Medical Advisor Journals

Saturday, July 2, 2016

General Health: Allergies - Cockroach allergy

Types of Allergy
Cockroach allergy is defined as symptoms of skin rash, asthma of as a result of cockroach crawled over skin of a person whose immune system is sensitive to certain proteins found in cockroach saliva and feces. Cockroach allergy is first reported in 1943. According to the study of "Cockroaches Important Cause of Asthma Morbidity Among Inner-City Children" by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) posted in NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, new release, the researchers found that children who were both allergic to cockroaches and exposed to high cockroach allergen levels were hospitalized for their asthma 3.3 times more often than children who were allergic but not exposed to high levels of cockroach allergen, or children who were exposed to high levels of cockroach allergen but who were not allergic.

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C. 1. How to determine the severity of the allergic effects
Depending to the allergy stimulating effect, some researchers suggested to scalethe severity from 1 to 4 and followed by degeneration scale, but from -1 to -4
C.1.1. The severity scale from +1 to +4
+1. The first level of stimulation
If there is no symptoms at all or If the patient is alert and function morally after allergic is eaten
+2. The second level of stimulation
The patient have become irritable, hyperactive, tense, thirsty, etc. after a suspected allergic foods is eaten
+3. The third level of stimulation
The patient have become hypomanic, aggressive, apprehensive, etc.
+4. The fourth level of stimulation
The patient have become mania, agitation, over excitement, etc.

C.1.2. Degeneration scale from -1 to -4
-1. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of runny nose, hive, diarrhea, etc.
-2. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of tiredness, fatigue, swelling etc.
-3. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of depression, mental disturbance, confusion, mood change, etc.
-4. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of sever depression, paranoia, etc.

C.2. Symptoms
Depending to the effect area after exposing to tiny particles from cockroach, in most case, it affects the skin and respiratory system
1. Skin reaction
As a result of the allergic food cause of over production of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) of which affect the skin area, leading to rash, itching, inflammation, etc.
2. Respiratory reaction
If the immune system's over production if antibody affects the lung, it can cause breathing difficulty, wheezing, asthma, etc.
According to the study of "Asthma severity, atopic status, allergen exposure, and quality of life in elderly persons" by K. Huss, DNSc; P. L. Naumann, MSN; P. J. Mason, MSN; J. P. Nanda, MPH†; R. W. Huss, MD; C. M. Smith, BS; and R. G. Hamilton, PhD, researchers found that We found that asthma in the elderly isnot rare. We had no difficulty identifying and enrolling 80 elderly subjects with asthma. It is often of a moderate to severe persistent severity, accompanied by positive allergy skin tests and high allergen levels in homes. Our findings support doing allergy skin tests on elderly subjects with asthma, especially with moderate to severe persistent severity, to identify allergens in the environment precipitating asthma attacks. This would be combined with interventions to reduce allergens in the home and with the use of medications that combat inflammation in the airways. The overall expectation is that asthma severity should decrease with a resultant increase in the QOL among the elderly with asthma.
3. Digestive system
If the allergy affects the digestive system, it can cause diarrhea, abnormal cramps and pain, itching tongue, vomiting, indigestion, etc.
4. Cardiovascular system
It can cause abnormal beating, pallor, etc.
5. Adrenal system
It can lead to fatigue, low energy, tiredness, etc.
6. Central nervous system
Certain allergic food can affect the central nervous system as it can pass through the blood and enter the brain of which interferes with the function, leading impaired thinking, depression, anxiety, inability of concentration, etc.
7. Etc.

C.3. Causes
Cockroach Allergy is caused by over production of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) from the immune system against harmless cockroach allergen, after exposing.

C.4. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain allergy and you doctor suspect that it may be caused by exposing to the cockroach allergen, a skin test may only be necessary to find out, after recording the family history and a complete physical exam.
Types of skin test
a. Intradermal test
By injecting small amounts of diluted cockroach allergen into the top layers of the skin to see how the immune system react to it.
b. Skin prick testing
Similar to the Intradermal test, but the diagnosis involves in applying a drop of allergen into to punctures made on the skin.

C.5. Prevention
The only to get rid of the allergic effect is to get rid of the cockroach. It is easily said than done. Statistic showed that studies show that 78 percent to 98 percent of urban homes have cockroaches. Each home has from 900 to 330,000 of the insects. Most homes in north America, especially in Canada are well insulated that make them as a best place to harbor them. Please sure to read and follow the direction carefully or seek professionals for help.
1. Cockroach bait
The gel is a type of slowing poison mixed with some cockroach attractive food, if one cockroach eat it, and brings it back to the nest, it can kill the entire colony.
2. There are many other method such as helped to get rid off cockroach, but if you have small children and kids or you have no other place for temporary living, the above is one of better method.
a. Use cockroach traps
Slow and steady
b. Professional liquid concentrate
But be careful if you have children and pet
c. Exterior bug spray
To kill cockroach if you see them.
d. Etc.

C.6. Treatments
Beside getting rid off cockroach at the present, please make sure that your home is clean and tidy
to make sure that they will not be coming back.
C.6.1. Conventional medicine
1. There is no specific treatment for cockroach allergy, but depending to the symptoms. Medication includes bronchodilators, anti-allergics, antihistamines,NSAIDs, etc.
2. Allergic shot
Allergy shot, also known as immunotherapy, contains extracts from the most common substance which people are allergic to, including pollen, insects, pets, cockroach, etc., by providing long-term relief from certain symptoms. In some people, after series of allergic shot, the disease is cured.
C.6.2. Diet
In order protect your self from any types of allergies, healthy eating to enhance the immune system and provide you with optimal healthy always is the best way to achieve it. According to the article of "For Allergy and Asthma Sufferers, A Change in Diet Can Be a Key to Comfort", posted in American medical network, the author indicated that Whether you suffer from allergies or asthma, says Dr. Pescatore, the cure is the same: You must reduce inflammation in your body. So, for example, if you have yeast or mold allergies, consider a low-yeast diet. Refined sugars, flours, and processed food all trigger inflammation, so steer clear of them,” Dr. Pescatore says. “Additionally, avoiding specific foods that cross-react with environmental allergens can reduce your overall ‘allergy burden,’ which can allow your body to better handle your inhaled allergens.” Tree allergy season, he notes, peaks in April and extends in June, so during this period it is best to avoid celery, carrots, apples, potatoes, peaches, nuts, and spices belonging to the apiaceae family, i.e. anise, caraway, coriander, cumin, fennel, parsley and parsnip.

C.6.2. Nutritioonal supplements
1. Antioxidants
Since Allergies are caused by immune over reaction of certain harmless substance, enhancing immue system is one of the best way to prevent and treat them as some researchers suggested that allergies may be caused by weakened immune system over aggression. Vitamin A, E, C are antioxidants and free radical scavengers, they protect the immune system from free radicals attack and help to reduce levels of histamine in the blood. For more information of antioxidants and health effects

2. Vitamin D
According to the article " Vitamin D deficiency may be a factor in development of allergies posted in Washing Post, Monday, March, 7, 2011, " Allergies and Vitamin D, Youths low in 'sunshine vitamin' may be more prone to allergies",the author wrote that analyzed data on 6,590 people, roughly half of them 21 years of age and younger and half older. The group was deemed representative of the U.S. population. Vitamin D levels were determined by blood tests, as was sensitivity to 17 common allergens. Among the youths, food and environmental allergies were greater in those with lower levels of Vitamin D. Young people deficient in Vitamin D were about twice as likely as those with higher levels of the nutrient to have peanut or ragweed allergies and nearly five times as likely to be allergic to oak.

3. B-complex
in a study of "Vitamin B-6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults." by Meydani SN, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Sahyoun N, Morrow FD, Gershoff SN., USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111. posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Vitamin B-6 deficiency impairs in vitro indices of cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly adults. This impairment is reversible by vitamin B-6 repletion.

4. N-accetyl-cysteine (NAC)
It is an antioxidant and an amino acid precursor to glutathione which helps to strengthen immune system against cold, flu and allergy and enhances the respiratory system functioning.

5. Coenzyme Q10
It is an immune and nervous system enhancer, according to the article of "CoQ10 Helps the Immune System and Brain Function" by A.S. Gissen, posted in Immunesupport.com, the author wrote that In 1970, it was first reported that CoQ6 and CoQ10, when administered to rats, significantly enhanced immune cells' ability to kill bacteria, as well as elevated their antibody response.

6. Alpha lipoic acid
Alpha lipoic acid is another antioxidant which promotes the immune system by enhabcing the function of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, glutathione, etc. according to the article of "A relatively unknown antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, may be more potent than vitamins C and E" by Robert Sander, the author wrote that Because both alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are antioxidants, their combined actions give them greater antioxidant potency than any natural antioxidant now known, Packer says. He notes another property of alpha-lipoic acid that makes it a great antioxidant. Since it is soluble in both water and fat, it can move into all parts of the cell to neutralize free radicals. Vitamin C, on the other hand, is limited to the watery parts of cells because it is soluble only in water; while vitamin E is soluble only in fat and sticks to the fatty parts of cells.
8. Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are absolutely vital to human health, they break down large protein molecules, so essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals can be easily absorbed.
According to the article of "Digestive Enzymes Combat Leaky Gut and Food Allergy" By Dr. CE Gant on 04/14/2011, he wrote that toxin damage causes tiny holes to form in the normally tight barrier between the cells lining the GI Tract (leaky gut), which allows relatively large molecules of food protein to pass through and encounter the immune surveillance (60% + of body’s overall immune system is in and around the GI tract), which then “tricks” the immune system into “believing” the foreign protein from a food is a threat to the body. This sets up an attack mode against perfectly nutritious food protein, which is called a food (and/or “brain”) allergy.

9. Minerals
a. Zinc
It corrects the digestive system cause of allergy as a result of deficient production of stomach acid.
b. Calcium
It beside is considered as essential mineral for healthy bone, calcium is also important to reduce the risk of allergy. According to the study of "Calcium-deficiency rickets in a four-year-old boy with milk allergy." by Davidovits M, Levy Y, Avramovitz T, Eisenstein B.(Nephrology Unit, Children's Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that These findings were thought to be the result of dietary calcium deficiency caused by the prolonged elimination from his diet of cow milk and milk products because of allergy. Adequate intake of calcium resulted in rapid improvement.

c. Potassium
It enhance the adrenal gland function, thus reducing the symptoms of allergy cause of fatigue, weakness, tiredness
d. Magnesium
It is vital to relieve the allergy symptom of asthma and respiratory problems
e. Etc.

C.6.3. Herbs
1. Panax Ginseng
In a study of "Effects of Red Ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice." by

Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. (Division of Functional Histology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers suggested that It may also protect against sensitization to antigens as an immunomodulator by increasing intestinal IgA secretion without affecting antigen-specific IgE levels. In conclusion, Red Ginseng roots may be a natural preventative of food allergies.

2. Garlic
It is best known for treating cold and flu and enhances immune system against alll types of foreign invasion. According to the study of "Immunomodulatory Effects of Aged Garlic Extract"

Eikai Kyo, Naoto Uda, Shigeo Kasuga and Yoichi Itakur, Posted in the "Journal of Nutrition" in March 2001, researchers strongly suggest that AGE (Aged Garlic Extract) could be a promising candidate as an immune modifier, which maintains the homeostasis of immune functions; further studies are warranted to determine when it is most beneficial.

3. Grape seed extract

Grape seed extract is best known for its antioxidant property in delay aging, it also acts as a natural histamine inhibitor, thus reducing the risk of allergic responses.

4. Licorice root

Beside is nest known to lower stomach acid levels, relieve heartburn and indigestion, licorice root is also boost the levels of interferon of immune system to fight off attacking viruses. According to the article of "Licorice, plantain and nettle herbs used in the treatment of Allergies" posted in Bitteroot restorationthe author wrote that This ( Licorice root) can actually help to counteract many of the symptoms that are associated with allergies.: It also contains substances which work to thin the mucus and soothe to respiratory passages, which can reduce irritation that often accompanies allergies and their symptoms.

5. Turmeric
Turmeric paste has been used in traditional herbal medicine as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, it also helps to treat allergy. According to an article "Vitamin D and turmeric for allergies" by Joe Graedon and Teresa Graedon posted in Washington Post, May 11-2009, the authors wrote that In animal studies, turmeric prevents the release of histamine from mast cells (Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, September 2008). If it works similarly in humans, this would prevent allergy symptoms from developing.

6. Sting Netttle
Sting Netttle contains antihistaminics which has been used as cream in treating symptoms of allergy. In a study of "Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis." by Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, McMichael M, Alberte RS.(HerbalScience Group LLC, 1004 Collier Center Way, Suite 200, Naples, FL 34110, USA.) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Through the use of DART TOF-MS, which yields exact masses and relative abundances of compounds present in complex mixtures, bioactives have been identified in nettle that contribute to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways related to allergic rhinitis. These results provide for the first time, a mechanistic understanding of the role of nettle extracts in reducing allergic and other inflammatory responses in vitro.

C.6.4.Traditional Chinese medicine
a. Xiao Qinglong Tang (Minor Blue Dragon formula)
Minor Blue Dragon formula has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat asthma by strengthening immune system due to Lung and Spleen qi deficiency. In North America the formula is still available as some over-the-counter nasal sprays.
b. Ingredients
1. Gui Zhi ( Cinnamon Twig)
Main use: Releases the Exterior, Warms the channels. Tonifies the Yang,....
2. Bai Shao (White Paeony Root)
Main use: Nourishes Blood, Preserves the Yin, Nourishes the Liver, Calms Liver-Yang,....
3. Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger)
Main use: Warms the Middle, escues Yang, Warms the Lungs, Transforms Phlegm,...
4. Gan Cao (Licorice Root)
Main use: Tonifies the Spleen, Benefits the Qi, Moistens the Lungs, Calms cough,...
5. Ban Xia ( Pinellia Tuber)
Main use: Dries Dampness, Transforms Phlegm, Stops vomiting; Resolves masses, Disperses nodules,......
6. Wu Mei (Chinese Magnoliavine Fruit)
Main use: Strengthens the Lungs, Nourishes the Kidneys, Promotes generation of Body Fluids, Stops sweating, diarrhea...

Food therapy - Vegetables - Sweet Peppers (Capsicum Annuum)

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sweet Peppers (Capsicum Annuum)

Sweet pepper is a species of Capsicum Annuum and contains different color, including red, yellow and orange, native to Mexico, Central America and northern South America.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (VitaminB1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12,. Vitamin C
13,. Calcium
14. Iron
15. Magnesium
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc
19. Molybdenum
20. Vitamin E
21. Copper
22. Typtophan
23. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Anti-inflammation
In the investigation of Capsiate and its dihydroderivatives in sweet pepper found that intraperitoneal pretreatment with nordihydrocapsiate (CPT) prevented mice from lethal septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide. In a second model of inflammation CPT pretreatment greatly reduced the extensive damage in the glandular epithelium observed in the bowel of DSS-treated mice, according to "Immunosuppressive activity of capsaicinoids: capsiate derived from sweetpeppers inhibits NF-kappaB activation and is a potent antiinflammatory compound in vivo" by Sancho R, Lucena C, Macho A, Calzado MA, Blanco-Molina M, Minassi A, Appendino G, Muñoz E.(a)

2. Antioxidant activities
In the assessment of the antioxidant activity in 4 different colored (green, yellow, orange, and red) sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) found that all 4 coloredpeppers exhibited significant abilities in preventing the oxidation of cholesterol or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) during heating. However, these 4 peppers did not show significant differences in their abilities in preventing cholesterol oxidation. The green pepper showed slightly higher capability in preventing the oxidation of DHA compared to the other 3 peppers, according to "Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)" by Sun T, Xu Z, Wu CT, Janes M, Prinyawiwatkul W, No HK.(b)

3. Blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR)
In the analyzing the changes in autonomic nervous activity, body temperature, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) after intake of the non-pungent pepper CH-19 Sweet and of hot red pepper in humans found that that intake of CH-19Sweet does not affect systolic BP or HR, while hot red pepper transiently elevates them. These results indicate that DIT due to CH-19 Sweet can be induced via the activation of SNS as well as hot red pepper, but that the changes in BP, HR, and heat loss effect are different between these peppers, according to "Effects of CH-19 Sweet, a non-pungent cultivar of red pepper, on sympathetic nervous activity, body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure in humans" by Hachiya S, Kawabata F, Ohnuki K, Inoue N, Yoneda H, Yazawa S, Fushiki T.(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
a. Asthma
Vitamin C is one of the key antioxidant vitamins which is abundant in the extracellular fluid lining the lung and low vitamin C intake has been associated with pulmonary dysfunction, such as asthma, according to the study of "Vitamin Csupplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)
b. DNA Damage
Ascorbic acid (AA), known as vitamin C, has important antioxidant vitamin has exerted the activity in preventing (imazalil)IMA-induced cause of DNA damage, according to the stuyd of "The protective role of ascorbic acid on imazalil-induced genetic damage assessed by the cytogenetic tests' by Türkez H, Aydin E.(II)

2. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is not only important in preventing types I diabetes, according to "A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues" byTakahashi N, Takasu S.(III) but also may be associated with compromised bone health, according to "Vitamins and bone health: beyond calcium and vitamin D" by Ahmadieh H, Arabi A.(IV)

3. Vitamin B6
c. 1. Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

c.2. It also plays a pivotal role as a methyl donor in the basic cellular process ofmethylation, through which methyl groups are transferred from one molecule to another, resulting in the formation of a wide variety of precess, including regulation of gene expression, protein function, and RNA metabolism. When levels of B6 are inadequate, it may cause faulty Methylation with high levels of homocysteine that can cause variety of disease, including cervical dysplasia, faulty detoxification and impaired DNA repair, etc., according to the study of "Back To Life Natural Health Center - Healthcare Through Natural Methods"(http://www.backtolifehealth.com/Methylation.htm)

4. Folate
Beside it is essential vitamin in synthesis of DNA (According to the study of "Folate stimulation of wound DNA synthesis" by Zhang XJ, Chinkes DL, Herndon DN., Posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028951)), amino acid metabolism (accprding to the study of "Assessment of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 status and relation to sulfur amino acid metabolism in neonates" Minet JC, Bissé E, Aebischer CP, Beil A, Wieland H, Lütschg J.Posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966894), etc. it also plays an important in regulating cells division and replication, thus reducing the risk of improper growth of cells, leading to tumors and cancers, according to the study of "Folate and cancer: how DNA damage, repair and methylation impact on colon carcinogenesis" by Duthie SJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20544289), reseachers concluded that Folate maintains genomic stability by regulating DNA biosynthesis, repair and methylation. Folate deficiency induces and accelerates carcinogenesis by perturbing each of these processes.

5. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(V)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Antioxidant
The antioxidants in sweet pepper also helps the body in fighting against the forming of free radicals by enhancing the immune system in regulating the proper cell division ans DNA replication, according to "Antioxidants - Cancers and Diseases" by Kyle J. Norton(1)

2. Diabetes
Sweet pepper' fiber reduces the risk of of type II diabetes, as a result of the presence of sufficiently quantities of beta-glucan, psyllium, or guar gum have decreased insulin and glucose responses "[Dietary fibers: current trends and health benefits in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes].[Article in Portuguese]" by Mello VD, Laaksonen DE.(2)

3. Nervous system
Sweet pepper contain high amount of typtophan which helps to synthesize the proteins for the brain cells need, thus reducing the risk of nervous tension causes of loss of appetite, insomnia, mood change, etc., according to "Effects oftryptophan depletion on cognitive functioning, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and mood in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary results" by Külz AK, Meinzer S, Kopasz M, Voderholzer U.(3)

4. Cholesterol
Sweet peppers beside elevates antioxidant activity, free-radical scavenging capability and it also reduces the oxidation of cholesterol and omega 3 fatty acid DHA during heating and cooking, thus preventing the plaque building up on the arterial walls, according to "Hypoxanthine levels in human urine serve as a screening indicator for the plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein modulation activities of fermented red pepper paste" by Kim Y, Park YJ, Yang SO, Kim SH, Hyun SH, Cho S, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Cha YS, Chae S, Choi HK.(4)

5. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Burning sensation on the skin,
2. Coughing, sneezing, teary eyes and a scratchy throat.
3. Vomiting and/or stomach pain
4. Etc.

General Health: Allergies - Cigarette Smoke Allergy

Types of Allergy
Cigarette Smoke Allergy
The are some controversy regarded to cigarette smoke cause of allergic reaction. In a study of " Cigarette smoke suppresses in vitro allergic activation of mouse mast cells." by Mortaz E, Folkerts G, Engels F, Nijkamp FP, Redegeld FA. (Division of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. e.mortaz@uu.nl) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Our study suggests that exposure to cigarette smoke may lead to a reduced allergic activation of mast cells without affecting their response to activation via e.g. bacterial-derived LPS., but cigarette can cause over aggression of immune system, triggering allergic symptoms to certaim peoples such as watery eyes, coughing and sneezing.Some researchers argue that cigarette smoking may elevate symptoms of allergy but not the allergy itself, according to the article of "Smoke Allergies: 4 Reasons Why You Might Hate This Article" by By webdan65 posted in Hubpages, the author indicated that because smoke isn’t a true allergen, it does not create the same immune response (i.e. allergy attack) that a grain of pollen would. Or course there is no denying that smoke can aggravate and irritate underlying allergies, but it really cannot be considered the cause of them.
Regardless to the controversy, Cigarette Smoke does cause (or elevate pre-existed symptoms) some symptoms of allergy.

B. 1. How to determine the severity of the allergic effects
Depending to the allergy stimulating effect, some researchers suggested to scalethe severity from 1 to 4 and followed by degeneration scale, but from -1 to -4
B.1.1. The severity scale from +1 to +4
+1. The first level of stimulation
If there is no symptoms at all or If the patient is alert and function morally after exposing to allergens
+2. The second level of stimulation
The patient have become irritable, hyperactive, tense, thirsty, etc. after exposing to allergens
+3. The third level of stimulation
The patient have become hypomanic, aggressive, apprehensive, etc.
+4. The fourth level of stimulation
The patient have become mania, agitation, over excitement, etc.

B.1.2. Degeneration scale from -1 to -4
-1. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of runny nose, hive, diarrhea, etc.
-2. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of tiredness, fatigue, swelling etc.
-3. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of depression, mental disturbance, confusion, mood change, etc.
-4. If a patient is experience symptoms of reaction of sever depression, paranoia, etc.

B.2. Symptoms
Symptoms of cigarette ( Preexisted symptoms elevated by cigarette smoke)
1. Respiratory reaction, including system of asthma, coughing, Nasal congestion and increased mucus production, burning, watery, or irritated eyes. etc.
2. Central nervous system, including system of breathing difficulty, wheezing, asthma, etc.
3. Adrenal system
It can lead to fatigue, low energy, tiredness, etc.
4. Etc.

B.3. Diagnosis
If you are experience Cigarette Smoke allergy, after recording the family history and a complete physical exam. you doctor may order
1. Skin test
a. Intradermal test
It is one of most common test but time consuming( some patient may return for more 20 time for the injection) in diagnosis of allergy and depending to the symptoms, by injecting small amounts of diluted allergens into the top layers of the skin to see how the immune system react to them.
b. Skin prick testing
Similar to the Intradermal test, but the diagnosis involves in applying a drop of allergen into to punctures made on the skin.

2. Blood test ((RadioAllergoSorbent Test)
This is the test for evaluating of the levels of IgE-mediated food allergies react to a particular allergen. If you RAST score is higher than the predictive value for that food, 95% chance you will have an allergic reaction. Unfortunately, non-IgE mediated allergies cannot be detected by this method.

3. Challenge Tests
Because of the risk of anaphylaxis, most doctors will avoid the test unless it is absolutely necessary and the test is performed only in the hospital. In this test, suspected allergen package into capsule taken by patient and signs or symptoms of an allergic reaction are observed.

4. Etc.

B.4. Preventions
1. Quit smoking
Quit smoking to pretext yourself from cigarette smoking elevating allergiv symptoms to yourself and your family
In a study of "Challenge with environmental tobacco smoke exacerbates allergic airway disease in human beings." by Diaz-Sanchez D, Rumold R, Gong H Jr. (Hart and Louis Laboratory, Division Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ddiazsa@mednet.ucla.edu) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that these studies provide the first experimental evidence that secondhand smoke can exacerbate allergic responses in human beings.
2. Reduce the risk of second hand smoke by staying in non-smoking sections in buildings or outdoor areas.
3. No smoking at home, in the cars, etc.
4. Avoid any enclosed areas where people smoke.
5. Etc.

B.5. Treatments
B.5.1. Conventional medicine
1. There is no specific treatment for cigarette smoking allergy, but depending to the symptoms. Medication includes bronchodilators, anti-allergics, antihistamines,NSAIDs, etc.
2. Allergic shot
Allergy shot, also known as immunotherapy, contains extracts from the most common substance which people are allergic to, including pollen, insects, pets, etc., by providing long-term relief from certain symptoms. In some people, after series of allergic shot, the disease is cured.

B.6.2. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants
Since Allergies are caused by immune over reaction of certain harmless substance, enhancing immue system is one of the best way to prevent and treat them as some researchers suggested that allergies may be caused by weakened immune system over aggression. Vitamin A, E, C are antioxidants and free radical scavengers, they protect the immune system from free radicals attack and help to reduce levels of histamine in the blood. For more information of antioxidants and health effects

2. Vitamin D
According to the article " Vitamin D deficiency may be a factor in development of allergies posted in Washing Post, Monday, March, 7, 2011, " Allergies and Vitamin D, Youths low in 'sunshine vitamin' may be more prone to allergies",the author wrote that analyzed data on 6,590 people, roughly half of them 21 years of age and younger and half older. The group was deemed representative of the U.S. population. Vitamin D levels were determined by blood tests, as was sensitivity to 17 common allergens. Among the youths, food and environmental allergies were greater in those with lower levels of Vitamin D. Young people deficient in Vitamin D were about twice as likely as those with higher levels of the nutrient to have peanut or ragweed allergies and nearly five times as likely to be allergic to oak.

3. B-complex
in a study of "Vitamin B-6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults." by Meydani SN, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Sahyoun N, Morrow FD, Gershoff SN., USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111. posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Vitamin B-6 deficiency impairs in vitro indices of cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly adults. This impairment is reversible by vitamin B-6 repletion.

4. N-accetyl-cysteine (NAC)
It is an antioxidant and an amino acid precursor to glutathione which helps to strengthen immune system against cold, flu and allergy and enhances the respiratory system functioning.

5. Coenzyme Q10
It is an immune and nervous system enhancer, according to the article of "CoQ10 Helps the Immune System and Brain Function" by A.S. Gissen, posted in Immunesupport.com, the author wrote that In 1970, it was first reported that CoQ6 and CoQ10, when administered to rats, significantly enhanced immune cells' ability to kill bacteria, as well as elevated their antibody response.

6. Alpha lipoic acid
Alpha lipoic acid is another antioxidant which promotes the immune system by enhabcing the function of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, glutathione, etc. according to the article of "A relatively unknown antioxidant, alpha-lipoic acid, may be more potent than vitamins C and E" by Robert Sander, the author wrote that Because both alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are antioxidants, their combined actions give them greater antioxidant potency than any natural antioxidant now known, Packer says. He notes another property of alpha-lipoic acid that makes it a great antioxidant. Since it is soluble in both water and fat, it can move into all parts of the cell to neutralize free radicals. Vitamin C, on the other hand, is limited to the watery parts of cells because it is soluble only in water; while vitamin E is soluble only in fat and sticks to the fatty parts of cells.
8. Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes are absolutely vital to human health, they break down large protein molecules, so essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals can be easily absorbed.
According to the article of "Digestive Enzymes Combat Leaky Gut and Food Allergy" By Dr. CE Gant on 04/14/2011, he wrote that toxin damage causes tiny holes to form in the normally tight barrier between the cells lining the GI Tract (leaky gut), which allows relatively large molecules of food protein to pass through and encounter the immune surveillance (60% + of body’s overall immune system is in and around the GI tract), which then “tricks” the immune system into “believing” the foreign protein from a food is a threat to the body. This sets up an attack mode against perfectly nutritious food protein, which is called a food (and/or “brain”) allergy.

9. Minerals
a. Zinc
It corrects the digestive system cause of allergy as a result of deficient production of stomach acid.
b. Calcium
It beside is considered as essential mineral for healthy bone, calcium is also important to reduce the risk of allergy. According to the study of "Calcium-deficiency rickets in a four-year-old boy with milk allergy." by Davidovits M, Levy Y, Avramovitz T, Eisenstein B.(Nephrology Unit, Children's Medical Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that These findings were thought to be the result of dietary calcium deficiency caused by the prolonged elimination from his diet of cow milk and milk products because of allergy. Adequate intake of calcium resulted in rapid improvement.

c. Potassium
It enhance the adrenal gland function, thus reducing the symptoms of allergy cause of fatigue, weakness, tiredness
d. Magnesium
It is vital to relieve the allergy symptom of asthma and respiratory problems
e. Etc.

10. Etc.

B.6.3. Herbs
1. Panax Ginseng
In a study of "Effects of Red Ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice." by
Sumiyoshi M, Sakanaka M, Kimura Y. (Division of Functional Histology, Department of Functional Biomedicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers suggested that It may also protect against sensitization to antigens as an immunomodulator by increasing intestinal IgA secretion without affecting antigen-specific IgE levels. In conclusion, Red Ginseng roots may be a natural preventative of food allergies.

2. Garlic
It is best known for treating cold and flu and enhances immune system against alll types of foreign invasion. According to the study of "Immunomodulatory Effects of Aged Garlic Extract"
Eikai Kyo, Naoto Uda, Shigeo Kasuga and Yoichi Itakur, Posted in the "Journal of Nutrition" in March 2001, researchers strongly suggest that AGE (Aged Garlic Extract) could be a promising candidate as an immune modifier, which maintains the homeostasis of immune functions; further studies are warranted to determine when it is most beneficial.

3. Grape seed extract
Grape seed extract is best known for its antioxidant property in delay aging, it also acts as a natural histamine inhibitor, thus reducing the risk of allergic responses.

4. Licorice root
Beside is nest known to lower stomach acid levels, relieve heartburn and indigestion, licorice root is also boost the levels of interferon of immune system to fight off attacking viruses. According to the article of "Licorice, plantain and nettle herbs used in the treatment of Allergies" posted in Bitteroot restorationthe author wrote that This ( Licorice root) can actually help to counteract many of the symptoms that are associated with allergies.: It also contains substances which work to thin the mucus and soothe to respiratory passages, which can reduce irritation that often accompanies allergies and their symptoms.

5. Turmeric
Turmeric paste has been used in traditional herbal medicine as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, it also helps to treat allergy. According to an article "Vitamin D and turmeric for allergies" by Joe Graedon and Teresa Graedon posted in Washington Post, May 11-2009, the authors wrote that In animal studies, turmeric prevents the release of histamine from mast cells (Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, September 2008). If it works similarly in humans, this would prevent allergy symptoms from developing.

6. Sting Netttle
Sting Netttle contains antihistaminics which has been used as cream in treating symptoms of allergy. In a study of "Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis." by Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, McMichael M, Alberte RS.(HerbalScience Group LLC, 1004 Collier Center Way, Suite 200, Naples, FL 34110, USA.) posted in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, researchers found that Through the use of DART TOF-MS, which yields exact masses and relative abundances of compounds present in complex mixtures, bioactives have been identified in nettle that contribute to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory pathways related to allergic rhinitis. These results provide for the first time, a mechanistic understanding of the role of nettle extracts in reducing allergic and other inflammatory responses in vitro.

7. Butterbur
Has been used over thousand of years in herbal medicine in treating symptoms of allergy, including to treat coughs,, asthma, stress, muscle relaxant, etc..According to the article of "Allergy" posted in The University of Michigan health System, the article indicated Two double-blind studies have compared butterbur extract to standard antihistamine drugs in people with hay fever. The first compared it with the drug cetirizine (Zyrtec) and found the drug and butterbur extract relieved symptoms equally well. However, cetirizine caused significantly more adverse effects, including a high rate of drowsiness.4 The second study compared butterbur extract with fexofenadine (Allegra) and placebo. Butterbur extract was as effective as fexofenadine at relieving symptoms, and both were significantly better than placebo.

8. Ginkgo
Ginkgo leaves contain ginkgolides, which inhibit platelet-activating factor cause of asthma and allergies. according to the study of "Ginkgolides Antagonizing Some Effects of Platelet-activating Factor in Vitro" vy Dong JC, Li M, Shi ZY (Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical University) posted in Chiro.org, researchers found thatexposure of guinea pigs' bronchus to PAF in vitro resulted in a loss of beta-adrenergic receptors and responses to isoproterenol, and this effect of PAF was prevented by prior incubation of the guinea pigs' bronchus with ginkgolides (P < 0.05). The results showed ginkgolides were a potent PAF antagonist.

9. Etc.

B.6.4. Traditional Chinese medicine
Te Xiao Bi Min Gan Wan
a.The formula contains specific herbs used in treating nasal and sinus congestion, sinus headache, itchy eyes, sneezing, and runny & stuffy nose by strengthening the lung Qi to protect the respiratory track by eliminating wind and toxins.b. Ingredients
1. Xin Yi Hua (Lily Magnolia Flower)
Main use: Disperses Wind-Cold, Unblocks the nose,...
2.Cang Er Zi (Siberian Cocklebur Leaf and Stem)
Main use: Dispels Wind, Clears Heat, Expels toxins,...
3. Huo Xiang (agastache)
Main use: Transforms Dampness and Turbidity Stops vomiting,...
4. Bai Zhi( Angelica Root)
Main use: Expels Wind, Dries Dampness, Resolves oedema, Expels pus,...
5. Lian Qiao (Forsythiae Fruit)
Mian use: Clears Heat, Expels toxins, Resolves abscesses, Dissolves nodules,..
6. Jin Yin Hua ( Honeysuckle Flower)
Main use: Clears Heat, Expels toxins,...
7. Feng Fang (Ledebouriella Root)
Main use: Expels Wind, Releases the Exterior, Disperses Dampness, Calms pain,...
8. Gao Ben (Lovage Root)
Main use: Releases the Exterior, Disperses Dampness; and Cold, Expels Wind,...
9. Pu Gong Ying (Dandelion)
Main use: Clears Heat, Expels toxins, Drains Dampness,...
10. Chuan Xiong (Szehuan Lovage Root)
Main use: Moves Blood and Qi, Expels Wind, Calms pain,....
11. Man Jing Zi (Vitex Fruit)
Main use: Drains and Disperse Wind-Heat, Clears Heat from the head and eyes,...
12. Shi Shang Bai (Selaginella)
Main use: Clears Heat, Reduces Toxicity, Drains Damp-Heat,..Chinese Food Therapy
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Anti Aging: The Research and Studies of Skin Aging - The Effects of Vitamins - C

Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging(1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity(2)(3).
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some certain results(3a)(3b)(3c), but the large sample size and multi canters studies are necessary to validate it effectiveness.

1. Plasma levels of vitamin C
L-ascorbic acid, was known for its effects on skin-whitening and against anti-oxidation causes of skin aging. During the aging process, levels of vitamin C was found slowly deplete, according to Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology in the measurement of plasma and urine of C57BL/6 male mice turnover during 3 to 30 months of aging(4). Therefore, restoration of physiological levels of vitamin Cinside the cells might improve the lysosomal degradation (protection of cell from the degradative enzymes, through protection of the cytosol) in the outflow pathway cells and prevent the pathogenesis of glaucomadegrade proteins(5).
Unfortunately, some researchers suggested that higher levels of circulating vitamin C may not provide protection against incident radiographic knee OA, and be associated with an increased risk of knee OA(6) and the 1Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, insisted "careful attention to individual and family medical history and personal genomic data may prove essential to make wise dietary and supplement choices to be combined with exercise(7).

2. The effects
According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses dependent manner, concentration of L-ascorbic acid, induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up the spots(8).Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulation for collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA placed every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acidin anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Other study suggested the combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Amazingly, in vivo, application of vitamin C showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with 100% of satisfied overall appearance of tested subject skin(14).

Taken altogether, vitamin C was found to be effective in slowdown skin aging regardless to the cause, through its antioxidant status, down regulated the expression of Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) and enhanced production of collagens. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(15)(16). As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying

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References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I1, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S1, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1) Active ingredients against human epidermal aging by Lorencini M1, Brohem CA2, Dieamant GC2, Zanchin NI3, Maibach HI(PubMed)
(2) CAM use in dermatology. Is there a potential role for honey, green tea, andvitamin C? by Barbosa NS1, Kalaaji AN2.(PubMed)
(3) The science behind vitamins by Linder J.(PubMed)
(3a) Split-face study of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum in treating photo-agedskin by Xu TH1, Chen JZ, Li YH, Wu Y, Luo YJ, Gao XH, Chen HD(PubMed)
(3b) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(3c) Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of a cosmetic multiple emulsion containingvitamin C and wheat protein by Akhtar N1, Yazan Y(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid levels in various tissues, plasma and urine of mice during aging by Iwama M1, Amano A, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(5) Ascorbic Acid Modulation of Iron Homeostasis and Lysosomal Function in Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Xu P1, Lin Y, Porter K, Liton PB(PubMed)
(6) High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis by Chaganti RK1, Tolstykh I2, Javaid MK3, Neogi T4, Torner J5, Curtis J6, Jacques P7, Felson D4, Lane NE8, Nevitt MC9; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group (MOST)(PubMed)
(7) Trade-offs between anti-aging dietary supplementation and exercise by Mendelsohn AR1, Larrick JW(PubMed)
(8) [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen andascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW1, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(9) Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by Kishimoto Y1, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(10) Nanoscale gelatinase A (MMP-2) inhibition on human skin fibroblasts of Longkong (Lansium domesticum Correa) leaf extracts for anti-aging by Manosroi A1, Kumguan K, Chankhampan C, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(PubMed)
(11) Benefits of combinations of vitamin A, C and E derivatives in the stability of cosmetic formulations by Gianeti MD1, Gaspar LR, Camargo FB Jr, Campos PM.(PubMed)
(12) Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E. by Segall AI1, Moyano MA.(PubMed)
(13) Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy by Raschke T1, Koop U, Düsing HJ, Filbry A, Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Wenck H, Wittern KP.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of a prescription strength 4% hydroquinone/10% L-ascorbic acidtreatment system for normal to oily skin by Bruce S1, Watson J(PubMed)
(15) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)
(16) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)

Women Health: Fibroadenomas Treatments In conventional medicine

A. In conventional medicine
1. Wait and see
If the benign tumor does not cause any symptom and seem to growing, your doctor may take wait and see attitude. Since there is no symptoms to be treated, using medication or surgery may produce certain unnecessary risk. If the benign tumor it changes, grows, or doesn't go away it may need to be removed at a later time. Most women under the age of 20 with high percentage have seen their tumors disappeared.

2. Surgery
Most of the time, fibroadenomas are removed by needle biopsy or surgical excision under local or general anesthesia, depending to the diagnosis and tests.

3. Cryoablation
Cryoablation is the use of the extreme cold to destroy fibroadenomas tissue under guidance of the ultrasound imaging with conditions recommended by The American Society of Breast Surgeons
a, The lesion must be sonographically visible.
b. The diagnosis of fibroadenoma must be confirmed histologically.
c. Lesions should be less than 4 cm in diameter.
In a syudy of Cryosurgery for Breast Fibroadenomas by Lizhi Niu,KeCheng Xu, researchers concluded that approximately 10% of women will experience a fibroadenoma in their lifetime. Several studies have demonstrated that the percutaneous cryoablation under ultrasound guidance is a safe and effective modality, and should be used as a primary alternative to surgical excision for breast fibroadenoma.
4. Etc.

The Obesity' Research and Studies of The role of dietary fat in body fatness

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Obesity is a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

You can calculate your BMI index BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

The Studies of The role of dietary fat in body fatness

A meta-analysis of weight loss occurring on ad libitum low-fat diets in intervention trials, and analysed the relationship between initial body weight and weight loss. We selected controlled trials lasting more than 2 months comparing ad libitum low-fat diets with a control group consuming their habitual diet or a medium-fat diet ad libitum published from 1966 to 1998. Data were included from 16 trials with a duration of 2-12 months, involving 1728 individuals. No trials on obese subjects fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The weighted difference in weight loss between intervention and control groups was 2.55 kg (95% CI, 1.5-3.5; P < 0.0001). Weight loss was positively and independently related to pre-treatment body weight (r = 0.52, P < 0.05) and to reduction in the percentage of energy as fat (0.37 kg/%, P < 0.005) in unweighted analysis. Extrapolated to a BMI of about 30 kg/m2 and assuming a 10% reduction in dietary fat, the predicted weight loss would be 4.4 kg (95% CI, 2.0 to -6.8 kg). Because weight loss was not the primary aim in 12 of the 16 studies, it is unlikely that voluntary energy restriction contributed to the weight loss. Although there is no evidence that a high intake of simple sugars contributes to passive overconsumption, carbohydrate foods with a low glycaemic index may be more satiating and exert more beneficial effects on insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, an increase in protein content up to 25% of total energy may also contribute to reducing total energy intake. In conclusion, a low-fat diet, high in protein and fibre-rich carbohydrates, mainly from different vegetables, fruits and whole grains, is highly satiating for fewer calories than fatty foods(1).

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(1) "The role of dietary fat in body fatness: evidence from a preliminary meta-analysis of ad libitum low-fat dietary intervention studies" by Astrup A, Ryan L,Grunwald GK, Storgaard M, Saris W, Melanson E, Hill JO.