Medical Advisor Journals

Friday, July 7, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), produced by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in regulation of metabolism, including directly boosts energy metabolism and triggers rapid protein synthesis and regulates mitochondrial gene transcription, etc. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3and T4, deficiency of Iodine can lead to enlarge thyroid grand and goitre.

Thyroid hormone: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. According to the study by Department of Pediatrics, Dhahran Health Center, CH is classified into permanent and transient forms, which in turn can be divided into primary, secondary, or peripheral etiologies. Permanent CH refers to a persistent deficiency of thyroid hormone that requires life-long treatment. Transient CH refers to a temporary deficiency of thyroid hormone that is discovered at birth but recovers to normal in the first few months or years of life. Babies with CH who are not identified and treated promptly develop severe mental retardation. Most of the babies with CH do not manifest the typical known signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, and this is most likely due to transplacental passage of some maternal thyroid hormone in addition to some residual neonatal thyroid function, as might be seen with thyroid hypoplasia, an ectopic gland, or mild dyshormonogenesis(70).

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Sources
(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570946

Thursday, July 6, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

In the study to review the skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis result from altered thyroid hormone (T(3)) action in bone of mice, showed that these mice must display opposing skeletal phenotypes if TSH has a major role in bone, whereas they would be similar if thyroid hormone actions predominate. Pax8(-/-) and hyt/hyt mice both displayed delayed ossification, reduced cortical bone, a trabecular bone remodeling defect, and reduced bone mineralization, thus indicating that the skeletal abnormalities of congenital hypothyroidism are independent of TSH. Treatment of primary osteoblasts and osteoclasts with TSH or a TSHR-stimulating antibody failed to induce a cAMP response. Furthermore, TSH did not affect the differentiation or function of osteoblasts or osteoclasts in vitro(69).

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Sources
(69) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932107

Wednesday, July 5, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormones in the skeleton

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormones in the skeleton

In the study to evaluate the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the skeleton, showed that both thyroid hormone deficiency and excess are associated with an increased risk of fracture. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of T3 action in skeletal cells will lead to the identification of new targets to regulate bone turnover and mineralization in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis(68).

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Sources
(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22634735

Tuesday, July 4, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery

In a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to evaluate the associations between thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery found that eleven prospective cohort studies involving 35 467 participants were included. The combined RR of preterm delivery for pregnant women with thyroid antibodies compared with the reference group was 1.41 (95% CI 1.08-1.84, P=0.011). Subgroup analysis yielded the combined RR of preterm delivery for pregnant women with TPO-Ab compared with the reference group was 1.69 (95% CI 1.19-2.41, P=0.003), whereas pregnant women with positive TG-Ab had no obvious risk of preterm delivery compared with the reference group (RR=0.88, 95% CI 0.60-1.29, P=0.513). Sensitivity analysis restricted to studies excluding women with thyroid dysfunction yielded similar results. Meta-regression analysis suggested that the status of exclusion or inclusion of women with thyroid dysfunction was the major source of heterogeneity in this meta-analysis(67).

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Sources
(67) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826476

Monday, July 3, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo

In the study to summarize and critically appraise current evidence of the prevalence of thyroid diseases in vitiligo, found that There is an increased prevalence and an increased risk of (autoimmune) thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo compared with nonvitiligo. This risk seems to increase with age(66).

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Sources
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22860695

Sunday, July 2, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Treating elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels in obese children and adolescents?

Thyroid hormone: Treating elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels in obese children and adolescents?

In the differentiation to examine the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function tests among obese children and adolescents, and to study the effect of thyroid hormone supplementation on body weight, linear growth and lipid profiles in these children, showed that hyperthyrotropinemia is relatively common in obese children, but autoimmune thyroid disease accounts for a minority of the cases. TSH levels returned to normal in the majority of patients even without thyroid hormone administration. No beneficial effects on body weight, body mass index, linear growth and body lipids were found in treated subjects, suggesting that thyroid substitution is not necessary in most cases(65).

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Sources
(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907328

Saturday, July 1, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent

In the study to evaluate the prevalence of disturbed thyroid hormone and TSH values in childhood obesity and the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms linking obesity to thyroid function.l, showed that in the past 18 months, four studies demonstrated moderate elevation of TSH concentrations in 10-23% of obese children, which was associated with normal or slightly elevated thyroxine and triiodothyronine values. Two studies reported ultrasonographic hypoechogenicity of the thyroid in obese children with hyperthyrotropinemia, which was not caused by autoimmune thyroiditis; therefore, the authors hypothesized a link to chronic inflammation in obesity. Weight loss led to a normalization of elevated TSH levels in two studies. The adipokine leptin is the most promising link between obesity and hyperthyrotropinemia since leptin stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid(64).

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Sources
(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430532