Medical Advisor Journals

Monday, August 22, 2016

Food Therapy: Nuts & Seeds - Nuts & Seeds - Peanuts(Arachis hypogaea)

Peanuts(Arachis hypogaea)

Peanuts is belong to the the legume related to the bean family and first cultivated in the in the Chaco region of Paraguay and Bolivia.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Dietary fiber
4. Fat
a. saturated
b. monounsaturated
c. polyunsaturated
5. Protein
6. Tryptophan
7. Threonine
8. Isoleucine
9. Leucine
10. Lysine
11. Methionine
12. Cystine
13. Phenylalanine
14. Tyrosine
15. Valine
16. Arginine
17. Histidine
18. Alanine
19. Aspartic acid
20. Glutamic acid
21. Glycine
22. Proline
23. Serine
24. Water
25. Thiamine (Vit. B1)
26. Riboflavin (Vit. B2)
27. Niacin (Vit. B3)
28. Pantothenic acid (B5)
29. Vitamin B6
30. Folate (Vit. B9)
31. Calcium
32. Iron
33. Magnesium
34. Phosphorus
35. Zinc
36. Etc

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Phenolic antioxidants
In the investigation of Peanut skins, a byproduct of peanut and its high levels of phenolic antioxidants found that the maximum predicted total phenolic content (TPC), under the optimized conditions (30.8%, 30.9 degrees C, 12 min) was 118 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of skins. MeOH(solvent type) extracts had the highest oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) activity of 2149 micromol of TE/g followed by EtOH(solvent type) and water under the optimized conditions of 30% MeOH, 52.9 degrees C and 30 min, according to "Optimizing the extraction of phenolic antioxidants from peanut skins using response surface methodology" by Ballard TS, Mallikarjunan P, Zhou K, O'Keefe SF.(a)

2. Synthetic food ingredients replacement
In the searching of natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants and antimicrobials agents as consumers become concerned with currently used compounds found that many of the recent patents concerning peanut phytoalexins focus on this area with patents being submitted for synergistic effects with chemotherapy drugs and treatment of diabetes and hepatitis B. Peanutphytoalexins may not only be able to replace synthetic food ingredients, but may also treat diseases that currently plague the human population, according to "Recent applications of peanut phytoalexins" by Holland KW, O'Keefe SF.(b)

3. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity
In the observation of Antioxidant stilbenoids, such as resveratrol, arachidin-1, and arachidin-3, found in prenut and theirs beneficial effects on human health found that oxidation was inhibited at a 14, 7, and 14 μM doses for CPC-purified resveratrol, arachidin-1, and arachidin-3, respectively. Arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 demonstrated cytotoxicity at 27 and 55 μM in RAW 264.7 and HeLa cell lines, respectively; while resveratrol exhibited no cytotoxicity to either cell line. These results demonstrate the integration of a production and purification system for the manufacturing of A. hypogaea-derived stilbenoids, according to "Purification of resveratrol, arachidin-1, and arachidin-3 from hairy root cultures of peanut(Arachis hypogaea) and determination of their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity" by Abbott JA, Medina-Bolivar F, Martin EM, Engelberth AS, Villagarcia H, Clausen EC, Carrier DJ.(c)

4. Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects
In the determination of physicochemical and antioxidant properties of mixture of Flax/Sesame (LS) and Flax/Peanut (LA) and thiers hypolipidemic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities, found that Administration of (LS) or (LA) seeds mixture to hypercholesterolemic rats (MS-LSchol and MS-LAchol groups respectively) significantly ameliorated lipid parameters and showed an increase of PUFAs (ALA and LA) and MUFAs and a decrease of SFAs in plasma and liver of MS-LSchol and MS-LAchol groups. Furthermore, malondialdehyde levels decreased and the efficiency of antioxidant defense system was improved compared to CD-chol group. Liver histological sections showed lipid storage in hepatocytes of CD-chol group and an improvement was noted in both supplemented groups. Our results suggested that seeds mixtures of Flax/Sesame and Flax/Peanut have anti-atherogenic and hepatoprotective effects, according to "Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective seeds mixture diet rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids" by Makni M, Fetoui H, Garoui el M, Gargouri NK, Jaber H, Makni J, Boudawara T, Zeghal N.(d)

5. Cardiovascular health
In the classification of peanut consumption and its efect on lipid profiles, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and CHD risk in hypercholesterolaemic men found that peanut consumption significantly reduced the AIP (mean 0.1 (se 0.03) P = 0.01) and CHD estimated risk over 10 years based on systolic and diastolic blood pressures (mean 1.4 % (se 0.5 %) P = 0.004 and mean 2.2 % (se 0.5 %) P < 0.001, respectively) and concluded that short-term peanut consumption might improve lipid profiles, the AIP and CHD risk in free-living hypercholesterolaemic men, according to "Peanut consumption and cardiovascular risk
" by Ghadimi Nouran M, Kimiagar M, Abadi A, Mirzazadeh M, Harrison G.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. ManganeseManganese beside plays an vital role for the proper and normal growth of human bone structure (accodring to the study of "Bone formation within alumina tubes: effect of calcium, manganese, and chromium dopants" by Pabbruwe MB, Standard OC, Sorrell CC, Howlett CR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15109850)), it also helps to reduce the risk of cancer, (according to the study of "The effects of 3, 4 or 5 amino salicylic acids onmanganese-induced neuronal death: ER stress and mitochondrial complexes" by Yoon H, Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim KW, Kim HR, Chae HJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477646 researchers indicated that the salicylate analogues and the antioxidants did not mediate ER stress in this model. The salicylate analogues reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reversed the deficient mitochondrial membrane potential that was induced by Mn. Taken together, the 3, 4, 5 ASA worked in a similar way, regulating the Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and protecting cells.

2. TryptophanTryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(1)

3. Vitamin B3Niacin or vitamin B3 beside is important in production of energy in metabolism of carbohydrate, it also essential for DNA repairing, according to the study of `Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow`by Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655), production of steroid hormones in the adrenal gland, improving blood circulation and lowering the bad cholesterol (LDL) levels., according to the study of `Lowering LDL cholesterolwith margarine containing plant stanol/sterol esters: is it still relevant in 2011?`byDoggrell SA., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21296266).

4. FolateIn the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect on anemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(II)

5. CopperCopper is best known for its function in regulating the proper growth, utilization of iron, it is also a strong antioxidant, aiding the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase, and preventing oxidation in the cell membrane, according to the article of antioxidant cancer and diseases, posted in Medical Advisor Journals, in other antioxidants, 1. Copper

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Good fatty acids
Since it contains high amount of good fatty acid which is essentail for the brain and heart heath, it helps to decrease the risk of congitive dysfunction, according to "Folic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids improve cognitive function and prevent depression, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease--but how and why?" by Das UN.(1) and heart diseases, according to "Regular consumption of nuts is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women with type 2 diabetes" by Li TY, Brennan AM, Wedick NM, Mantzoros C, Rifai N, Hu FB.(2)

2. Free radicals

Antioxidants in the peanut, help to improve the immune system and fights against the forming of free radical, and decrease the risk of free radicals cause of neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders, according to "The role ofantioxidant supplement in immune system, neoplastic, and neurodegenerative disorders: a point of view for an assessment of the risk/benefit profile"by Brambilla D, Mancuso C, Scuderi MR, Bosco P, Cantarella G, Lempereur L, Di Benedetto G, Pezzino S, Bernardini R.(3)

3. Cholesterol
Peanut consumption may improve oxidant-antioxidant status in healthy and diabetic status without increasing blood lipids, "Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) consumption improves glutathione and HDL-cholesterol levels in experimental diabetes" by Emekli-Alturfan E, Kasikci E, Yarat A.(4) thus improving blood flow in the body by reducing the LDL bad cholesterol building up in the blood stream that cause clot and plaque on the arterial wall.

4. Sexual dysfunction
Arginine is an important supplements that helps the relax the blood vein, thus enhancing the blood flow in the body, including the reproductive organs, thus reducing the risk of sexual dysfunction in men, according to "Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and nicotinic acid on the efficacy of vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetes" by Gentile V, Antonini G, Antonella Bertozzi M, Dinelli N, Rizzo C, Ashraf Virmani M, Koverech A.(5)

5. Osteoporosis
Magnesium in peanuts enhances bone density and bone health, according to "Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations" by Rude RK, Gruber HE.(6)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Allergy causes of anaphylactic shock.
2. Contamination caused by mold can be deadly, resulting in cirrhosis, and/or carcinoma of the liver.
3. Etc.

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19284759
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858192
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623593
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20510326
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025830

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009132
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18054217
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19420347
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18826565
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17726728
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19624286
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15607643

Herbal therapy: Popular Herbal Shiitake Mushroom

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Shiitake Mushroom

Shiitake mushroom is an edible mushroom, genus Lentinula, belonging to familyMarasmiaceae, native to East Asia and widely cultivated for consumption for its health benefits and commercial purpose in many Asian countries. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as blood tonic agent and to strengthen immune system, treat colds, measles, bronchial inflammations, etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to researches
1. Prevents Fat Deposition and Lowers Triglyceride
In the investigation of the effects of Shiitake mushroom on the prevention of alterations of plasma lipid profiles, fat deposition, energy efficiency, and body fat index induced by High-fat diet (HFD) found that the existence of negative correlations between the amount of Shiitake mushroom supplementation and body weight gain, plasma TAG, and total fat masses,
according to "Dietary Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinus edodes) Prevents Fat Deposition and Lowers Triglyceride in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet" by Handayani D, Chen J, Meyer BJ, Huang XF.(1)

2. Antigingivitis activity
In the assessment of Gingivitis as a result of inflammation of the gums due to the buildup of a microbial biofilm at the gingival margin found that shiitake mushroomextract lowered the numbers of some pathogenic taxa without affecting the taxa associated with health, unlike chlorhexidine which has a limited effect on all taxa, according to "In vitro assessment of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) extract for its antigingivitis activity" by Ciric L, Tymon A, Zaura E, Lingström P, Stauder M, Papetti A, Signoretto C, Pratten J, Wilson M, Spratt D.(2)

3. Anticariogenic effects
In the analyzing the anticariogenic potential of the (sub)fractions obtained from the edible mushroom shiitake (Lentinula edodes) found that the SF4 of shiitakeshowed strong inhibiting effect on dentin demineralization and induced microbial shifts that could be associated with oral health. The acid producing potential was increased, suggesting uncoupling of the glycolysis of the microbiota by the exposure to shiitake extract and subfractions 4 (SF4). In conclusion, the results suggest that SF4 of shiitake has an anticariogenic potential, according to "The effects of fractions from shiitake mushroom on composition and cariogenicity of dental plaque microcosms in an in vitro caries model" by Zaura E, Buijs MJ, Hoogenkamp MA, Ciric L, Papetti A, Signoretto C, Stauder M, Lingström P, Pratten J, Spratt DA, Wilson M.(3)

4. Anticaries effect
In the evaluation of the caries-inhibiting effect of the extract from shiitake (Lentinus edodes), found that the firmly adherent plaque in the artificial plaque formation test was strongly inhibited by shiitake extract. The reduction of firmly adherent plaque caused an increase in the incidence of non- and loosely adherent plaque and a decrease in total plaque formation. A significantly lower caries score was observed in specific pathogen-free rats infected with S. mutans JC-2 and fed with a cariogenic diet containing 0.25% shiitake extract as compared with controls fed the cariogenic diet without shiitake extract, according to "Anticaries effect of a component from shiitake (an edible mushroom)" by Shouji N, Takada K, Fukushima K, Hirasawa M.(4)

5. Arthritis
In the investigation the effects of WBM and shiitake mushrooms (SM) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) found that Whether mushrooms are beneficial for arthritis management remains to be investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a possible health benefit of WBM in arthritis treatment, accoridng to "White button and shiitake mushrooms reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in dilute brown non-agouti mice" by Chandra L, Alexander H, Traoré D, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Kuvibidila S.(5)
1. Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC)
AHCC is an alpha-glucan rich nutritional supplement produced from the Shiitake mushroom
the second most popular alternative medicine used to treat cancer patients. Study published in 2003 reported improved survival associated with AHCC in primary liver cancer patients after surgical resection of the primary tumor, according to "Alleviating effect of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) for anticancer drug-induced side effects in non-tumor-bearing mice" by Shigama K, Nakaya A, Wakame K, Nishioka H, Fujii H.(6)

2. Immune system
Shiitake mushroom enhances the immune system in fighting against infection and disease. influenza, viruses and irregular cells growth due to it anti-tumor polysaccharide lentinan, according to "Immunoregulatory effects of the antitumor polysaccharide lentinan on Th1/Th2 balance in patients with digestive cancers" by Yoshino S, Tabata T, Hazama S, Iizuka N, Yamamoto K, Hirayama M, Tangoku A, Oka M.(7)

3. Cholesterol
It also enhances the ration levels of blood cholesterol due to its active compound eritadenine, according to "Eritadenine-induced alterations of plasma lipoprotein lipid concentrations and phosphatidylcholine molecular species profile in rats fed cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diets" by Shimada Y, Morita T, Sugiyama K.(8)

4. Free radicals
Shiitake mushroom contains high levels of antioxidants such as L-ergothioneine, that helps to
reduce the risk of oxidative cause of mutation in cell division and alternation, according to"Ergothioneine; antioxidant potential, physiological function and role in disease" by Cheah IK, Halliwell B.(9)

5. Liver diseases
Extracts of the mycelium of shiitake mushrooms not only protect the liver but also recover from liver fibrosis, according to "Effects and mechanisms of Acremoniumterricola milleretal mycelium on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats" by Tian XP, Yin YY, Li X.(10)

6. Etc.

Side effects
1. Cooking eliminates the effect of toxin lentinan.
2. Purines
Excessive intake can cause kidney stone. People with untreated kidney and gallbladder disease should consult with their doctor before eating high amount of Shiitake mushroom.

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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028957
(2) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jbb/2011/507908/
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941428
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601791
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106932
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19827270
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11205205
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12834276
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001064
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21598420

General Health: Colitis - The Causes

According to the study by Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, types of colitis include
microscopic colitis, ischemic colitis, segmental colitis associated with diverticula, radiation colitis, diversion colitis, eosinophilic colitis and Behcet's colitis(a).

The Causes

The causes of colitis as a result of types
A.1.1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)(Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease)
1. Ulcerative colitis
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is multifactorial, with some patients presenting additional autoimmune symptoms.. In the study to describe these features, in order to differentiate a subgroup of colitis associated with autoimmunity (CAI) from CUC and 28 consecutive children with inflammatorycolitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), celiac disease, or AI hepatitis were compared with a matched control group of 27 children with isolated UC., by the Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Service de Gastroentérologie pédiatrique, showed that in CAI the main digestive symptoms at disease onset were abdominal pain (12/28) and bloody strings in the stool (12/28), along with a high prevalence of autoimmune diseases in relatives, as compared with bloody diarrhea in the ulcerative colitis (CUC) group (26/27)(9a).

2. Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis evolve with a relapsing and remitting course. In the study of included 63 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 41 Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Forty-seven healthy patients were included as the control group for the determination of the frequency and factors of prolonged QT dispersion that may lead to severe ventricular arrhythmias in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), indicated that prolonged QTcd was found in 12.2% of UC patients, and in 14.5% of CD patients compared with the control group (P < 0.05). A significant difference was found between the insulin values (CD: 10.95 ± 6.10 vs 6.44 ± 3.28, P < 0.05; UC: 10.88 ± 7.19 vs 7.20 ± 4.54, P < 0.05) and HOMA (CD: 2.56 ± 1.43 vs 1.42 ± 0.75, P < 0.05; UC: 2.94 ± 1.88 vs 1.90 ± 1.09, P < 0.05) in UC and CD patients with and without prolonged QTcd(9b).

A.1.2. Microscopic colitis (Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis)
Microscopic colitis may be defined as a clinical syndrome, of unknown etiology, consisting of chronic watery diarrhea, with no alterations in the large bowel at the endoscopic and radiologic evaluation. According to the study by University of Sacred Heart, the epidemiological impact of this disease has become increasingly clear in the last years, with most data coming from Western countries. Microscopic colitis includes two histological subtypes [collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC)] with no differences in clinical presentation and management(10).
Other researchers indicated that Collagenous and lymphocytic colitis are well-described conditions causing chronic watery diarrhoea. A peak incidence from 60 to 70 years of age with a female predominance mainly in collagenous colitis is observed. Both conditions are characterised by a (near) normal colonoscopy, but with specific histologic findings on colonic biopsies. Histopathologically, both conditions are characterised by distinct epithelial abnormalities and a dense lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate. Distinct features consist of a characteristic collagen band deposition in the subepithelial layer in collagenous colitis and a markedly increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in lymphocytic colitis(10a)
a. Collagenous colitis (CC)
Collagenous colitis (CC), a form of microscopic colitis, is characterized by a thick subepithelial collagen layer in the colon in the presence of chronic nonbloody watery diarrhoea and macroscopically normal-appearing colonic mucosa. According to the Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, typically affecting elderly adults, CC is rare in children with only 12 cases previously reported in the literature, but we report a case of a 4-year-old girl with CC associated with eosinophilic gastritis(10b).

b. Lymphocytic colitis
In the study to evaluate the biopsy specimens from the terminal ileum of 32 patients with the histopathological diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis or collagenouscolitis and 11 control individuals for the presence or absence of ileal mucosal abnormalities and for the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, assessed by immunohistochemical stains for the pan T-cell marker, CD3, showed that the mean CD3 counts in patients with lymphocytic/collagenous colitis were significantly higher than those in the control group. Seven of 14 patients with collagenouscolitis and 14 of 18 patients with lymphocytic colitis revealed an increase in intraepithelial T lymphocytes when compared with the control group (P =.001). Other notable changes included ileal villous atrophy in one case of lymphocytic colitis and in three cases of collagenous colitis and epithelial damage with thickened subepithelial collagen in two cases of collagenous colitis(10c).

A.1.3. Iatrogenesis
May be as a result of chance, medical error, negligence, social control, unexamined instrument design, etc.
1. Diversion colitis
Diversion colitis frequently develops in segments of the colorectum after surgicaldiversion of the fecal stream; it persists indefinitely unless the excluded segment is reanastomosed. The disease is characterized by bleeding from inflamed colonic mucosa that mimics the bleeding of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and it may culminate in stricture formation. Histologic observation revealed a distinctive type of mucosal inflammation that resolved more slowly and less completely than the gross appearance of the inflamed mucosa. From these preliminary studies we infer that diversion colitis may represent an inflammatory state resulting from a nutritional deficiency in the lumen of the colonic epithelium, which is effectively treated by local application of short-chain fatty acids, the missing nutrients, according to the study by Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin(10d)

2. Chemical colitis
Chemical colitis can occur as a result of accidental contamination of endoscopes or by intentional or accidental administration of enemas containing various chemicals. Most cases have occurred after accidental contamination of endoscopes with glutaraldehyde and/or hydrogen peroxide. There have been multiple case reports of chemical colitis resulting from unintentional administration of caustic chemicals. Intentional administration of corrosive enemas has been implicated in sexual practices, bowel cleansing, or in suicide attempts. Patients present with nonspecific symptoms including abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and/or diarrhea, according to the study byStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford(10e).

A.1.4. Ischemic colitis
Ischemic colitis is the most common form of ischemic injury of the gastrointestinal tract and can present either as an occlusive or a non-occlusive form. It accounts for 1 in 1000 hospitalizations but its incidence is underestimated because it often has a mild and transient nature. The etiology of ischemic colitis is multifactorial and the clinical presentation variable, according to the study by
Gastroenterology Unit Venizelion General Hospital of Heraklion(10f). Other study indicated that ischemic colitis is the most common manifestation of gastrointestinal ischemia. The presumed etiologies are numerous; however, it typically develops spontaneously. It is classified into the transient type, stricture type, and gangrenous type. The majority of patients with ischemic colitis, excluding the gangrenous type, follow a benign clinical course in the absence of major vasculature occlusion. It usually presents as an acute abdominal illness with bloody diarrhea(10g).

A.1.5. Infectious colitis (Clostridium difficile colitis)
In the study of diagnosis of Clostridium difficile colitis is increasing in frequency, with worsening patient outcomes of the data of one hundred fifty-seven patients diagnosed with C difficile colitis between 1994-2000., conducted by University of Washington, showed that the frequency of C difficile colitis remains high and seems to be associated with increasing mortality. Among patients with positive C difficile toxin assay results, immunocompromise and delayed diagnosis no longer seem to be associated with higher risk for death. All patients taking antibiotics are at risk and require early recognition and aggressive medical intervention(10h). Also according to the study by Baylor College of Medicine and Kelsey Research Foundation, infectious colitis is diagnosed in someone with diarrhea and one or more of the following: fever and/or dysentery, stools containing inflammatory markers such as leukocytes, lactoferrin, or calprotectin, or positive stool culture for an invasive or inflammatory bacterial enteropathogen including Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) or Clostridium difficile, or colonic inflammation by endoscopy(10i).

A.1.6. Indeterminate colitis and Atypical colitis
1. Indeterminate colitis(IC)
The term indeterminate colitis (IC) is an interim, or preliminary, descriptive term used by pathologists for cases of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in which a definite diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) cannot be established based on the information available at the time of surgical sign-out. Most cases are due to fulminant ulcerative colitis, a condition in which the classic pathologic features of UC are often obscured and may overlap with CD. For instance, fulminant UC may show early superficial fissuring ulceration, transmural lymphoid aggregates and relative rectal sparing, simulating CD. Other common causes for establishing a diagnosis of IC include confusion of backwash ileitis in UC for terminal ileal involvement in CD, failure to accept hard criteria, such as granulomas, or segmental disease, as representative of CD, and failure to recognize unusual variants of UC that can cause CD-like patchiness of disease(10k).
Approximately 4% to 5% of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease will be left with the diagnosis of IC. A diagnosis of indeterminate colitis (IC) is based on endoscopic, histologic, and radiologic findings when the criteria for either Crohn'scolitis or ulcerative colitis (UC) cannot be definitively established. Population-based studies have demonstrated that the average annual incidence of IC ranges 1.6 to 2.4/100,000 versus 7.3 to 13.6/100,000 for UC. At the time of initial diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, up to 10% to 15% of patients will be diagnosed as having IC, according to the study by Brigham and Women's Hospital(10j).

2. Atypical colitis
Atypical colitis is a phrase used to define a colitis that does not conform to criteria for accepted types of colitis. By considering the clinical history and symptoms, the pathologist should be able to reach the correct diagnosis in most cases. However, the spectrum of morphologic changes associated with watery diarrhea syndrome appears to be broader than originally thought. Morphologic changes more often associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or even chronic ischemic or infectious colitis have been noted in patients with clinically established microscopic colitis, according to the study by St. Thomas' Hospital, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust(10l).

A.1.7. Fulminant colitis
Fulminant colitis is defined as any colitis that has become worse rapidly.
There is a report of a 33-yr-old white male presented with bloody diarrhea, leukocytosis, and left lower quadrant direct and rebound tenderness after a self-administered concentrated hydrofluoric acid enema while intoxicated from intranasal cocaine administration. Intraoperative flexible sigmoidoscopy and a gastrografin enema revealed severe mucosal ulceration and edema in the rectum and sigmoid colon. Laparotomy revealed an ulcerated, necrotic, and purulent sigmoid colon and intraperitoneal pus(10m).
Other in the review of the records of 4796 inpatients diagnosed as having C difficile colitis from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2007, and identified 199 (4.1%) with fulminant C difficile colitis, as defined by the need for colectomy or admission to the intensive care unit for C difficile colitis, showed that the inhospital mortality rate for fulminant C difficile colitis was 34.7%. Independent predictors of mortality included the following: (1) age of 70 years or older, (2) severe leukocytosis or leukopenia (white blood cell count, >or=35 000/microL or <4000/microL) or bandemia (neutrophil bands, >or=10%), and (3) cardiorespiratory failure (intubation or vasopressors). When all 3 factors were present, the mortality rate was 57.1%; when all 3 were absent, the mortality rate was 0%. Patients who underwent colectomy had a trend toward decreased mortality rates (odds ratio, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-1.1; P = .08). Among patients admitted primarily for fulminant C difficile colitis, care in the surgical department compared with the nonsurgical department resulted in a higher rate of operation (85.1% vs 11.2%; P < .001) and lower mortality rates (12.8% vs 39.3%; P = .001). Patients admitted directly to the surgical department had a shorter mean (SD) interval from admission to operation (0 vs 1.7 [2.8] days; P = .001)(10n).

Other causes
2. Sarcoidosis
Although clinically recognizable gastrointestinal (GI) system involvement with sarcoidosis is extremely rare, we report a case of a 51-year-old Caucasian male granulomatous as a result of Sarcoidosis. Enterocolitis Colonoscopy showed scattered right colon ulcerations and erythema. The terminal ileum appeared normal. Biopsies from the duodenum, terminal ileum, and colon showed intramucosal non-caseating granulomas with focal multinucleate giant cell formation in a background of chronic active duodenitis, ileitis, and colitis. Liver biopsy showed moderate non-specific chronic hepatitis with non-caseating granulomas present within portal and lobular parenchyma. The clinical presentations, along with biopsy results were suggestive of sarcoidosis(11).

3. Low level of both serum and tissue PON1
PON1 is known as an HDL-associated antioxidant enzyme that inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL and oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of mesenteric ischemia. According to the study to investigate the changes in PON1 activity and lipid profile in an experimental ischemic colitis model of 45male Wistar albino rats, showed that there was a significant decrease in both serum and tissue PON1 activity in ischemic colitis group (P < 0.01, for each). Similarly, arylesterase levels showed a parallel decrease in both tissue and serum of the experimental group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, retrospectively). MDA, an oxidative stress marker, was seen to increase in the experimental group (P < 0.01, tissue; P < 0.05, serum). In experimental group, there was a significant rise in serum total cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.001, for each). However, HDL level decreased significantly (P < 0.001). Triglycerides did not show any change between the groups (P > 0.05)(12).

4. Smoking, dehydration, NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) use, constipation and contraceptive use
Pathophysiology of ischemic colitis in young people is in most cases unknown. Possible contributing factors in our study were smoking, dehydration, NSAID (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) use, constipation and contraceptive use. (13a). But epidemiologic data suggest that smoking increases the risk and the severity of Crohn's disease (CD), although it may protect patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)(13), but others found no detrimental effects of smoking on the disease course of CD and no clear beneficial effects on the course of UC(14).

5. Anemia
Sickle cell-induced ischemic colitis is a rare yet potentially fatal complication of sickle cell anemia. there is a report of a 29-year-old female with sickle cell disease who was admitted with left lower quadrant abdominal pain. A diagnostic workup, including chemistries, complete blood count, blood cultures, chest x-ray, computerized tomography scanning, and colonoscopy, was performed to identify the etiology of her symptoms. This case highlights the importance of differentiating simple pain crisis from more serious and life-threatening ischemic bowel(15).

6. Etc.

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Sources
(9a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238154
(9b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23326164
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180940
(10a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203510
(10b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17718794
(10c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12591963
(10d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2909876
(10e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18209577
(10f) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19109863
(10g) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10412155
(10h) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361411
(10i) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080825
(10j) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15115931
(10k) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15115930
(10l) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096382
(10m) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420252
(10n) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451485
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23256126
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197980
(12a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679899
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170191
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21191306
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19634596

Children Health: Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD/ADD) - Medical Treatments in conventional medicine prospective

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD/ADD) also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a chronic disease occurs in certain age and years of a children, defined as a condition with characteristics of co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity. It effects about 5% of the all children in the world with boys have 3-4 times higher risk than girl. Over one third of children with ADHD will have continued symptoms existed into their adult life.

Medical Treatments - Methylphenidate

Stimulants are used to treat and manage ADHD. All stimulants involved the increasing levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain associated with pleasure, movement, and attention.
a. Methylphenidate , including Biphentin®, Concerta® or Ritalin®)
a. 1. Methylphenidate is a piperidine compounds used to treat ADHD by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain byreleasing medication in the body over a period of time to prvide a paradoxically calming and attention effect on individuals with ADHD. Some researchers have found the beneficial effects of methylphenidate for both boys and girls. Methylphenidate therefore would appear to be as useful a treatment for ADD girls as for ADD boys.(22)
a.2. Side Effects are not limit to
a.2.1. It can be addictive
a.2.2. the medication of can cause nervousness including dizziness, agitation, anxiety and irritability
a.2.3. It may also cause gastrointestinal disorders including stomach ache, nausea, decreased appetite, vomiting, etc.
a.2.4. Do not use the medication if you have high blood pressure or any form of heart disease
a.2.5. The medicine is easy to abuse and toxicity
As therapeutic use increases, the risk increases of unintentional overdoses, medication errors, and intentional overdoses caused by abuse, misuse, or suicide gestures and attempts. Side effects during therapy, which include nervousness, headache, insomnia, anorexia, and tachycardia, increase linearly with dose. Clinical manifestations of overdoses include agitation, hallucinations, psychosis, lethargy, seizures, tachycardia, dysrhythmias, hypertension, and hyperthermia(23)
a.2.6. Etc.Chinese Food Therapy
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References

Overcome Infertility: What exhibits Vaginal Conditions To Cause Infertility

Infertility is defined as inability of a couple to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse. It effects over 5 millions couple alone in the U. S. and many times more in the world. Because of unawareness of treatments, only 10% seeks help from professional specialist.

What exhibits Vaginal Conditions To Cause Infertility

1. Genetic defect
Vaginal adenosis is defined as a genetic defect caused by the mother taking the medication diethylstinesterol during pregnancy leading to abnormal vagina to the fetus and increasing the risk of cervical cancer for the mother.

2. Infection and inflammation
Abnormal vaginal discharge caused by infection, low levels of estrogen, or allergies may damage the vagina's inner lining. Frequent vaginitis may increase the risk of adhesion in the pelvic region or tubal blockage leading to infertility by reducing the chance of successful sperm invasion.

3. Yeast
Vaginosis is an infectious disease which distorts the balance of bacteria in the vagina leading to smelly discharge which is toxic to sperm thereby interfering with sperm's cervical invasion.

4. Lubricant
Some women use lubricant during sexual intercourse to smoothen the penis's penetration and reduce irritation, but it may cause a toxic effect on sperm.

5. Douching
Douching may be used to reduce the risk of infection caused by bacteria in or around the women vagina, but it may affect the quality of cervical mucus and interfere with the sperm's cervical invasion, thereby increasing the risk of infertility.

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Most Common Diseases of 50 Plus: Thyroid Disease : Thyroid Disease : Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Pneumonia

Thyroid disease

Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid. Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is over active and produces too much thyroid hormones.

Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Pneumonia

Euthyroid sick syndrome is defined as a condition of low T3 low T4 syndrome. According ot the study by the Mayo Clinic, in other word this is the abnormalities of thyroid hormone concentrations seen commonly in a wide variety of nonthyroidal illnesses, resulting in low triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyroid stimulatinghormone concentrations(a). Decreased triiodothyronine (T3) levels are most common. Patients with more severe or prolonged illness also have decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. Serum reverse T3 (rT3) is increased. Patients are clinically euthyroid and do not have elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels(b). Causes of euthyroid sick syndrome include a number of acute and chronic conditions, including pneumonia, fasting, starvation, sepsis, trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, malignancy, stress, heart failure, hypothermia, myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and diabetic ketoacidosis and inflammatory bowel disease(c). Others, in the study of classified SES into 3 subgroups according to the different alterations seen in the values of T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH, rT3 and TBG suggested that in SES type I the diseases seen, in order of frequency, were: obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, liver diseases, acute cerebral vasculopathies, sepsis and collagenopathies. The disease seen in the 2 cases of SES type II was obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure. In SEStype III the diseases seen were, in order of frequency: diabetic ketoacidosis, lung diseases, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, peripheral arteriopathies, acute cerebral vasculopathies, neoplasms, liver diseases, acute renal failure(d).
Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of pneumonia
Pneumonia is defined as a condition of the inflammation of the lung as a result of infection, caused by bacteria, such as bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae orinfluenza viruses in most cases. Fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci, certain medication such as PPI Stomach Acid Drugs and other conditions such as impaired immune systems.
According to Author: V. Dimov, M.D. and S. Randhawa, M.D. There is report of a 57-year-old female with a past medical history (PMH) of SLE, hypertension (HTN) and depression was transferred from an outside hospital for work-up and treatment of a change in mental status and fever. That admission was preceded by a one-week history of diffuse joint pain, weakness, and fatigue. On transfer, she was diagnosed with multilobar pneumoni...(1).

Please refer to the articles of Pneumonia for this subject
2.1. The Risk Factors
2.2. Bacterial causes of Pneumonia
2.3. Viral causes of Pneumonia
2.4. The Misdiagnosis
2.5. Diseased associated to pneumonia
2.6. The Complications
2.7. Pneumonia – The Diagnosis
2.8. Pneumonia - The Diet
2.9. Pneumonia Treatments In conventional medicine perspective
2.10. Pneumonia Treatments In Herbal medicine perspective
2.11. Pneumonia Treatments In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
2.12. Antioxidants and Pneumonia
2.13. Phytochemicals and Pneumonia

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Sources
(1) http://clinicalcases.org/2004/05/sick-euthyroid-syndrome-in-patient-with.html

Women Health: The Obesity and Polycystic ovary syndrome Research and Studies of Effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Obesity is a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

You can calculate your BMI index BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries as resulting of enlarged ovaries, leading to hormone imbalance( excessive androgen), resulting in male pattern hair development, acne,irregular period or absence of period, weight gain and effecting fertility. It effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.

The Studies of Effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome

While many women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are overweight, obese or centrally obese, the effect of excess weight on the outcomes of PCOS is inconsistent,. According to the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, posted inPubMed, in searching for studies reporting outcomes according to body mass index categories or body fat distribution, indicated that Overweight or obese women with PCOS had decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), increased total testosterone, free androgen index, hirsutism, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index and worsened lipid profile. Obesity significantly worsened all metabolic and reproductive outcomes measured except for hirsutism when compared to normal weight women with PCOS. Overweight women had no differences in total testosterone, hirsutism, total-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared to normal weight women and no differences in SHBG and total testosterone compared to obese women. Central obesity was associated with higher fasting insulin levels. These results suggest that prevention and treatment of obesity is important for the management of PCOS.

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The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity

and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months