Medical Advisor Journals

Saturday, October 1, 2016

Food Therapy: Seafoods - Tuna

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Seafoods - Tuna

Tuna is salt water fish found in the warm water areas of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans as well as the Mediterranean Sea, belong to genius Thunnus from the family Scombridae. Some tuna species have evolved and become warm-blooded adaptations as they can raise their body temperatures above water temperatures to enhance muscular activity and adapt to survive in cooler waters and a wider range of ocean environments.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Omega 3 fatty acids
3. Calcium
4. Iron
5. Magnesium
6. Phosphorus
7. Potassium
8. Sodium
9. Zinc
10. Copper
11. Manganese
12. Fluoride
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Vitamin B1, 2, and 3
16. Vitamin A
17. Vitamin D
18. Vitamin E
19. Vitamin K
20. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Cardiovascular health
In the investigation of fish consumption and its effect on cardiovascular diseases found that , consumption of tuna or other broiled or baked fish was associated with lower risk of total IHD death (P for trend=0.001) and arrhythmic IHD death (P=0.001) but not nonfatal MI (P=0.44), with 49% lower risk of total IHD death and 58% lower risk of arrhythmic IHD death among persons consuming tuna/other fish 3 or more times per week compared with less than once per month, according to "Cardiac benefits of fish consumption may depend on the type of fish meal consumed: the Cardiovascular Health Study" by Mozaffarian D, Lemaitre RN, Kuller LH, Burke GL, Tracy RP, Siscovick DS; Cardiovascular Health Study.(a)

2. Good Cholesterol
In the assessment of information about fatty acid profile and cholesterol content of fat extracted from canned fish in brine habitually consumed in Chile, found that they really represent a good dietary source of mainly polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. The international recommendations indicate to increase the consumption of fish, due the beneficial effects described in relation with cardiovascular disease, according to "[Fatty acid composition and cholesterolcontent in naturally canned jurel, sardine, salmon, and tuna].

[Article in Spanish]" by Romero N, Robert P, Masson L, Luck C, Buschmann L.(b)

3. Plasma triacylglycerol
In the observation of rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) of seal oil and tuna-fish oil and their effects in heart health found that plasma triacylglycerol decreased (P = 0.03) and HDL-cholesterol levels increased (P = 0.01) with seal oil only. Hence, seal oil may be more efficient than fish oil at promoting healthy plasma lipid profiles and lowering thrombotic risk, possibly due to its high DPA as well as EPA content, according to "Effects of seal oil andtuna-fish oil on platelet parameters and plasma lipid levels in healthy subjects" by

Mann NJ, O'Connell SL, Baldwin KM, Singh I, Meyer BJ.(c)

4. Plasma lipid levels and blood pressure
in the examination of rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and its effect on plasma lipid levels and blood pressure that reductions of 7 and 14% (P < 0.05) were seen in the fish oil and seal oil groups respectively. Systolic blood pressure improved by 8 and 5 mmHg with seal oil and fish oil respectively (P < 0.05). The mean arterial pressure was significantly lower after seal oil supplementation (P < 0.005) compared with the placebo group. These results indicate that seal oil is as effective as fish oil in lowering plasma triglycerides and blood pressure, according to "Comparison of seal oil to tuna oil on plasma lipid levels and blood pressure in hypertriglyceridaemic subjects" by Meyer BJ, Lane AE, Mann NJ.(d)

5. Stroke
In the identification of the preventive role of Mediterranean diet in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic neurodegenerative diseases and neoplasms, obesity and diabetes found that Fish is considered an excellent source of protein with low saturated fat, nutritious trace elements, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs), and vitamins D and B. Fish consumption may be inversely associated with ischemic stroke but not with hemorrhagic stroke because of the potential antiplatelet aggregation property of LCn3PUFAs. Total stroke risk reduction was statistically significant for fish intake once per week, while the risk of stroke was lowered by 31% in individuals who ate fish 5 times or more per week. In the elderly, moderate consumption of tuna/other fish, but not fried fish, was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and white matter abnormalities on MRI examination, according to "Mediterranean diet in healthy lifestyle and prevention of stroke" by Demarin V, Lisak M, Morović S.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
Tryptophan in dried bean is not only essential for normal growth and balanced out nitrogen in the body, it is also an antioxidant that helps to enhances the immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical and foreign invasion, thus reducing the risk of inflammation and infection. By enhancing the immune system, trytophan also inhiblts the cancer cells growth, in a study of "Uveal melanoma expression of indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase: establishment of an immune privileged environment by tryptophan depletion." by Chen PW, Mellon JK, Mayhew E, Wang S, He YG, Hogan N, Niederkorn JY., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that Addition of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl dl-tryptophan significantly diminished kynurenine levels in IFN-gamma treated uveal melanoma cell cultures...... IFN-gamma inducible IDO upregulation by primary and metastatic uveal melanoma may generate a local immune privileged microenvironment to promote escape from T cell-mediated immune surveillance.

2. Selenium
Turkey contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in theimmune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

4. Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by
Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

5. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)
6. Etc.

C. Other Health benefits
1. Omega-3-fatty acids
Besides well known for its benefits for the maintenance of a healthy cardio-vascular system, according to the study of "Omega-3 Fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention" by Defilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Jacobson TA, posted in PubMed(1) and proper ratio of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acid and prevent blood clotting, it also extends the portion of your cycle in which you are fertile, by promoting natural ovulation, according tothe study of "Postpartum ovarian activity in multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation" by Carriquiry M, Dahlen CR, Weber WJ, Lamb GC, Crooker BA., posted in pubMed (2)

2. Stroke
Omega 3 fatty acids lower the risk of stroke by decreasing the amount of LDL (bad cholesterol) and increasing the amount of HDL (good cholesterol) in your body, thus reducing the risk of plaque buildup in arteries, according tothe study of "Pharmacologic treatment of hyperlipidemia" by Last AR, Ference JD, Falleroni J., posted in PubMed (3)

3. Diabetes
Omega 3 fatty acid also improves the secretion of the hormone leptin, thus regulating the amount of food intake and metabolism, according to the study of "Leptin deficiency causes insulin resistance induced by uncontrolled diabetes" German JP, Wisse BE, Thaler JP, Oh-I S, Sarruf DA, Ogimoto K, Kaiyala KJ, Fischer JD, Matsen ME, Taborsky GJ Jr, Schwartz MW, Morton GJ., posted in PubMed(4)

4. Prostate cancer
Together with vitamin A , selenium is one of essential antioxidants helps to prevent the forming of free radicals that cause irregular cell growth and fight the foreign invasion cause of inflammation and infection by enhancing the immune system., according to the study of "Association of selenium, tocopherols, carotenoids, retinol, and 15-isoprostane F(2t) in serum or urine with prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort" by Gill JK, Franke AA, Steven Morris J, Cooney RV, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Goodman MT, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN., posted in pubmed(5)

5. Dry Eye Syndrome (DES)
Omega 3 fatty acid reduces the ratio of Omega fatty acid 3 and 6 and has been considered as one of the treatment of dry eye syndrome (DES), according to the study of "Relation between dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and clinically diagnosed dry eye syndrome in women" by Miljanović B, Trivedi KA, Dana MR, Gilbard JP, Buring JE, Schaumberg DA., posted in pubMed(6).

6. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Omega-3 fatty acids slow down the activities of the enzymes to improve the joint count, number of swollen joints, thus reducing inflammatory symptoms, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: effect on cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-α), disease activity and response criteria" Gheita T, Kamel S, Helmy N, El-Laithy N, Monir A., posted in PubMed(7)

7. Etc.

Side effects
1. Tuna fish contain measure amount of purines that can cause health condition called gout and increases the risk of kidney stone, if eating in large amount.
2. Allergic reaction.
3. Etc.

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12642356
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9161466
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20652432
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727884
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034786

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20842560
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Postpartum%20ovarian%20activity%20in%20multiparous%20Holstein%20cows%20treated%20with%20bovine%20somatotropin%20and%20fed%20n-3%20fatty%20acids%20in%20early%20lactation
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888306
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20424233
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212706
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Relation%20between%20dietary%20n-3%20and%20n-6%20fatty%20acids%20and%20clinically%20diagnosed%20dry%20eye%20syndrome%20in%20women
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21922187

Food Therapy: Seafoods - Scallops

Seafoods - Scallops

Found in all of the world's oceans, scallops are molluscs with shells living in the seas and feeding on plankton. Scallops have between 50 and 200 simple eyesaround the edges of their beads. and are available year-round.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats saturated and Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Riboflavin
5. Folate
6. Vitamin B6
7. Vitamin E
8. Niacin
9. Thiamin
10. Vitamin B12
11. Vitamin A
12. Magnesium
13. Potassium
15. Selenium
16. Copper
17. Zinc
18. Iron
19. Sodium
20. Phosphorus
21. Calcium
22. Etc.

Health Benefits
C. Health benefits according to studies
1. Antimicrobial effects
In the research of Scallop shells and the use of its shell found that Heated scallop shell powder (HSSP) possesses broad antimicrobial action against the vegetative cells of bacteria, spores, and fungi. HSSP applied to fresh vegetables and processed foods reduces the number of viable bacterial cells. The use of HSSP in food processing provides a source of minerals and prolongs the shelf life of foodstuffs. Moreover, reducing the amount of scallop shell waste would reduce the related pollution problem. This report is a review of the antibacterial activity of HSSP and its application for the control of microbes, according to "Antimicrobial characteristics of heated scallop shell powder and its application" by Sawai J.(a)

2. Humoral immunity
In the investigation of Bivalves of animals unclosed in two shell valves, such as mussels, oysters, scallops and clams found that recently, interest in bivalve immunity has increased due to the importance in worldwide aquaculture and their role inaquatic environmental science and their position in phylogenetic research. This chapter provides a short review of bivalve immunity, including cellular and humoral immunity and the key components and the interactions involved in humoral immunity, according to "Bivalve immunity" by Song L, Wang L, Qiu L, Zhang H.(b)

3. Antibacterial effects
In the assessment of Phenoloxidase in the scallop Chlamys farreri found that PO reaction products significantly inhibited the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Aeromonas salmonicida. No significant inhibition was found in Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Edwardsiella tarda. When L-DOPA was used as a substrate, significant inhibition occurred in A. salmonicida only, according to "Phenoloxidase in thescallop Chlamys farreri: Purification and antibacterial activity of its reaction products generated in vitro" by Xing J, Jiang J, Zhan W.(c)

4. Immune response
In the investigation of Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), an important metabolic enzyme of aromatic amino acids, which is responsible for the irreversible oxidation of phenylalanine to tyrosine found that CfPAH, as a homologue of phenylalanine hydroxylase in scallop C. farreri, could be induced by cytokine and involved in the immunomodulation of scallops by supplying the starting material tyrosine for the synthesis of melanin and catecholamines, according to "Scallop phenylalanine hydroxylase implicates in immune response and can be induced by human TNF-α" by Zhou Z, Wang L, Wang M, Zhang H, Wu T, Qiu L, Song L.(d)

5. Antiobesity effects
In the study of Undaria lipid capsules contiaining n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid rich scallop phospholipids (PLs) with an incorporation of brown seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) lipids (ULs) containing fucoxanthin found that incorporation of UL intoscallop-derived PL by means of capsulation may lead to an additive increase in the antiobesity properties of these bioactive lipids, according to "Antiobesity effects of Undaria lipid capsules prepared with scallop phospholipids" byOkada T, Mizuno Y, Sibayama S, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

2. Selenium
Scallop contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Phosphorus
a. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(II)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(III), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

4. Vitamin B12
Scallops contain high amount of vitamin B12 which help to maintain healthy nerve according to the study of "The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency" by Scalabrino G., posted in PubMed (IV) red blood cells, DNA synthesis and regulation, according to the article of "Vitamin B12" posted in Wikipedia(V) and protect against brain atrophy or shrinkage, associated with Alzheimer's disease, according to the study of "Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly" by Vogiatzoglou A, Refsum H, Johnston C, Smith SM, Bradley KM, de Jager C, Budge MM, Smith AD., posted in PubMed (VI)

5. Zinc
In the assessment of zinc and its effect on thyroid hormone and testosteronelevels found that exercise decreases thyroid hormones and testosterone in sedentary men; however, zinc supplementation prevents this decrease. Administration of a physiologic dose of zinc can be beneficial to performance, according to "Effect of fatiguing bicycle exercise on thyroid hormone andtestosterone levels in sedentary males supplemented with oral zinc" by Kilic M.(VII)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Magnesium
Magnesium is essential to many biological processes, including aiding in the body’s absorption of calcium, thus strengthening bone mineral density, according to the study of "Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects" by Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA., posted in PubMed (1). It also relax the blood vessel thus stabilizing the rhythm of the heart and preventing pulmonary hypertension according to the study of "Inhaled nitric oxide and intravenous magnesium sulphate for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn" by Boo NY, Rohana J, Yong SC, Bilkis AZ, Yong-Junina F.,posted in PubMed(2).

2. Omega 3 fatty acid
Since Omega 3 fatty acids are poly-unsaturated fatty acids, it helps to balance the ratio of omega 3 and 6 fatty acids, thus reducing risk of heart disease as a result of plaque in arteries, according to the study of "n-3 Fatty acids decrease arterial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol delivery and lipoprotein lipase levels in insulin-resistant mice" by Chang CL, Seo T, Du CB, Accili D, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (3).

3. Potassium
Potassium besides is important for brain cell in transmitting information to other cell in the body, maintaining water balance, preventing the forming of kidney stone, according to the study of "Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet" by McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH., posted in PubMed (4) and regular and relaxation of the muscle, according to the article of "Smooth muscle tissue" posted in Wikipedia, the writer wrote that The endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor stimulates calcium sensitive potassium channels and/or ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulate potassium efflux which hyperpolarizes the cell and produces relaxation (5), it also plays important role in reversing sodium in unbalance cause of abnormal high blood pressure, according to the study of "Potassium in preventing and treating high blood pressure" by Whelton PK, He J., posted in PubMed(6)

4. Etc.

Side effects
1. Purines
Purines can cause kidney stone if accumulated in large amount.
2. Allergic effect to some people.

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946319
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21713614
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119576
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839840
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21535684

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150282
(III) (4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966280
(IV) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19394404
(V) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12#cite_note-5
(VI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Vitamin%20B12%20status%20and%20rate%20of%20brain%20volume%20loss%20in%20community-dwelling%20elderly
(VII) ) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17984944

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274367
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20358154
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930167
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19596731
(5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511389

Food Therapy: Seafoods - Salmon

Seafoods - Salmon

Salmon is the common name for Salmonidae. They are anadromous, born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then travel thousands of miles in the deep sea cold water throughout their life cycle and within to five years returning to the exacted location where they were born to reproduce and die.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Omega-3 fatty acids
3. B vitamins
4. Vitamin D
5. Astaxanthin
is a potent antioxidant that stimulates the development of healthy fish nervous systems and enhances the fish's fertility and growth rate.
6. Selenium
7. Tryptophan
8. Magnesium
9. Phosphorus
10. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Triacylglycerols
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that intake of cod or salmon when compared with the control group. In conclusion, both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(a)

2. Weight loss
In the investigation of supplementation with n3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFA) and its effect in body weight, found that At the end of the 1-month period, 16 children lost weight and 27 children gained weight. Multiple analysis demonstrated that supplementation with n3-LCPUFA decreased HOMA-IR by 15% after adjusting for puberty, treatment adherence, changes in adipokines, and weight loss. Interaction between supplementation and weight loss was significant (p = 0.007), according to "Supplementation of n3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synergistically Decreases Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss of Obese Prepubertal and Pubertal Children" by López-Alarcón M, Martínez-Coronado A, Velarde-Castro O, Rendón-Macías E, Fernández J.(b)

3. Cholesterol
In the assessment of an increasing drive to replace fish oil (FO) in finfish aquaculture diets with vegetable oils (VO), driven by the short supply of FO derived from wild fish stocks,
found that these effects are most likely mediated by SREBP2, which responds to reductions in dietary cholesterol. These changes are sufficient to maintain whole body cholesterol levels but not HUFA levels, according to "Functional genomics reveals increases in cholesterol biosynthetic genes and highly unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis after dietary substitution of fish oil with vegetable oils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)" by Leaver MJ, Villeneuve LA, Obach A, Jensen L, Bron JE, Tocher DR, Taggart JB.(c)

d. Coronary heart disease
In determination of Omega-3-fatty acids play a protective role in the prevention of CHD,
found that The treatment with salmon oil led to a decrease of triglycerides in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to an increase of cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia. Following the increase of malondialdehyde as measure of the lipid peroxidation a substitution of antioxidants, like vitamin E and vitamin C, seems to be useful. Further investigations are necessary before wide use of fish-oil capsules, not least to avoid side-effects, according to "[Changes in parameters of lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative potentials in elderly hyperlipoproteinemic patients treated with omega-3 fatty acids].[Article in German]" by Reuter W, Vorberg B, Sauer I, Krumpolt C.(d)

5. Antioxidants
In the research of the antioxidant effect of vitamin E after ingestion of salmon found that that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil, according to "Effects of megadoses of dietary vitamin E on the antioxidant status of rats fed lard or salmon oil" by Flader D, Brandsch C, Hirche F, Eder K.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin D
Vitamin D not only is important to the heart health with calcium supplementation, according to "Systematic review: Vitamin D and calcium supplementation in prevention of cardiovascular event` by Wang L, Manson JE, Song Y, Sesso HD.(Ia) but also plays an vital role in epidemiological associations between vitamin D status and a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, according to "Vitamin D and inflammation" by Guillot X, Semerano L, Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Falgarone G, Boissier MC.(I)

2. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

3. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "Thetryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(IV) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (II)

4. Selenium
Salmon contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in the immune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

5. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(III)

6. Omega 3 fatty acids
Omega 3 fatty acids is necessary to maintain the ratio of good and bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of cholesterol inflammation according to the study of "In vitro fatty acid enrichment of macrophages alters inflammatory response and net cholesterol accumulation" by Wang S, Wu D, Lamon-Fava S, Matthan NR, Honda KL, Lichtenstein AH., posted in PubMed (IV) and forming of free radical in the heart cells, leading to heart diseases. It also reduces the risk of plaque forming in the arterial wall, thus also decreasing the risk of stoke, according to the study of "N-3 vs. saturated fatty acids: effects on the arterial wall" by Sudheendran S, Chang CC, Deckelbaum RJ., posted in PubMed (V).

7. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cardiovascular disease
It contains high levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids that helps to reduce the levels of bad cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of hardening of arteries and veins and damaging the functions of amino acids in repairing the cardiovascular tissues according to the study of "Fish oil for the treatment of cardiovascular disease" by Weitz D, Weintraub H, Fisher E, Schwartzbard AZ, posted in PubMed(1)

2. High blood pressure
Since Omega 3 fatty acids lower cholesterol level, it also reduces the risk hypertension, leading to prevent hardening of walls of arteries and veins, causing heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Long-chain omega-3 Fatty acids and blood pressure" by Liu JC, Conklin SM, Manuck SB, Yao JK, Muldoon MF., posted in PubMed(2), researchers wrote that increasing DHA (Docosahexanenoic acid) consumption through diet modification rather than large dose supplementation represents a candidate strategy for future studies ofhypertension prevention.American Journal of Hypertension (2011). doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.120.

3. Insulin sensitive
Researchers in the University of California and San Diego School of Medicine found that the omega-3 fatty acids trigger this macrophage receptor, which results in improved systemic insulin sensitivity, by identifying an important receptor on macrophages which is found plentifully in obese body fat.

4. Menstrual cycle
Imbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids can cause the over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading to over reaction of the abdominal muscle, causing menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea" by Moghadamnia AA, Mirhosseini N, Abadi MH, Omranirad A, Omidvar S., posted in PubMed(4), researchers wrote that the treatment groups reported a significant difference after 3 months of supplementation with fish oil (visual analogue scale score 20.9 compared with 61.8 for the placebo (P= 0.001).

5. Anti inflammationIt is said the Omega 3 fatty acids beside reduced the risk of inflammatory effects on our joints and improved blood flow, by regulating the migration of inflammatory cells that cause inflammation, but also autoimmune diseases as a result of the elevation of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids, according to the study of "Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases" by Simopoulos AP., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Etc.

Friday, September 30, 2016

Food Therapy: Seafoods - Halibut

Seafoods - Halibut

Halibut is a flatfish, averaging 11–13.5 kgs (24–30 lb), genus Hippoglossus, from the family of Pleuronectidae, living in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans. They do not reproduce until age of eight and therefore are considered as a matures slowly fishes, thus require international management of many countries for their survival, such as individual fishing quotas, total allowable catch each year, etc.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Vitamin A
3. Vitamin B 3
4. Vitamin B6
5. Vitamin B12
6. Vitamin D
7. Vitamin E
8. Omega 3 Fatty acid
9. Iron
10. Calcium
11. Selenium
12. Iodine
13. Zinc
14. Magnesium
15. Potassium
16. Phosphorus
17. Copper
18. Etc.

Health Benefits
C. Health benefits according to studies
1. Cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes
In the study of Preferential consumption for maximum health benefits indicated that consumption of fish and shrimp containing omega-3 fatty acids can result in protective health effects including a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, but Mercury can increase the risk of cardiovascular problems and impede neurological development., according to" Mercury concentrations and omega-3 fatty acids in fish and shrimp: Preferential consumption for maximum health benefits" by Smith KL, Guentzel JL.(a)

2. Neurodegenerative diseases
In the assessment of the hydrophobins and the antifreeze protein from winterflounder indicated that function of other natural, protective amyloids like fish chorion, the protein Pmel17 which forms amyloid fibrils that act as templates and accelerate the covalent polymerization of reactive small molecules into melanin, the hydrophobins and the antifreeze protein from winter flounder, according to "Natural protective amyloids" by Iconomidou VA, Hamodrakas SJ.(b)

3. Plasma concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
In the investigation of intake of fatty fish decreases the risk of cardiovasculardiseases and increase the body burden of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) found that even though the participants had a high intake of marine food they did not have elevated levels of POPs compared to other study groups. Intake of fatty fish did not significantly affect the body burden of POPs in this study group, according to "Associations between marine food consumption and plasma concentrations of POPs in a Norwegian coastal population" by Rylander C, Sandanger TM, Brustad M.(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. TryptophanTryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(I)

2. SeleniumSelenium is an essential antioxidants--glutathione peroxidase-- besides fighting against the forming of free radicals, such as tumors and cancers and invasion of foreign invasion such as virus and bacteria, according to the study of "Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)" by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH., posted in PubMed(II) it is also important for a healthy liver in helping our body in detoxification., according to the study of "Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease"- Correlations with clinical and nutritional status by Brad Dworkin, William S. Rosenthal, Rita H. Jankowski, Gary G. Gordon and Daulat Haldea, posted in Digestive Diseases and Sciences(III).

3. ProteinIn the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(IV)

4. Vitamin B3Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacindeficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treatingdiabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

5. Phosphorusa. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(V)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(VI), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

6. Etc.
C. Other health benefits

1. Cardiovascular health

It contains high levels of vitamin B complex, such as vitamin B6, 12 and folic acid that lower the levels of homocystein produced during the methylation cycle, resulting in lessening the risk of hardening arterial wall and high blood pressure, according to the study of "Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis." by Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DA, Schouten EG, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, Ueland PM, Refsum H., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Heart diseases and stroke

High levels of Omega 3 fatty acid balances the levels of good and bad cholesterol as it reduces the risk of inflammation, thus reducing the the risk of plaque clogging the arteries, leading to heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Diseases" by Carl J. Lavie, MD, Richard V. Milani, MD, Mandeep R. Mehra, MD{dagger} and Hector O. Ventura, MD, posted in Journal of American College of Cardiology(2)

3. Magnesium

Magnesium and copper are essential minerals help to increase blood flow to the body cells including the cells in the reproductive organ, thus reducing the risk of infertility, according to the study of "Correction of subnormal fertility with copper and magnesium supplementation" by Ingraham RH, Kappel LC, Morgan EB, Srikandakumar A., posted in Pubmed (3), researchers found that cows supplemented with both Cu and Mg showed improved fertility, whereas those supplemented with Cu or Mg alone did not.

4. Normal cell growthZinc is an important minerals that helps to improve the immune system in regulating the proper of cell division and growth, according to the study of "Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells" by Prasad AS., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Etc.

Side effects
1. Since halibut is on top of the food chain, contamination may be a concern.
2. Purine may cause kidney stone to some people if accumulated in a large amount.
3. Etc.

Chinese Food Therapy
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and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633905
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18537684
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19212595

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21990298
(III) http://www.springerlink.com/content/g21285758613g8t4/
(IV) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563
(V) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150282
(VI) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966280

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157965
(2) http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/short/54/7/585
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18385818
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3571619

Food Therapy: Seafoods - Cod

Seafoods - Cod

Cod is the common name for genus Gadus belonging to the family Gadidae, same family as haddock and pollack, feeding feed on molluscs, crabs, starfish, worms, squid, and small fish and weight about 5–12 kilograms (11–26 lb). Pacific or saltwater cod are also found around the coast of British Columbia, Canada and the northwestern US coastal areas. These fish are three times the size of their eastern counterparts and are darker in color. According to the Monterey Bay Aquarium, the "best choices" for sustainability are Atlantic cod, from Iceland and the Northeast Arctic and Pacific cod, from Alaska.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Vitamin A
3. Vitamin B complex
4. Vitamin D,
5. Vitamin E
6. Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA)
7. Selenium
8. Phosphorus
9. Potassium,
10. Dietary fiber
11. Calcium
12. Iron
13. Zinc
14. Manganese
15. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Plasma triacylglycerols (TAG)
In the investigation of Intake of fish and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids is associated with a reduced concentration of plasma triacylglycerols (TAG) found that both lean and fatty fish may lower TAG, possibly by reducing the 18:1n-9/18:0 ratio related to allosteric inhibition of SCD1 activity, rather than by influencing the synthesis of enzyme protein, according to "Daily Intake of Cod or Salmon for 2 Weeks Decreases the 18:1n-9/18:0 Ratio and Serum Triacylglycerols in Healthy Subjects" by Telle-Hansen VH, Larsen LN, Høstmark AT, Molin M, Dahl L, Almendingen K, Ulven SM.(a)

2. Lipid and fatty-acid composition
In the investigation and to determine whether diets supplemented with oils from three different marine sources, found that the factors that regulate specific deposition of n-3 PUFA from either dietary oils or individual PUFA are not yet known, however the differences that we observed could in some manner be related to cardiac function and thus their relative potentials as health-promoting dietary fats, according to "Diets enriched in menhaden fish oil, seal oil, or shark liver oil have distinct effects on the lipid and fatty-acid composition of guinea pig heart" by Murphy MG, Wright V, Ackman RG, Horackova M.(b)

3. Respiratory tract illness
In the assessment of Cod liver oil, available without a prescription for hundreds of years,and its valuable source of vitamins A and D, as well as long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, found that it may be important in the prevention of respiratory tract illnesses in children (see below. Frequent Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children), according to "Cod Liver Oil, the Ratio of Vitamins A and D, Frequent Respiratory Tract Infections, and Vitamin D Deficiency in Young Children in the United States" by Linda A. Linday, MD; John C. Umhau, MD, MPH; Richard D. Shindledecker, MA; Jay N. Dolitsky, MD; Michael F. Holick, PhD, MD(c)

4. Cod liver oil health benefits
In the observation of cod liver oil and its vitamin D effect in cell function like multiplication, differentiation and metabolism found that an adequate intake of vitamin D may significantly decrease prevalence and clinical outcome of these diseases (infective, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes). Estimated reduction of the economic burden might reach about 10 percent through normalizing vitamin D levels for these diseases. However, high doses of vitamin D monotherapy needs precaution for potential adverse effects and it should be substituted with the recommended doses of vitamin D in combination with synergistic vitamin A and omega 3 fatty acids, such as cod liver oil, according to "[Cod liver oil. A natural Vitamin D for preserving health].[Article in Hungarian]" by Fehér J, Kovács I, Corrado BG.(d)

5. Type 1 diabetes
In the assessment of the use of cod liver oil during the first year of life and its association with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes found that use ofcod liver oil in the first year of life was associated with a significantly lower risk of type 1 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.99). Use of other vitamin D supplements during the first year of life and maternal use of cod liver oilor other vitamin D supplements during pregnancy were not associated with type 1 diabetes,. according to "Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study" by Stene LC, Joner G; Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Tryptophan
It is one of important element in assisting the production of serotonin hormone of which is essential to enhance relaxation and sleep, according to the study of "Thetryptophan depletion test. Impact on sleep in healthy subjects and patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder" by Huwig-Poppe C, Voderholzer U, Backhaus J, Riemann D, König A, Hohagen F., posted in PubMed(I) and reduces the risk of , panic, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorders, according to the study of "Effects of acute tryptophan depletion in serotonin reuptake inhibitor-remitted patients with generalized anxiety disorder" by Hood SD, Hince DA, Davies SJ, Argyropoulos S, Robinson H, Potokar J, Nutt DJ., posted in PubMed (II)

2. Selenium
Turkey contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in theimmune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

3. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(III)

4. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

5. Phosphorus
a. Phosphorus forms an important part of the process related to growth and maintenance of bones and teeth, according to the study of "Alterations in phosphorus, calcium and PTHrP contribute to defects in dental and dental alveolar bone formation in calcium-sensing receptor-deficient mice" by Sun W, Sun W, Liu J, Zhou X, Xiao Y, Karaplis A, Pollak MR, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D.(IV)

b. Beside providing strength to bones and teeth by working together with calcium,according to the study of "The Abnormal Phenotypes of Cartilage and Bone in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Deficient Mice Are Dependent on the Actions of Calcium, Phosphorus, and PTH" by Liu J, Lv F, Sun W, Tao C, Ding G, Karaplis A, Brown E, Goltzman D, Miao D., posted in PubMed(IV), it also helps to converse Riboflavin and Niacin to the active coenzyme forms for digestion and absorption.

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Vitamin B12
Although vitamin B12 is a water solute vitamin, it does not secrete fast through urinary but stored in kidney, liver and other body tissues for future used in case of deficiency. Besides Playing a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, according to the study of "Vitamin B12 status and rate of brainvolume loss in community-dwelling elderly" by Vogiatzoglou A, Refsum H, Johnston C, Smith SM, Bradley KM, de Jager C, Budge MM, Smith AD.. posted in PubMed(1), it also promotes healthy wall of arteries and vein, thus reducing the risk of heart diseases and stroke., according to the study "Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vitamin B12 deficiency: the long-term effects incardiovascular disease" by van Oijen MG, Vlemmix F, Laheij RJ, Paloheimo L, Jansen JB, Verheugt FW., Posted in PubMed(2)

2. Omega 3 fatty acid
Cod contains high levels of Omega 3 fatty acid which lowers triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol and prevent blood from clotting as it is a good source of anticoagulant, according to the study of "[Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacids on hemorheology and coagulation in atherosclerotic rats].[Article in Chinese]" by Yang YB, Li P, Liu ML., posted in PubMed(3). It also helps to reduce the accumulation of bad cholesterol in the blood stream, thus increasing the blood flow that needs to nourish the body cells and reducing the risk of hypertension and arrhythmia, according to the study of "CYP-eicosanoids-A new link betweenomega-3 fatty acids and cardiac disease?" by Westphal C, Konkel A, Schunck WH., posted in PubMed(4).

3. Menstrual cramps and pain
Imbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids increases the risk of over production of prostaglandin hormone, leading to excessive movement of the abdominal muscles, causing menstrual cramps and pain, according to the study of "[Painful menstruation and low intake of n-3 fatty acids].[Article in Danish]" by Deutch B., posted in PubMed(5)

4. Immune system
Since Omega 3 fatty acid helps to enhance the immune function in fighting against the foreign invasion such as virus and bacteria by producing specific antibodies to battle, destroy and then remove from your system, that reduce the risk of infection and inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis that causes joint stiffness and pain, according to the study of "The role of omega-3 fatty acids contained in olive oil on chronic inflammation" by Wardhana, Surachmanto ES, Datau EA., posted in PubMed(6)

5. Calcium
Researcher found that Omega 3 fatty acids also improves the digestive system in calcium absorption, thus increasing the bone density resulting in lessening the risk of osteoporosis due to the effect of EPA and GLA., according to the study of "A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health andosteoporosis" by Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M., posted in PubMed(7)

6. Antioxidant
Selenium contains high amount of selenium, one of most powerful antioxidant helps to aid pregnant women with health fetus development, according to the study of "Prooxidant-antioxidant balance in pregnancy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of selenium supplementation" by Tara F, Rayman MP, Boskabadi H, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Alamdari DH, Razavi BS, Tavallaie S, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shakeri MT, Oladi M, Yazarlu O, Ouladan S, Sangani MT, Omran FR, Ferns G., posted in PubMed(8), increases the production of sperm quality and quantity, according to the study of "Effects of dietaryselenium on sperm motility in healthy men" by Hawkes WC, Turek PJ., posted in PubMed(9) and protects against the hardening of arteries and promotes the immune function infighting against forming of free radicals, acording to the study of "An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status" by Broome CS, McArdle F, Kyle JA, Andrews F, Lowe NM, Hart CA, Arthur JR, Jackson MJ., posted in PubMed(10)

7. Etc.

Side effects
1. Allergic effect
2. Purines
Excess accumulation of purines can cause kidney stone due to accumulation of uric acid.
3. Omega 3 fatty acids can become oxidized from heat, light, and oxygen.
4. Etc.

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139893
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9450671
(c) http://jgrenz.pbworks.com/f/Health.pdf
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324803
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14668274

(I) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10721036
(II) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19936713
(III) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563
(IV) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150282
(V) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21966280

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/187795102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763373
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979870
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21945326
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8701537
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21785178
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18301367
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629489
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11545288
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15213043

Food Therapy: Lean Meats - Calf's Liver

Lean Meats - Calf's Liver

Calf’s liver is a major dietary source of iron, considered as higher in the water-soluble protein albumin than beef. It's delicious taste and texture for calf's liver fans. In United States, many Americans were not interested in eating liver, but the new trend as the discovery of the health benefits of iron-rich liver, many of them start to like it such as the dish of calf' liver and bacon.

Nutrients
1. Phosphorus
2. Vitamin A
3. Vitamin B complex (B2, B3, B5. B6 and B12)
4. Vitamin C
5. Vitamin D
5. Omega-3 fatty acids
6. Calcium
7. Copper
8. Zinc
9. Iron
10. Phosphorus
11. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Cardiovascular diseases
In the investigation of C-reactive protein (CRP) (found abundantly in calf' liver) is a marker of systemic inflammation, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, found that evidence supporting the assessment of highly sensitive CRP both in patients with established CV diseases and in those without known disease as well as evidence supporting CRP as a target of therapy. We also review various pharmacologic (especially intensive statin therapy) and nonpharmacologic therapies to reduce levels of CRP(a)

2. Depressive symptoms
In the research of folic acid and vitamin B12 (found abundantly in calf' liver) and theirs effect in mental health found that mental health literacy had a transient effect on depressive symptoms. Other than this, none of the interventions significantly reduced symptoms relative to their comparator at 6 weeks or subsequently. Neither folic acid plus B(12) nor physical activity were effective in reducing depressive symptoms.(b)

3. Emphysema
In the assessment of vitamin A (found abundantly in calf' liver)deficiency per se causes emphysema found that detachment or hyperplasia (and metaplasia) of the tracheal epithelium and liver vacuole formation also were evident in the smoke-treated rats. The results of this research indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke induces vitamin A depletion in rats, which is associated with the development ofemphysema(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin A
Although vitamin A is best known to benefit the retina of the eye sight in the form of a specific metabolite for for both low-light and color vision, accoring to the study of "WHO's mission for vision' by [No authors listed], posted in PubMed (1) and guards us against bacterial, viral, parasitic infections, it is also an anti-oxidant, helping to protect our cells against cancer and other disease, according to the study of "Low serum-vitamin-A and subsequent risk of cancer. Preliminary results of a prospective study" by Wald N, Idle M, Boreham J, Bailey A., posted in PubMed (2), researchers indicated that measures taken to increase serum-retinol levels in man may lead to a reduction in cancer risk.

2. Vitamin B12
Besides supporting the production of red blood cell and maintaining the proper duplication of DNA, the genetic material in all cells, according to the study of "Vitamin B 12 and the macromolecular composition of Euglena. II. Recovery from unbalanced growth induced by Vitamin B 12 deficiency" by Johnston PL, Carell EF., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4633443), it also plays an important role in promoting neurite outgrowth, according to the study of "Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons stimulated by methylcobalamin" by Okada K, Tanaka H, Temporin K, Okamoto M, Kuroda Y, Moritomo H, Murase T, Yoshikawa H., posted in PuBmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21458538)

3. Copper
Copper plays a role in a wide range of physiological processes, such as iron utilization of enhancing the hemoglobin. and reduction of malabsorption syndrome. according to the study of "Beneficial effect of goat milk on nutritive utilization ofiron and copper in malabsorption syndrome" by Barrionuevo M, Alferez MJ, Lopez AI, Sanz SM, Campos MS., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11949871).

4. Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(3)

5. Folate
In the investigation of the prevalence and multifactorial etiology of anemia among Indian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children and its effect onanemia, found that Anemia, particularly iron deficiency anemia and anemia of inflammation, is highly prevalent among children with HIV infection. Micronutrient supplements (iron and, folate) combined with ART(antiretroviral therapy) improved anemia in HIV-infected children, according to "The prevalence and etiology of anemia among HIV-infected children in India" by Shet A, Arumugam K, Rajagopalan N, Dinakar C, Krishnamurthy S, Mehta S, Shet AS.(4)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Immune system
Selenium (found abundantly in calf' liver) and vitamin C are essential nutrients necessary to improve immune system in fighting against the forming of free radicals that reduce the risk of irregular cell growth, according to the study of "Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immuneresponses" by Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH., posted in PubMed (5), researchers found that Overall, inadequate intake and status of these vitamins and trace elements may lead to suppressed immunity, which predisposes to infections and aggravates malnutrition. Therefore, supplementation with these selected micronutrients can support the body's natural defence system by enhancing all three levels of immunity.

2. Vitamin B complex
Besides as a important source of protein after breaking breaks down into amino acids for building muscles and blood, it also contains high levels of vitamin B12, folate, and riboflavin, niacin and vitamin B6 that are essential to decrease the converting of chemical homocysteine thus decreasing the risk of heart attack and stroke, according to the study of "Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease" by The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE), posted in The New England Journal of Medicine (6).

3. Prostate health and fertility
Zinc (Found abundantly in calf' liver) is important for a healthy prostate, deficiency of zinc cause enlarged prostate, according to the study of "Zinc status of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma" by Christudoss P, Selvakumar R, Fleming JJ, Gopalakrishnan G., posted in PubMed (7) impotence, sexuality and ejaculation. It is also needed for the production of sperm and seminal fluid thus increasing the chance for normal sperm count and quality, according to the study of "Effects of autoimmunity to the prostate on thefertility of the male rat" by Motrich RD, Mackern-Oberti JP, Maccioni M, Rivero VE., posted in PubMed (8)

4. Alzheimer's disease.
Omega-3 fatty acids(found abundantly in calf' liver) besides best known as guarding our body against the risk of cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Omega-3 Fatty acids for cardiovascular disease prevention" by Defilippis AP, Blaha MJ, Jacobson TA , posted in PubMed (9), they also improve the ratio of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acid, thus reducing the level of bad cholesterol in blood and preventing blood clotting, resulting in lessening the risk of Alzheimer's disease, According to the study of "Dietary lipids and their oxidized products inAlzheimer's disease", by Corsinovi L, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G, Isaia G., posted in PubMed (10)

6. Etc.

Side effects

Food Therapy: Lean Meats - Turkey (Meleagris)

Lean Meats - Turkey (Meleagris)

Turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris in the family Phasianidae native to the North America. Today, it has been raised as food for commercial purpose world wide as viewing as one of the most healthy meat. Large domesticated turkeys are generally unable to fly, but smaller turkeys known as "heritage turkeys" and "wild turkeys" can fly in a short distance.

Nutrients
1. Protein
2. Carbohydrate
3. Fat
4. Vitamin B2
5. Vitamin B3
6. Vitamin B
7. Vitamin B12
8. Selenium
9. Phosphorous
10. Potassium,
11. Iron
12. Zinc
13. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Niacin precursor
in the measurement of the conversion of tryptophan into niacin found that indicated the consistent, although inefficient, role of tryptophan as niacin precursor in turkeys fed a practical diet, compared with the reported conversion in other species, according to "Conversion of tryptophan into niacin in the turkey (Meleagris gallipavos)" by Ruiz N, Harms RH.(a)
2. Blood pressure
In the research of Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets and its health effect found that a low-sodium DASH diet with a low dietary acid load, which also included lean red meat on most days of the week, was effective in reducing BP in older women, particularly in those taking antihypertensive medications, according to "Low-sodium Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension-type diet including lean red meat lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women" by Nowson CA, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Pachett A.(a)

3. Good Sources of Nutrient
In the investigation of "Lean meat and heart health" found that lean red meatconsumption has no effect on in vivo and ex vivo production of thromboxane and prostacyclin or the activity of haemostatic factors. It is also a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, niacin, zinc and iron. In conclusion, leanred meat, trimmed of visible fat, which is consumed in a diet low in saturated fat does not increase cardiovascular risk factors (plasma cholesterol levels or thrombotic risk factors), according to "Lean meat and heart health" by Li D, Siriamornpun S, Wahlqvist ML, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ.(b)

4. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
In the study of fatty and lean meats and theirs saturated/unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol effect found that The proportion of CLA/SA+CH for lean beef eaters is 0.09 and the fatty meats 0.007 (g/100 g). As a consequence, the beneficial effects of minor amounts of CLA may be relatively enhanced in leanmeat compared to fatty meat sub-products which contain a substantial amount of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, as in cold cuts and cow viscera, according to "Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) versus saturated fats/cholesterol: their proportion in fatty and lean meats may affect the risk of developing colon cancer" by Eynard AR, Lopez CB.(c)

5. Lean meat and over all health
In the observation of Dietary lean red meat and human evolution found that leanmeat is a healthy and beneficial component of any well-balanced diet as long as it is fat trimmed and consumed as part of a varied diet, according to "Dietary leanred meat and human evolution" by Mann N.(d)

6.Etc

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. TrytophanTryptophan is one of the 10 essential amino acids which the body uses to synthesize the proteins for brain cells need, thus enhancing the nerve cells in information transmitting between themselves and cells in the parts of the body that reduces the risk of anxiety and depression, according to the study of "The effects of tryptophan depletion on neural responses to emotional words in remitted depression" by Roiser JP, Levy J, Fromm SJ, Nugent AC, Talagala SL, Hasler G, Henn FA, Sahakian BJ, Drevets WC.(1)

2. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play animportant role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(2)

3. Selenium
Turkey contains trace minerals selenium which is essential for the healthy function of the thyroid and immune system as it increases the antioxidant defense system by fighting against the forming of free radicals and reduce the risk of irregular cells growth causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Selenium in theimmune system" by Arthur JR, McKenzie RC, Beckett GJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730442)

4. Vitamin B3 or Niacin See B vitamin below
5. Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine See B vitamin below

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits

1. Vitamin B
a) Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of very important vitamin in metabolism of energy by helping the transforming of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and high dose riboflavin appears to be useful alone or along with beta-blockers in the prevention of migraine, according to the study of "Effectiveness of high-doseriboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial" by Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9484373)

b) Vitamin B3
Vitamin B3 or Niacin is essential for lowering high cholesterol levels, according to the study of "Cholesterol efflux potential and antiinflammatory properties of high-density lipoprotein after treatment with niacin or anacetrapib" by Yvan-Charvet L, Kling J, Pagler T, Li H, Hubbard B, Fisher T, Sparrow CP, Taggart AK, Tall AR., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448206), forming the components of cells' genetic material DNA during excision repair, according to the study of "Niacin deficiency delays DNA excision repair and increases spontaneous and nitrosourea-induced chromosomal instability in rat bone marrow" by

Kostecki LM, Thomas M, Linford G, Lizotte M, Toxopeus L, Bartleman AP, Kirkland JB., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618655) and treating diabetes and high blood sugar levels, according to the study of "Treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes" by Vijayaraghavan K., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172030), researcher indicated that a number of lipid-lowering agents, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, are available to target normalization of the entire lipid profile.

c) Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 or Pyridoxine beside is important in enhancing the developing red blood cells by stimulating the production of hemoglobin, it also helps to keep blood sugar levels steady during the process of breaking down stored energy in gestation pregnancy, according to the study of "Improvement of oral glucose tolerance in gestational diabetes by pyridoxine" by Bennink HJ, Schreurs WH., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1131652)

2. Lower Blood sugar

Since it is a low carbohydrate food and low in glycemic index scale, it helps to maintain the slow release of insulin from the pancreas that can be helpful in regulating blood sugar.

3. Saturated fat ( It is essential but do not over dose)
a) Prevent cell membrane being damaged by free radical according to the study of "High fat diets varying in ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid and linoleic to linolenic acid: a comparison of rat neural and red cell membranephospholipids" by Carlson SE, Carver JD, House SG., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2871142)

b) Saturated fat is rapidly absorbed, it besides can deliver quick nourishment without putting excessive strain on the digestive and enzyme systems, so it is good for people with digestive problem, it also is necessary for making bile acids for our body to digest fats and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K and increases the absorption of calcium and magnesium and amino acids, according to the article of "Fat" by wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat)

c) Nerve and brain tissue is made up of 60% fat. One-third of these fats need to be polyunsaturated, derived directly from diet and other from cholesterol stored in our body. This will allow proper development and maintenance of nerve cell membranes as well as neurotransmitters in transformation between themselves and glands, according to the article of "Fat" by wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat)

d) Cholesterol in fat helps in production of female sex hormone, estradiol, and the male sex hormone, testosterone, according to the study of "Cellular cholesteroldelivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroidhormones" by Hu J, Zhang Z, Shen WJ, Azhar S., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515451)

4. Insomnia

Since it contain high amount of tryptophan which plays an essential role in manufacture of hormone melatonin, the hormone of helping to regulate sleep and wake cycles, according to the study of "Evaluation of L-tryptophan for treatment ofinsomnia: a review" by Schneider-Helmert D, Spinweber CL., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3090582)

5. Etc

Side effects
1. Saturated fat
a) 1. Heart diseases and stroke
Since it increases the levels of bad cholesterol, over eating will cause cholesterol building up in the blood stream, blocking the blood circulation, leading to high blood pressure resulting in heart diseases and stroke. It is said that high levels of bad cholesterol can be caused by hereditary factors, high blood pressure, stress, smoking, obesity and dietary cholesterol, according to the study of Saturated fatand cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence" by Micha R, Mozaffarian D., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354806)

b) Cancer
The Ontario Cancer Institute in Canada reviewed by comparing women with the highest and lowest fat intake. Women who ate high amounts of saturated fat were on average around 20 per cent more likely to develop breast cancer than low consumers of fat. Eating large amounts of saturated fats increased risk by about 10 per cent. A study also found that a noticeably elevated risk for carcinoid tumors in the small intestine in association with high amount of saturated fat intake, according to the study of "[Blood cholesterol levels and mortality in cancer].[Article in Slovak] by Ginter E., posted PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=satured%20fat%20and%20Cancer)
c) Insulin sensitive
Some studies found that over intake of saturated fat might interfere with the pancreas’s function in secretion of insulin, as resulting of blood clotted in the insulin receptor sites, leading to over-production of insulin, , according to the study of "High fat programming of beta-cell failure" by Cerf ME., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20217495) causing polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), resulting in infertility problems, irregular menstrual cycles, male growth pattern, etc.
d) Weight gain
Intake of high amounts of saturated fat can cause extra energy reserves accumulated in the waist area.
2. Purine
Since turkey, likes other animal products contains measure amount of purine, it may lead to excess accumulation of uric acid, leading to kidney stone and gout, if eating in large amount.
3. Etc.

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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2345727
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19185772
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15927927
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14498991
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10918988

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19539268
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22139563