, Fachinetto R, Pereira RP, Boligon AA, Athayde ML, Soares FA, de Vargas Barbosa NB, Rocha JB.(53). The herbal valerian may be useful as a mild sleep aid in clinical populations, such as persons with rheumatoidarthritis, according to the research team at the University of Virginia, School of Nursing(54).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html
Sources
(56) http://btcm.ehrenwerks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=28_29&products_id=1938
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848800
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21623468
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674883
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194518/
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9336424

Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies edition of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Prevention and management:The Do and do not’s list

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

         Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                   The Prevention and management:The Do and do not’s list

1. Prevention recurrent injure to damage menisci

The meniscus is an important tissue because if its function in shock absorption and load distribution in the healthy knee joint(111). A meniscal tear can lead to knee osteoarthritis (OA), but knee OA can also lead to a spontaneous breakdown of meniscal tear and damage to meniscal structure(112). Meniscus damage or recurrent injure might be considered as a signifying feature of incipient OA in middle-aged and elderly people(113).

2. Take precaution if your occupation is at increased risk of osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most important diseases as it frequently affects the active age group of the population contributed to loss of working hours and of disability(114)(115)(117). Compressive, torsional, pulling and angular movements common in certain occupations or sports may result in injuries of soft tissue, thus increasing the development of OA(116).

3. Muscle strengthening and aerobic exercises
Enhanced muscle strengthening with neuromuscular electrical stimulation(118), aerobic exercises(119) and exercice(220)  are effective in reducing pain and improving physical function in patients with mild to moderate OA of the knee(220).

4. Maintain a healthy weight(117)
Increased BMI and obesity are associated with more severe cartilage degeneration(121)(123) as assessed by both morphological and quantitative MRI measurements(122).

5. Avoid dehydration

Dehydration has shown to reduce the mobility of collagen amino acid residues and carbon sugar ring structures in glycosaminoglycans, according to University of Michigan(124) of that may effect the functions of cartilage and induce the risk of OA(125), but dehydration effects are reversible, through the restoration of molecular structure and mobility(124).

6. Avoid intake of inflammatory foods
Loading up on junk foods and fast foods contains high amount of trans fat of that increases the risk of inflammation(126) exhibit pro inflammatory effects(127)  causes of osteoarthritis (OA)(128). Red meat, eggs, and wheat products all contain high amount of arachidonic acid, too much arachidonic acid may be worsen the inflammation process(129), etc.

7. Eat your fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables containning high amount of nutrients and antioxidant(130), can enhance immune defense system(131)within the joint through direct infleuences of transferrin performance for reduction of inflammation(131)(132) as well as suppressing free radicals and the chain of free radicals reaction cause of elevating the swelling and promoting degeneration(133)(134).

8. Replace regular beverage with green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea polyphenol(135)(136), was found to be effective in reducing inflammatory cytokines induced inflammatory diseases(137)(138).

9. Etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

References

(111) The meniscus in knee osteoarthritis by Englund M1, Guermazi A, Lohmander LS.(PubMed)

(112) The role of the meniscus in knee osteoarthritis: a cause or consequence? by Englund M1, Guermazi A, Lohmander SL.(PubMed)

(113) Meniscus pathology, osteoarthritis and the treatment controversy by Englund M1, Roemer FW, Hayashi D, Crema MD, Guermazi A.(PubMed)

(114) Productivity loss due to presenteeism among patients with arthritis: estimates from 4 instruments by Zhang W1, Gignac MA, Beaton D, Tang K, Anis AH; Canadian Arthritis Network Work Productivity Group(PubMed)

(115) Occupational lifting is associated with hip osteoarthritis: a Japanese case-control study. by Yoshimura N1, Sasaki S, Iwasaki K, Danjoh S, Kinoshita H, Yasuda T, Tamaki T, Hashimoto T, Kellingray S, Croft P, Coggon D, Cooper C.(PubMed)

(116) Occupation and osteoarthritis by Genti G.(PubMed)

(117) Risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in Japanese women: heavy weight, previous joint injuries, and occupational activities by Yoshimura N1, Nishioka S, Kinoshita H, Hori N, Nishioka T, Ryujin M, Mantani Y, Miyake M, Coggon D, Cooper C.(PubMed)

(118) Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle strengthening in elderly with knee osteoarthritis - a systematic review by de Oliveira Melo M1, Aragão FA, Vaz MA.(PubMed)

(119) Effectiveness of exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A review of the literature. by Iwamoto J1, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H.(PubMed)

(120) Effectiveness of exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A review of the literature by Iwamoto J1, Sato Y, Takeda T, Matsumoto H.(PubMed)

(121) Articular Cartilage Degeneration: Etiologic Association With Obesity by Deryk G. Jones, MD(PubMed)

(122) Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging-based knee cartilage T2 measurements and focal knee lesions with body mass index: thirty-six-month followup data from a longitudinal, observational multicenter study by Baum T1, Joseph GB, Nardo L, Virayavanich W, Arulanandan A, Alizai H, Carballido-Gamio J, Nevitt MC, Lynch J, McCulloch CE, Link TM.(PubMed)

(123) The evolving role of obesity in knee osteoarthritis by MaryFran R. Sowers and Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez(PMC)

(124) Solid-state NMR spectroscopy provides atomic-level insights into the dehydration of cartilage by Xu J1, Zhu P, Morris MD, Ramamoorthy A.(PubMed)

(125) Geriatric Rehabilitation Manual By Timothy L. Kauffman
(126) Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women by Mozaffarian D1, Pischon T, Hankinson SE, Rifai N, Joshipura K, Willett WC, Rimm EB.(PubMed)
(127) Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence by Mozaffarian D1, Aro A, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(128) Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis by Wang X1, Hunter D2, Xu J3, Ding C4.(PubMed)
(129) Arachidonic acid metabolism: role in inflammation by Samuelsson B1.(PubMed)
(130) Antagonizing arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids reduces inflammatory Th17 and Th1 cell-mediatedinflammation and colitis severity. by Monk JM1, Turk HF1, Fan YY1, Callaway E1, Weeks B2, Yang P3, McMurray DN4, Chapkin RS5.(PubMed)
(130) Effect of fruit and vegetable antioxidants on total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma by Harasym J1, Oledzki R2.(PubMed)
(131) Dietary antioxidants: immunity and host defense by Puertollano MA1, Puertollano E, de Cienfuegos GÁ, de Pablo MA.(PubMed)
(132) Cellular immunity in osteoarthritis: novel concepts for an old disease by Liossis SN1, Tsokos GC.(PubMed)
(133) Free Radicals, Antioxidants in Disease and Health by Lien Ai Pham-Huy,1 Hua He,2 and Chuong Pham-Huy3(PMC)
(134) Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors by Khalid Rahman(PMC)
(135) New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate by Hae-Suk Kim,a Michael J. Quon,c and Jeong-a Kima,b(PMC)
(136) Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications by Singh BN1, Shankar S, Srivastava RK.(PubMed)
(137) Dietary polyphenols and mechanisms of osteoarthritis by Shen CL1, Smith BJ, Lo DF, Chyu MC, Dunn DM, Chen CH, Kwun IS.(PubMed)
(138) Green tea: a new option for the prevention or control of osteoarthritis by Katiyar SK, Raman C.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs): Polymalgia Arthritis Treatment in Conventional Medicine Perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) is medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1)

                  Polymalgia Arthritis

Polymalgia Arthritis is defined as a condition a common inflammatory rheumatic disease which cause pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures, causing musculoskeletal symptoms in PMR.

In conventional medicine, there is no known way to prevent Polymalgia Arthritis, although progression of the disease usually can be stopped or slowed by early, aggressive treatment. Since Polymalgia Arthritis is caused by inflammation pain, stiffness and tenderness in large muscles, including muscles shoulders and pelvic girdleas a result of the presence of a synovitis in proximal joints and periarticular structures. Diet with high in anti inflammatory and immunity enhancing foods, antioxidants and phytochemicals may provide protection and reduced risk of the disease.

                                   The Treatments

F.1. In conventional medicine perspective
1. Non Medication
The aim of non medical treatment is to control painful myalgia, improve muscle stiffness, and relieve the symptoms of constitutional features of the disease.
a. Fasting as part of a naturopathic treatment
Fasting may be formed part of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) treat. According to the report of a 67-year-old woman with proven diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) was admitted to stationary treatment twice to receive a complex therapy with methods of natural medicine comprising fasting as its main treatment element(56)
b. Diet therapy
Leucine-rich milk and whey proteins may be a potential treatment of age related loss of muscle mass and strength, according to the study of Dr, Björkman MP, and the rerearch team at Helsinki University Central Hospital(57). Other suggested that exercise and amino acid supplementation (AAS) together may be effective in enhancing not only muscle strength, but also combined variables of muscle mass and walking speed and of muscle mass and strength in sarcopenic women(58).
c. Etc. 

2. Medical treatment
2.1. Tocilizumab (TCZ)
Tocilizumab (TCZ) is the first humanized interleukin-6 receptor-inhibiting monoclonal antibody developed to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
a. In the study to assess the outcomes of 10 patients with relapsing/refractory GCA, TAK, or PMR treated with tocilizumab (TCZ), found that TCZ led to clinical and serological improvement in patients with refractory/relapsing GCA, TAK, or PMR. The demonstration of persistent large-vessel vasculitis at autopsy of one patient who had shown substantial response requires close scrutiny in larger studies(59).
Other researchers in the study of ffficacy and safety of tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA): tender 52-week data indicated that TENDER 1-year results demonstrate that TCZ is highly effective and generally well tolerated in pts with sJIA(60).
b. Side Effects are not limit to
b.1. Dizziness
b.2. Headache
b.3. Allergic effects, such as rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing, etc.
b.4. Skin changes
b.5. Tiredness or weakness
b.6. Etc. 

2.2. Corticosteroids [CS] and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAIDs])
2.2.1.. Corticosteroids, a drug, a common presentation in primary care, and non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (sometimes also referred to as traditional NSAIDs or tNSAIDs) and selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors (COX-2 inhibitors)(PMR) also be the first choice of treating of Polymalagia Arthritis, but the use of CS and NSAIDs in the treatment of PMR is associated with important long-term morbidity, according to Gabriel SE, Sunku J, Salvarani C, O’Fallon WM, Hunder GG., in the study of Adverse outcomes of antiinflammatory therapy among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica(61).
2.2.2. Side effects
a. Corticosteroids [CS]
a.1. Corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome
b.2. Hyperglycemia
b.3. Insulin resistance
b.4. Diabetes mellitus
b.5. Osteoporosis
b.6. Depression
b.7. Colitis
b.8. Etc.

b. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]
NSAIDs may cause large intestinal ulcers, bleeding, and perforationoccasionally. It may cause relapse of classic inflammatory bowel diseaseand contribute to serious complications of diverticular disease (fistula and perforation). NSAIDs may occasionally cause small intestinal perforation, ulcers, and strictures requiring surgery. NSAIDs, however, frequently cause small intestinal inflammation, and the associated complications of blood loss and protein loss may lead to difficult management problems. The pathogenesis of NSAID enteropathy is a multistage process involving specific biochemical and subcellular organelle damage followed by a relatively nonspecific tissue reaction, according to Dr. Bjarnason I and the research team at King’s College School of Medicine and Dentistry(61).

2.3. Etc.
Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html
Sources
(56) http://btcm.ehrenwerks.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=28_29&products_id=1938
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848800
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21623468
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674883
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3194518/
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9336424

Most Common Disease of elder: The Clinical trials and Studies edition of Musculo-Skeletal disorders(MSDs) - Osteoarthritis: The Diagnosis

Kyle J. Norton (Scholar)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

         Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

                              The Diagnosis 

The aim of the diagnosis is to differentiate the diseases against other types of arthritis to avoid misdiagnosis and to rule out the other (secondary osteoarthritis)causes of osteoarthritis (OA)(104).
After taking the complex physical examination and careful exam the physical symptoms such as, joint swelling, Joint tenderness, decreased range of motion in joints, Visible joint damage, etc. some of the below tests may be necessary.
1. Blood Test
Although blood test is not necessary in many cases of osteoarthritis (OA), it can be helpful tool to rule other causes of the disease, including rheumatoid arthritis as it will indicate an inflammatory process(erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, or sed rate) such as the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinate d peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies(105).

2. Synovial fluid analysis
Synovial fluid analysis is the test to exam the joint synovial fluid for conditions involving joint inflammation, pain, swelling, and fluid accumulation(106). Abnormal joint fluid may comprise abnormal amounts of detrimental bioactive proteins, temporary clearance, dilution or suppression/modulation as an indication of inflammation or osteoarthritis(107).
3. X-rays
X rays beside is one of the common used to diagnosed for findings of osteoarthritis (OA) such as abnormal joints, bone, joint space between adjacent bone, loss of joint cartilage, etc., Accordning to the Framingham study, according to radio graphics, the prevalence of meniscus damage in the knee of subjects with no, one to two, and three or more finger joints with OA was 24.9%, 31.7%, and 47.2%, respectively. X-rays can show damage, other changes associated to osteoarthritis and to confirm the diagnosis(108)

4. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is a more sensitive imaging method, it is used less often than x-rays due to cost and availability. In conjunction of X ray for Osteoarthritis (OA), MRI has been used increasingly in recent years through a meta-analysis of published studies, according to Tufts University, School of Medicine(109) MRI scans show cartilage loss, damage and defects, bone size, bone marrow lesions, bone expansion and damage to ligaments(110).

5. Etc.

      The Misdiagnosis and delay diagnosis

Although musculoskeletal disorders is very common with irreversible damage due to osteoarthritis in elder found in evidences of all X ray, misdiagnosis is rare but it can happen. According to the Mount Sinai Medical Center, potentially reversible causes of  osteoarthritis for the problem are too often ignored, and a misdiagnosis of osteoarthritis prevents or delays effective treatment of the actual underlying problem(174).
According to Dr. O'Duffy JD., there was a diagnostic problems of rheumatic disease in patients over 60 years of age, including patient with osteoarthritis, and these problems can be prevent if the doctors have taken accounted the history and physical examination alone, with the laboratory and x-ray findings providing supportive evidence(175).

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/


Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.htmlReferences
(104) Osteoarthritis Diagnosis(Spine health)
(105)The Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pivotal Cytokines Involved in Bone Degradation and Inflammation by CLIFTON O. BINGHAM III(The Journal of Rheumatology)
(106) Biologic basis of osteoarthritis: state of the evidence. by Malemud CJ1.(PubMed)
(107) Diverse expression of selected cytokines and proteinases in synovial fluid obtained from osteoarthritic and healthy human knee joints by Sauerschnig M1,2, Stolberg-Stolberg J3, Schulze A4, Salzmann GM5, Perka C6, Dynybil CJ7.(PubMed)
(108) Osteoarthritis Diagnosis(Arthritis foundation)
(109) The diagnostic performance of MRI in osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. by Menashe L1, Hirko K, Losina E, Kloppenburg M, Zhang W, Li L, Hunter DJ.(PubMed)
(110) How important is MRI for detecting early osteoarthritis? by Changhai Ding*, Flavia Cicuttini and Graeme Jones(Natrue Clinical Pratctice Rheumatology)

(174) Osteoarthritis as a misdiagnosis in elderly patients by Spiera H1.(PubMed)

(175) Differential diagnosis of rheumatic disease in the elderly by O'Duffy JD(PubMed)