Coffee, emerging as a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
The coffee processes a numbers of medical health benefits, including those mentioned below
1. Weight Loss and Weight Management
Coffee, a popular drink may be an excellent beverage for induced weight loss and weight management, some scientists revealed.
Weight loss is an intentional reduction of the total body mass, according to the definition stated by medicine, health, or physical fitness experts.
According to the University of Exeter, in the reviewed data from human clinical trials, differentiated 8 eligible trials, green coffee extract (GCE) have moderated or significant effect in reduced weight loss in compared to placebo.
In rat model, 48t rats fed with either a control diet with water (C) or a control diet with a coffee solution (CF). At the end of week 4, animals in each dietary group were subdivided into three exercise groups: before exercise (BE), during exercise (DE), and after exercise (AE), group fed with coffee solution showed a significant in reduced total weight compared diet with water group.
The efficacy of dietary coffee in decreased total weight loss may be attributed to the extract function in stimulated the production of antioxidant in suppressed free radical expression. as well as increasing total cholesterol.
Dr. Choi EY the lead author said,"freeze-dried instant coffee can promote activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats".
In the compared the daily consumption of coffee and caffeinated beverages between 494 weight loss maintainers and 2129 individuals from the general population, consumed significantly more cups of coffee are found in the weight loss maintainers than the general population group.
Other researchers insisted that the efficacy of coffee in induced weight loss, probably due to activities of caffeine and other chemical constituents of coffee, such as chlorogenic acid and quinides.
Collective findings suggested that coffee may have a potentially therapeutic property in weight deduction. But some reviewed trials were associated with a high risk of bias. poor methodological quality, therefor, more studies are necessary to confirm the promising validity, some researchers suggested.
2. Type II Diabetes
Good news for coffee lover, your risk of diabetes is significant reduced in compared to non coffee drinking population, a respectable researcher indicated.
Diabetes is a medical condition characterized by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose, either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.
In the reviewed literature of 20 prospective studies with 1,109,272 study participants and 45,335 cases of type 2 diabetes included in the analysis with follow-up duration ranged from 10 months to 20 years, coffee intake is inversely associated to risk of type 2 diabetes.
Compared with no or rare coffee consumption, the range of relative risk (RR; 95% CI) for diabetes significant lower in all studies was 0.92, 0.85 0.75, 0.71, 0.67 respectively for people who have 1-6 cups/day in all reviewed studies.
Both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee showed an insignificant difference in relative risk but inversely diabetic development in a dose-response manner.
According to the Zhejiang University, coffee consumption reduced risk of type II diabetes may involve expression on different mechanistic factors, inclding glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, insulin resistance, glucose-6-phosphatase, intestinal glucose absorption, antioxidant activity, inflammatory biomarkers, nuclear factor-κB inhibition, glucose uptake, glucose homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and insulin secretion.
Dr. Akash MS, the head researcher saids, " the experimental and epidemiologic evidences presented here elucidate the protective effects of coffee consumption on T2DM, involving multiple preventive mechanisms".
Other, in the analysis of risk of autoimmune diabetes with coffee intake in adults, proposed that although consumption of coffee showed an inverse association with type II diabetes through improving the production of high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody, the general trend was weak.
Risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults is reduced even further with additional cup of coffee per day. the study also indicated.
3. Cardiovascular Disease
Coffee consumers may have one less risk to worry about. A recent study suggested that long term and moderate coffee consumption is inversely associated with CVD risk.
Cardiovascular disease is a medical condition characterized by heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke caused by narrow blood vessels induced block blood.
In the review of literature existed from the data base involved prospective cohort studies of the relationship between coffee consumption and CVD risk, 36 satisfied the guidelines included studies, with 1 279 804 participants and 36 352 CVD cases, coffee drinkers have a nonlinear association to risk of CVD, depending to numbers of cup intake per day.
According to the joint study lead by the Harvard School of Public Health, the relative risk of cardiovascular disease in coffee consumption was .95 in compared with the 0 cup of coffee consumption per day.
Dr. Ding M, the lead author in the review said, "oderate coffee consumption was inversely significantly associated with CVD risk, with the lowest CVD risk at 3 to 5 cups per day, and heavy coffee consumption was not associated with elevated CVD risk".
Long term moderate coffee consumptions not only reduced risk of heart disease, but also ameliorated other conditions associated with CV risk factors such as obesity and depression. However, the affect of caffeine in lipid file may associate to endothelial function in increased CVD risk, depending to how the coffee is prepared.
More importantly, epidemiological studies also suggest that risks of mortality in both CV and all-causes are substantially attenuated in regular coffee drinkers.
Other researchers insisted that the health benefits of coffee consumption regarding cardiovascular system risk, mostly depend on its antioxidant compounds involved many factors, such as variety of coffee species, roasting degree, type of brewing method and serving size.
4. Edema
Good news for coffee drinkers, coffee may have a potential effect in reduced risk and treatment of edema, a recent study suggested.
Edema is a condition characterized by excess fluid retained in body's tissues, inducing swelling.
According to the joint study lead by the Kyung Hee University, chlorogenic acid (CGA) isolated from coffee exerted protective effects of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) rat model in ameliorated brain infarct volume and brain water content.
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) found abundantly in roasted coffee through expression of ester of caffeic acidand (−)-quinic acid, is an powerful antioxidant with profound effect in induced weight loss and edema.
Middle cerebral artery is a carotid artery supplied blood to the brain region involved the primary motor and sensory areas of the face, throat, hand and arm, and in the dominant hemisphere, the areas for speech.
The protective effect in reduced on ischemia-induced neuronal damage and brain edema.is attributed to dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA), formed in metabolism of CGA in inhibited enzymes involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, namely MMP2 and MMP-9. in providing structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
Dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) is a metabolite of caffeic acid with potent antioxidant properties.
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9, (MMP-2 - 9) are enzymes with function in activated extracellular matrix (ECM), a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells to support the structure of cell. Over expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 are found to associate to increased risk of disease progression, including arthritis and cancers.
In a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, CGA directly showed a significantly reduced brain water content, by the inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities.
The study also addressed that the attenuation of brain edema may also be resulted by the chemical compound's anti lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity through increased antioxidant expression.
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a free radical-related process occurred under enzymatic control, through the activity of oxidative degradation of lipids.
Other study in the investigation of anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan, PGE(2) and serotonin-induced hind paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-13-acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema models, chlorogenic acid (CGA), also exerted a significant anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity against serotonin-induced hind paw edema and TPA-induced mouse ear edema, researchers at the Gazi University postulated.
Carrageenan is a mixture of polysaccharides extracted from red and purple seaweeds.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a conventional medicine used for treatment of pain and inflammation in numbers of disease, including rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate is one of chemical compound used in experiment to induce endogenous superoxide production. In other word, it is a chemical used routinely in enhanced free radical expression for researcher in animal models.
Finally, researchers in the concerns of the caffeine in reduced risk of edema strongly insisted that injection of caffeine induced diminution in the amount of edema in the body cavities was a result of an inhibition of the production of edema and not to an increased absorption of fluid from the serous body cavities.
5. Chronic and Recurrent Gout
Good News for coffee lovers, coffee consumption daily is associated to reduced risk and treatment of
chronic and recurrent gout, some institute studies proposed.
Gout mostly effected one joint, is an acute and recurrent condition of arthritis as a result of uric acid building up in blood, inducing joint inflammation.
According to the joint study lead by the Central South University, in the review literature of PubMed and EMBASE databases, up to April 2015, out of total of 11 observational studies (6 cross-sectional, 3 cohort and 2 case-control studies), coffee consumption showed a significantly inverse association with incidence of gout.
The study also found out that the efficacy of coffee consumption in reduced risk of gout showed no significant difference between the highest and the lowest coffee intake in terms of serum uric acid (SUA) level.
Uric acid, a normal product in the metabolic breakdown of purine may have a major effects in induced gout expression if secreted in high dose.
According to general belief, high blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout development and numbers of medical conditions including diabetes and the formation of kidney stones.
In the total of 45,869 men with no history of gout at baseline with intake of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, and total caffeine evaluated in every 4 years, participants in returned questionnaires indicated that increasing coffee intake was (1-3, 4-5, and > or = 6 cups per day) inversely associated with thvee risk of gout depending to numbers of cups consumed daily.
Caffeine, a chemical stimulant found abundantly in caffeinated products, such as tea and coffee is a class of methylxanthine having an impact in central nervous system (CNS), depending to volumes of intake.
The relative risk of gout incidence in coffee drinkers is as low as .41 in compared to non coffee consumed participants.
Most importantly, the total caffeine levels from all sources, including coffee and tea intake showed no associated risk of gout.
Other researchers, in the finding of gout developed, suggested that coffee intake of 4 to 5 and >/=6 cups daily lower risk of gout in compared to no intake (0.26 mg/dl and and 0.43 mg/dl respectively) and total caffeine from coffee and other beverages and tea intake were not associated with serum uric acid levels.
Also, according to the data from 14,758 participants ages >/=20 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), coffee consumption is associated to ameliorated serum uric acid level and hyperuricemia frequency.
Hyperuricemia is excess of uric acid in the blood stream passing through from liver. Normally, uric acid is excreted during intestinal process.
According to Dr. Davide Grassi, the lead author in the study of Chronic Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid Deposit and Cardiovascular Risk, said "Hyperuricemia is commonly associated with traditional risk factors such as dysglicemia, dyslipidemia, central obesity and abnormal blood pressure, i.e. the metabolic syndrome."
The effects of coffee in reduced risk gout may be attributed to the presence of coffee components of chlorogenic acid and antioxidants activities in reduce blood levels of insulin which have been found to associated linearly to levels of uric acid. In other words, insulin levels are low, uric acid tends to be lower, too.
6. Parkinson's diseases
Intake of coffee caffeine regularly are associated to a significantly attenuated risk of neurodegenerative conditions, particular in the onset of Parkinson's diseases, a recent study suggested.
Parkinson's disease is neuro degenerative disease caused by deficiency of the dopamine and.degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain, affecting muscular normal function.
Dopamine acted as as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine.
is a compound present in the body involved brain function in the roles of reward-motivated behavior.
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) having a strong interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas, is a group of subcortical neurons, of varied origin, in the brains of vertebrates with function involved primarily processing movement related information such as emotions, motivations, and cognitive functions.
Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, is a drink made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
According to the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, in compared population comprised 47,351 men and 88,565 women free of Parkinson's disease, stroke, or cancer at baseline, caffeine intake is associated to reduced risk and progression of PD, in compared the top and bottom one-fifth men participants. No effect is found for decaffeinate coffee intake regardless to numbers of cup consumed.
Caffeine, a chemical stimulant found abundantly in caffeinated products, including tea and coffee is a class of methylxanthine having a profound impact in central nervous system (CNS).
Interestingly, among women, numbers of caffeinated coffee intake daily have a strong implication in attenuated risk of PD linearly, in compared to lowest intake of moderated intake groups.
Further more, a case-control study conducted in western Washington State in 1992-2000. Incident PD cases (n = 210) and controls (n = 347) with frequency matched on gender and age identified from enrollees of the Group Health Cooperative health maintenance organization, returned questionnaires by participants indicated, consumption of 2 cups/day showed a strong expression in reduced risk of PD.
More importantly, in the review of twenty-six studies included: 7 cohort, 2 nested case-control, 16 case-control, and 1 cross-sectional study, the total relative odd ratio for the association between caffeine intake in low to moderate groups and PD was 0.75.
But, in cohort studies, reduced risk of PD significantly decreased if only women participants were considered.
Researchers, at above study revealed that PD risk is associated to a linear relation between levels of caffeine exposure of relative odd ratio of 0.76, per 300 mg caffeine intake.
Finally, some researchers addressed that, in the concerns of PD patients in expression a significant impairment of dopaminergic neuron transmission, caffeine acted as acts as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist may have a profound effect in treatment of PD through adenosine A2A receptors function in regulation of glutamate and dopamine release.
7. Ameliorated Level of Uric Acid
Good News for coffee lovers, intake of coffee is associated to ameliorated level of uric acid, a marker of gout incidence, a renowned institute study suggested.
But intake foods with high amount of purines may cause an excess of uric acid in your blood.
According to the observation of data from 14,758 participants ages >/=20 years in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), decreased serum uric acid level is associated to increased coffee intake.
Serum uric acid level was significant lower with coffee intake of 4 to 5 and >/=6 cups daily in compared to non drinkers.
The study also indicated that serum uric acid was not effected by total caffeine from coffee and other beverages.
Additionally, researchers in the review of data base of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, and KoreaMed for all articles published before January 2015, 9 studies published between 1999 and 2014, containing a total of 175,310 subjects, demonstrated that coffee has a significantly lowering effect on serum UA.
And Amount of coffee required to lower serum UA is different in gender. Women are required to consumse more cups of coffee (4-6 cups/day) in compared to their male counterpart (1-3 cups/day) to exhibited same effects.
Significantly, incidence of gout was even reduced linearly in participants with intake of 1 cup/day or more with no different in both genders.
Promisingly, in a total of 11.662 men and women aged 49-76 years, excluding those with medication for gout and hyperuricemia, use of diuretic drugs, and medical care for cancer or chronic kidney disease, daily consumption of coffee has a significantly inverse associations with serum UA concentrations in men.
But in compared to women participants, male participants expressed a statistically significant elevation of inverse association between coffee and serum UA levels.
6. Basal cell carcinoma
Coffee caffeine consumption regularly is associated to ameliorated risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin, the Queensland Institute of Medical Research study suggested.
Basal cell cancer is the most common type of skin cancer characterized by abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis. The cancer rarely spread and kill but can cause significant destruction and disfigurement to the affected skin area and accounted for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
In the study among 1,325 randomly selected adult residents of a subtropical Australian community collected in 1992, 1994, and 1996, returned food frequency questionnaires from participants showed a significantly lower relative risk in people with with prior skin cancers by 25% with daily consumption of four cups of regular coffee.
For people without previous history of skin disease, consumption of neither caffeinated nor decaffeinated coffee regardless of amount intake expressed no risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin.
Dr. Miura K, the lead author said, " Among people with prior skin cancers, a relatively high caffeine intake may help prevent subsequent BCC development. However, caffeine intake appears not to influence the risk of SCC."
Also, in the evaluation of the effects of tea, coffee, and caffeine related to early-onset BCC from data of 767 non-Hispanic Whites under age 40 in Connecticut. BCC cases (n=377) identified through Yale's Dermatopathology database and controls (n=390) of individuals in the same database, participants interview revealed combined regular consumption of caffeinated coffee plus hot tea expressed a strong inverse association of early-onset BCC.
According to the analysis, risk of BCC was reduced by as much as 43% in this group in compared to non drinking group.
Researchers at the study also indicated that the efficacy in reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin from these 2 beverages may be attributed to chemical component of caffeine.
In the support of caffeine administration in prevented squamous cells skin cancer development, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, postulated the following results.
* Caffeine intake from all dietary sources was inversely associated with BCC risk even people who only consumed less than 1 cup of caffeinated coffee per month.
* Women who consumed more than 3 cups/d had the relative odd risk ratio of 0.79, in compared to 0.90 in men with the same cups intake.
* Decaffeinated coffee consumption showed no association in decreased BCC risk.
7. Protect Cognition and Behavior Function of Fetus
Epidemiological studies do not agree that coffee and coffee caffeine intake during pregnancy may have a negative impact in child cognition and behavior.
Caffeine, a chemical stimulant found abundantly in caffeinated products, including tea and coffee is a class of methylxanthine having a profound impact in central nervous system (CNS).
Cognition and Behavior is a group of neuro function involving sensation and perception, learning and memory, attention, mental imagery, conceptual presentation, language expression, emotion response, motor control,.....
In the study of examine maternal serum paraxanthine at <20 and ≥26 weeks' gestation with the child's intelligence quotient (IQ) and problem behaviors at ages 4 and 7 years among 2,197 mother-child pairs, researchers showed that paraxanthine, a structurally related to caffeine.and caffeine's primary metabolite concentration has a significantly inverted effect at ≥26 weeks' gestation with child's IQ at age 7 years.
And at <20 weeks, paraxanthine also expressed a linearly associated with internalizing behavior at age 4 years.
Paraxanthine is a caffeine metabolite and central nervous system (CNS) stimulant processed a similar potency equal to that of caffeine.
After taking into account of over a range of values applicable to most pregnant women, researchers indicated that coffee caffeine in contribution to serum paraxanthine concentration showed no significant effect in association with childhood IQ or problem behaviors.
Contrast to the healthy mothers, women's reported coffee intake per day during pregnancy was associated with lower child's behavior rating scale (BRS), a complete overview of child and adolescent concerns and disorders, ratings in anemic children. Even with inclusion of other contributing factors and after anemic children given appropriated treatment, coffee consumption continuously showed a poor child cognition and behavior.
The Behavior Rating Scale (BRS) is an assessment frequently used by experts in assessment of the development of child cognition and behavior in infants and children, including autism.
Dr.Engle PL, the lead author said, " The effects of postnatal coffee ingestion in Guatemala were seen for sleep duration, but not for cognitive development. Prenatal coffee ingestion was negatively associated with behavior rating scales".
8. Prostate Cancer
Good news for men coffee lovers, coffee and coffee caffeine consumption daily and regularly are associated to attenuated risk and treatment of prostate cancer, epidemiological study suggested.
Prostate Cancer is a medical condition characterized by cell growth disorderable and uncontrollable in the prostate.
In the study of the efficacy of coffee intake and risk of prostate cancer (PC-3 and DU145) on 6,989 men of the Moli-sani cohort aged ≥50 years showed that
* Risk of prostate cancer reduced by 53% in people drinking over>3 cups/day in compared to participants at the lowest consumption (0-2 cups/day)
* Injection of caffeine in both cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU145 showed a substantial activity in reduction of proliferative and metastatic behaviors.
Caffeine demonstration exerted significantly anti proliferative and anti metastatic activity on two prostate cancer cell lines, may be attributed to its bioactive compounds in expression of anti cancer in various mechanisms.
Other, in the selection of twenty-eight studies (14 case-control and 14 cohort studies) on coffee caffeine (CC) with 42399 PC patients for the final meta-analysis searched from data bases of Pubmed and Embase, researchers, filed the following results
* There was no significant association of prostate cancer in regard to high versus non/lowestCC intake.
* Coffee and coffee caffeine intake showed a localized effect in subtype of prostate cancer but not advanced prostate cancer.
These result showed a significant effect of coffee in reduced risk of early stage of prostate cancer and coffee do not associate to risk of prostate cancer.
More profoundly in the report of a prospective analysis of 47,911 men with intake of regular and decaffeinated coffee in 1986 and every 4 years thereafter in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study
* Men, drinking six or more cups per day had a lowest relative risk for overall prostate cancer in compared to nondrinkers.
* Over all, Coffee consumption was not associated with the risk of nonadvanced or low-grade prostate cancers and was only weakly inversely associated with high-grade prostate cancer
* There was no different effect of regular and decaffeinated coffee in ameliorated risk of prostate cancer.
9. Improved Complexity of Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Epidemiological studies do not agreed that regular coffee consumption may associate to improve cognitive function, a joint study lead by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais suggested.
Cognitive function is a cerebral activities in acquired knowledge, including all means and mechanisms of acquiring information.
In a cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35-74 years old) to examine the coffee consumption habits and cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test, researchers at the above institutes filed the following results
* Elderly drinking 2-3 cups/day, showed a significant improvement in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition in compared to never/almost never groups.
* And those drinking more than 3 cups a day exhibited an increased mean words pronounced, according to the semantic verbal fluency test in compared to the same groups.
Dr. Araújo LF, the lead author said, "coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship".
Further more, in 2,914 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age: 59.3±7.2 years, 55% females) to assess coffee consumption, performed brain MRI, and cognition at baseline, researchers found that
* Higher coffee consumption showed a lower prevalence of lacunar infarcts [odds ratio per cup increase: 0.88 (95% CI:0.79;0.98)]involved development of stroke, and smaller hippocampal volume in expression of memory ability.
* Coffee consumption promoted better performance on the Letter Digit Substitution Task
* But do not improved on the 15-Word Learning test delayed recall.
Dr. Araújo LF, again said, "...(there is a) complex associations between coffee consumption, brain structure, and cognition. Higher coffee consumption was cross-sectionally associated with a lower occurrence of lacunar infarcts and better executive function.
Interestingly, according to the study of coffee consumption and other baseline variables of 2606 middle-aged Finnish twins assessed in 1975 and 1981 by postal questionnaires, with after the median follow-up of 28 y, coffee consumption was not an independent predictor of cognitive performance in old age, according to the linear regression analysis.
The study also insisted that coffee drinking did not affect the risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia, but expressed an inconsistent cognitive score.
10. Ulcerative Colitis
Epidemiological studies do not agreed that intake of coffee and coffee caffeine regularly may have a profound effect in attenuated risk of ulcerative colitis.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in the digestive tract.
In the reviewed study of a total of 442 patients 73% regularly consume coffee. 96% of patients attributing a positive and 91% of patients attributing no impact of coffee intake on IBD regularly drink coffee and surprisingly even 49% of those patients that assign a negative impact on disease symptoms, researchers at the University Hospital Zurich found that most patient with IBD showed a coffee drinking habit and addressed that coffee has helped modifying symptoms of the disease.
Other in the total of 81 UC patients recruited at all stages of the disease process, after completion of a 7 d diet diary, Caffeine and decaffeinated coffee showed a clinical significance in reduced risk of UC and may be considered a functional food included in potentially therapeutic diet.
Dr. Magee EA, the lead author said, " ......decaffeinated coffee was associated with a better clinical state than the caffeine containing version".
Contrastively, the investigation of a population-based, case-control study of the risk of ulcerative colitis associated with coffee and alcohol use among the 304,000 members of a prepaid health plan, coffee expressed no association with either amount of coffee consumed daily, or cumulative coffee consumption before disease onset and altered the risk of developing ulcerative colitis.
11. Melanoma, Particular in People with Altered GSTM1 and GSTT1 Gene
Intake of coffee regularly may have positive effect in reduced risk of Melanoma, particular in healthy people with alternated genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 expression, a renowned institute study suggested.
Melanoma is a type of malignant skin cancer caused by DNA damage, most often caused by ultraviolet radiation from sunshine or tanning beds inducing irregular growth of skin cells.
Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
According to the Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, in compared to low coffee intake, high frequency of coffee drinking (>once daily) with ≤7 times weekly , showed a significant lower risk of melanoma.
Interestingly, in the group people with GSTM1 and GSTT1 null polymorphisms(altered gene expression) subjects, coffees showed an extreme high protective effect against forming of Melanoma.
Also in the searching of PubMed and EMBASE databases from the earliest available online indexing year to March 2017 for a dose-response meta-analysis on prospective cohort studies, researchers at the Jagiellonian University Medical College, insisted that linear dose dependent are associated to the development of melanoma risk and total coffee consumption.
Risk of melanoma is reduced by 3% for every cup of coffee intake per day.
Dr. Micek A, the lead author in the joint study said, "(According to) a total of seven studies eligible for meta-analysis were identified that comprised 1,418,779 participants and 9211 melanoma cases,......coffee intake may be inversely associated with incidence of melanoma".
Further in the demonstration of 2 case-control studies (846 MM patients and 843 controls) and five cohort studies (including 844,246 participants and 5,737 MM cases), in compared the lower and higher caffeine intake daily, caffeinated coffee showed a the pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.81.
Risk of additional cup of coffee caffeine consumption, relative odd ratio of risk of melanoma deceased by 0.955
Importantly, the study found no correlated and linear dose dependent of decaffeinate coffee and risk melanoma regardless to volume of daily intake in teasing subjects.
12. Breast Cancer Selectively
Recent studies suggested that coffee and coffee caffeine may have a potentially effect in reduced risk and treatment of breast cancer, selectively.
Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the review of literature from database of PubMed with selection of 37 published articles, involving 59,018 breast cancer cases and 966,263 participants, suggested that
1. There are no significant association of coffee and coffee caffeine intake and breast cancer risk
2. Post menopause women drinking coffee daily and regularly have a reduced risk of breast cancer developing.
3. Women who are BRCA1 mutation carriers showed a positive risk of breast cancer from coffee intake
The study also indicated that for additional cup of coffee consumed risk of breast caner decrease by 2% and 1% for every 200mg/day increment in caffeine intake.
Contrastively, in a case-control analysis on 1,690 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation from 40 centers in 4 countries.to determine coffee and coffee caffeine intake against the risk of breast cancer, returned self-administered questionnaire. showed a significant correlation of coffee intake in the elevated breast caner risk.
Women with breast cancer in BRCA carriers who habitually drank 0, 1-3, 4-5 and 6 or more cups of coffee showed a relative risk odd ratio of 1.00, 0.90, 0.75 and 0.31, respectively.
The finding evidences of relative odd ratio of suggested that risk of breast cancer was reduced in this group of women linearly to numbers of coffee and coffee caffeine consumed daily.
Dr, Jiang W, lead author said, " (According to the findings) women with BRCA gene mutation, coffee consumption is unlikely to be harmful and that high levels of consumption may in fact be related to reduced breast cancer risk"
Interesting, in the investigated the common A to C polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene associated with decreased enzyme inducibility and impaired caffeine metabolism of caffeine to examine the risk of breast caner in BRCA1 mutation carriers of 411 BRCA1 mutation carriers (170 cases and 241 controls) researchers at the University of Toronto found that risk of breast cancer decrease significantly by 64% in BRCA1 mutation carriers with at least one C polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene but not in CYP1A2 AA group in compared to women who never consumed coffee.
13. Depression
Epidemiological studies do not agreed that coffee and coffee caffeine have a positive effect in reduced depression, a review literature study suggested.
Coffee, second to green tea, is a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
Depression is a normally neuro response as part of our daily lives such as the loss of s job, the death of a love one, and illness.
Over 30 million Americans suffer from depression and the amounts are increasing in an alarming rate.
According to the University of Naples Federico II, over 2 decades, many studies addressed the concerns of coffee intake may have a implication of incidence of depression, but several phytochemical studies indicated a different outcome as caffeine and certain major phyto constituents exhibited antidepressant effects through multiple molecular mechanisms.
Dr. Tenore GC, the lead researcher said, "coffee can be considered a drink which has different positive effects on human health such as cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, etc. However, heavy coffee consumption may be related to some unpleasant symptoms, mainly anxiety, headache, increased blood pressure, nausea, and restlessness".
Contrastively, caffeine in coffee showed a strongly inverse association in cases of postpartum depression and comorbid panic disorder.
Other researchers in the searching of the efficacy of coffee and risk of depression through data base from PubMed and PsychINFO insisted that although literature data are conflicting, caffeine found in coffee indicated a significant reduced effect on symptoms of clinical depression.
Additionally, in a cross-sectional study in 10,177 Korean individuals aged 20-97 years with prevalence of self-reported depression of 14.0% and that of self-reported clinical depression of 3.7%. participated in the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. to determine the effect of consumption of coffee and risk of depression, after adjusting to other factors, returned survey from patients, can be cataloged into the followings
For general depression
1. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking less than one cup/week was 0.84
2. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking one to six cups/week was 0.63
3. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for one cup/day was 0.69
4. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for two cups/day was 0.54
5. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for three or more cups/day was .58
For clinical depression, similar observations also have been recorded
1. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking less than one cup/week was 1.00
2. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking one to six cups/week was 0.51
3. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for one cup/day was 0.57
4. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for two cups/day was 0.57
5. The relative odd ratio of patients drinking for three or more cups/day was 0.41
The findings although is not linearly, coffee and coffee caffeine intake expressed a protective effect in ameliorated risk of depression.
14. Obesity
Obesity is a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity.
Good news for coffee lovers, bioactive components found in coffee may have a potential effect in reduced risk and management of obesity, a renowned institute study opinionated.
According to the joint study lead by the National Taiwan University, the efficacy of coffee in reduced risk and management of obesity over last 10 years of research, may be attributed to
1. decrease lipid accumulation in cells via the regulation of the cell cycle in fat tissue
2. improved fat metabolic formation in both protein and transcription factors expression
According to animal studies.
In human, it is the result from decreased body weight and visceral fat stored within the abdominal cavity.
Further more, the study also expressed the important of coffee intake in influence the gut microbiota in obese animals and humans.
Additionally, in the evaluation of possible lipid catabolism and body fat regulation effects of 3-caffeoylquinic acid in Green coffee bean extract (GCBE) in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice fed with only HFD or HFD with GCBE at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively, researchers filed the following results
1. GCBE treated group showed a significantly decreased body weight gain, liver and white adipose tissue weights, but importantly intake of coffee also regulated adipose tissue lipolysis hormones in breaking down fat accumulation.
2. The efficacy of treatment group in reduced obesity risk may also benefit to the decreased mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism in both gene and protein expression.
3. In compared to other treated group, GCBE treated mice displayed a lower fat mass and relative body weight and decreased fat mass.
More importantly, in the review of papers from in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro experimental studies in animals and human tissues as well as wide population-based epidemiological studies in the last 10 years, researchers at the joint study lead by the South University School of Pharmacy said, " there are mounting evidences of the reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes by regular coffee drinkers of 3-4 cups a day. The effects are likely due to the presence of chlorogenic acids and caffeine, the two constituents of coffee in higher concentration after the roasting process".
15. Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome is a group of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, including high blood pressure, abnormal high blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels,.....
A joint study by respectable institutes suggested that intake of coffee and coffee caffeine daily and regularly may associate to attenuated risk of metabolic syndrome.
Coffee, second to green tea, is a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
According to the searching of database from f PubMed and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for relevant articles published between 1 January 1999 and 31 May 2015, including 11 published reports and 13 studies with a total of 159,805 participants were eligible for our meta-analysis, the relative odd risk ratio of metabolic syndrome between the highest vs lowest category of coffee consumption was 0.872
The review also observed a non linear relationship between coffee and coffee caffeine consumption in ameliorated risk of metabolic syndrome, by dose-response analysis.
Additionally, in a cross-sectional population-based survey of 8,821 adults (51.4% female) conducted in Krakow, Poland. to evaluate the coffee and tea consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome, using food frequency questionnaires, observation of the questionnaire returned from participants expressed an interesting association between high coffee consumption of 3 cups and the clusters of lower BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and higher HDL cholesterol than those drinking less than 1 cup/day.
The study apparently indicated that people drinking 3 cups of coffee daily and regularly have a favorably ameliorated risk of metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for potential confounding factors.
More importantly, the study also pointed out that high coffee consumption was negatively associated with waist circumference, hypertension, and triglycerides in women but not in men.
Furthermore, in animal evaluation of the effect of coffee drinking on clinical markers of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Zucker rats including Diabetic Zucker rats with metabolic syndrome and control Zucker rats, researchers at the Fluminense Federal Institute postulated that after animals received daily doses of coffee drink by gavage for 30 days, coffee consumption expressed a decreased risk of metabolic syndrome in reduced serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides in compared to non treatment group.
Dr. Abrahão SA, the lead researchers said, "The results demonstrate that treatment with roasted coffee drink, because of its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect, is efficient in the protection of animals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2".
16. Gallstone and Gallstone Diseases
Epidemiological studies, linking coffee consumption in reduced risk of gallstone, but not gallstone disease have been contradictory.
Gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components as a result of building up of undissolved cholesterol over a prolonged period of time.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the review of 174 cases of gallstones determined by ultrasonography, 104 cases of postcholecystectomy, and 6889 controls of normal gallbladder in the total of 7637 men received a health examination at four hospitals of the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) with 174 cases of prevalent gallstones, 50 had been aware of having gallstones, researchers found that coffee and coffee caffeine drinkers express a high risk of gallstone incidence in compared to non drinkers.
In these group of middle-aged Japanese men, the relative odds ratios of gallstone disease 1.7 for coffee consumption of five cups or more per day vs. no consumption and 2.2 for caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more vs. less than 100 mg/day.
Obviously, these findings contradicted to other studies in support of risk of gallstone reduced by coffee and caffeine intake, including the study conducted by Harvard School of Public Health.
Other, in the review literature of database from PubMed and EMBASE of all published studies before June 2015 researchers at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University files the following results
1. Coffee intake regularly and daily had a significantly reduced risk of gallstone disease, in related females, but not in males. based on prospective studies.2. For patients drinking one cup of coffee per day, the risk of of gallstone disease was 0.95
3. For patients drinking 2, 4 and 6 cups of coffee per day, the estimated RRs of gallstone disease reduced to 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79 to 0.99), 0.81 and .75 respectively.
4, Coffee intake showed a linear association to ameliorated risk of gallstone diseases.
Interestingly, in a cohort of 80,898 women age 34-59 years in 1980 who had no history of gallstone disease, during 20 years of follow-up, researchers filed the below results
1. Compared to non caffeine coffee drinkers women, the multivariate relative risks of gallstone disease with cholecystectomy in compared to consistent intake of caffeinated coffee (0, 1, 2-3, and > or =4 cups/day) were 1.0, 0.91, 0.78, and 0.72 respectively.
2. Coffee caffeine intake was inversely associated to risk of cholecystectomy.
3. Caffeine intake (< or =25, 26-100, 101-200, 201-400, 401-800, and >800 mg/day) is linearly associated to reduced risk of gallstone disease with multivariate relative ratio of 1.0, 1.03, 1.01, 0.94, 0.85, and 0.85 4. Decaffienated coffee was not associated with risk.
17. Menopause Symptoms
Menopause is a natural and biological progression of women at certain age. The reduced hormone levels of inaction of ovaries induced menstruation stop and a set of symptoms
Coffee, second to green tea, is a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
A study conducted by a renowned institute suggested that coffee nd coffee caffeine may have potential effect in reduced severity of some menopause symptoms and elevation of others.
In a cross-sectional survey conducted using the Menopause Health Questionnaire, completed by 2,507 consecutive women with menopausal concerns at the Women's Health Clinic at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) between July 25, 2005 and July 25, 2011, caffeine intake in participants showed a greater positive effect in expression of vasomotor symptom of menopause women in compared to non drinkers group.
Other, in a cross-sectional study of a community-based sample of 243 women with vasomotor symptoms to evaluate the menopause symptoms of hot flashes (HF) and night sweats (NS) in symptomatic middle-aged women, intake of coffee showed to elevate symptom of hot flashes (HF) and night sweats (NS) in compared to non drinkers.
And caffeine intake also is found as one of predictor in exhibited both hot flashes (HF) and night sweats (NS) in the same study group.
But in animal model, according to the behavioral tests and oxidative stress parameters in ovariectomized mice, caffeine intake also showed a significant in reduced symptoms of anxiety induced by oxidative stress.
Administration of low doses of caffeine, for a short period of time, may be a new therapeutic approach to modulate the oxidative stress and anxiety in menopause, the "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy postulated.
There is no doubt that the study addresses a significantly inverse association in reduced risk of gallstone disease among coffee drinkers linearly.
18. Esophageal Cancer
Intake of coffee regularly may have a profound effect in reduced risk of cancers, a recent study proposed.
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by irregular cell growth in any tissue and organ in the body.
Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
According to the joint study lead by the Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, consumption of healthy foods, particularly coffee with rich in polyphenols might have a substantial influence in reduced prevalence of cancer incidence.
Coffee extract with high chlorogenic acids (CGAs) exhibited the beneficial biological effects in ameliorated risk of cancer through anti-inflammatory activity and anti-carcinogenic activity.
In Ras-dependent breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, CGAs also displayed a molecular basis of the activity and chemoprotective in induction of cell apoptosis.
Furthermore, in the review of literature in expression of the association between total, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and melanoma risk in a dose-response meta-analysis on prospective cohort studies through searching the data base of PubMed and Embase, researchers indicated, seven studies eligible for meta-analysis, comprised 1,418,779 participants and 9211 melanoma cases. caffeine attenuated melanoma risk with a linear dose-response association between total coffee consumption.
Prevalence risk of melanoma reduced by 3% for additional cup of coffee intake per day.Dr. Micek A, the lead author said, "coffee intake may be inversely associated with incidence of melanoma".
In further demonstrated coffee and coffee caffeine in ameliorated risk of cancer, the Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for coffee consumption associated with death from all cancers combined and from specific cancer types among 922,896 Cancer with 1982 as a base line, researchers at joint study lead by the American Cancer Society found that only smokers showed a a non-linear association between coffee consumption and all-cancer death but not in never smokers.
Among non-smokers,drinking 2 cup/day or more showed a significantly inverse associated with death from colorectal, head and neck and female breast cancers, but positively associated with esophageal cancer death.
19. Stroke, Particularly in Women
A stroke is medical condition characterized by interrupted blood supply, thus reducing oxygen and nutrients delivery to the brain, resulting in death of brain cells.
Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine may have a profound effect in reduced risk of stroke incidence, a renowned institute study suggested.
In a third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994; NHANES III) data to examine coffee consumption and stroke with participants aged ≥17 years old, researchers found that
coffee intake of this population showed a significantly inverse association to stroke risk incidence, regardless to smoke status.
Interestingly, the study also discovered that frequent coffee drinkers displayed a less occurrence of heart failure, diabetes, and hypertension but risk of high cholesterol for those consuming ≥3 cups per day.
Dr. Liebeskind DS, the lead author said, "Heavier daily coffee consumption is associated with decreased stroke prevalence" and ". Multivariate analyses revealed an independent effect of heavier coffee consumption (≥3 cups/day) on reduced stroke".
Further more, in an analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 83,076 women in the Nurses' Health Study without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, or cancer at baseline, with coffee consumption assessed first in 1980, then repeatedly every 2 to 4 years, and follow-up through 2004, researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health filed the following results
1. The relative risk ratio of stroke in participants coffee consumption (<1 cup per month, 1 per month to 4 per week, 5 to 7 per week, 2 to 3 per day, and >or=4 per day) were 1, 0.98, 0.88, 0.81, and 0.80 repetitively.
2. Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine daily and regularly showed a significantly positive effect in reduced stroke risk after taking in to count of other favors, including high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and type 2 diabetes.
3. Risk of stroke also associated stronger correlation among never and past smokers (RR for >or=4 cups a day versus <1 cup a month, 0.57) than among current smokers (RR for >or=4 cups a day versus <1 cup a month, 0.97).
4. Decaffeinated coffee intake also was associated to a trend in lower risk of stroke after adjustment for caffeinated coffee consumption.
5. Caffeine consumption of other beverage do not associate to risk or reduced risk of stroke.
The findings suggested that long-term coffee consumption was not associated to risk of stroke but modestly reduce risk of stroke.
Promisingly, a Asian study of data obtained from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study, involved 146,830 individuals aged 40-69 years demonstrated that high coffee consumption was associated with a 38% lower odds ratio for stroke in women in compared to (none drinkers vs. ≥ 3 cups/day drinkers in women but not in men.
The expression of coffee intake in reduced risk of stroke also found greater in women who are healthy, younger, non-obese, non-hypertensive, non-diabetic, non-smokers, and non-alcohol drinkers.
20. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by irregular cell growth in any tissue and organ in the body.
Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
According to the joint study lead by the Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, consumption of healthy foods, particularly coffee with rich in polyphenols might have a substantial influence in reduced prevalence of cancer incidence.
Coffee extract with high chlorogenic acids (CGAs) exhibited the beneficial biological effects in ameliorated risk of cancer through anti-inflammatory activity and anti-carcinogenic activity.
In Ras-dependent breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, CGAs also displayed a molecular basis of the activity and chemoprotective in induction of cell apoptosis.
Furthermore, in the review of literature in expression of the association between total, caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and melanoma risk in a dose-response meta-analysis on prospective cohort studies through searching the data base of PubMed and Embase, researchers indicated, seven studies eligible for meta-analysis, comprised 1,418,779 participants and 9211 melanoma cases. caffeine attenuated melanoma risk with a linear dose-response association between total coffee consumption.
Prevalence risk of melanoma reduced by 3% for additional cup of coffee intake per day.Dr. Micek A, the lead author said, "coffee intake may be inversely associated with incidence of melanoma".
In further demonstrated coffee and coffee caffeine in ameliorated risk of cancer, the Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for coffee consumption associated with death from all cancers combined and from specific cancer types among 922,896 Cancer with 1982 as a base line, researchers at joint study lead by the American Cancer Society found that only smokers showed a a non-linear association between coffee consumption and all-cancer death but not in never smokers.
Among non-smokers,drinking 2 cup/day or more showed a significantly inverse associated with death from colorectal, head and neck and female breast cancers, but positively associated with esophageal cancer death.
19. Stroke, Particularly in Women
A stroke is medical condition characterized by interrupted blood supply, thus reducing oxygen and nutrients delivery to the brain, resulting in death of brain cells.
Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine may have a profound effect in reduced risk of stroke incidence, a renowned institute study suggested.
In a third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994; NHANES III) data to examine coffee consumption and stroke with participants aged ≥17 years old, researchers found that
coffee intake of this population showed a significantly inverse association to stroke risk incidence, regardless to smoke status.
Interestingly, the study also discovered that frequent coffee drinkers displayed a less occurrence of heart failure, diabetes, and hypertension but risk of high cholesterol for those consuming ≥3 cups per day.
Dr. Liebeskind DS, the lead author said, "Heavier daily coffee consumption is associated with decreased stroke prevalence" and ". Multivariate analyses revealed an independent effect of heavier coffee consumption (≥3 cups/day) on reduced stroke".
Further more, in an analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 83,076 women in the Nurses' Health Study without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, or cancer at baseline, with coffee consumption assessed first in 1980, then repeatedly every 2 to 4 years, and follow-up through 2004, researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health filed the following results
1. The relative risk ratio of stroke in participants coffee consumption (<1 cup per month, 1 per month to 4 per week, 5 to 7 per week, 2 to 3 per day, and >or=4 per day) were 1, 0.98, 0.88, 0.81, and 0.80 repetitively.
2. Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine daily and regularly showed a significantly positive effect in reduced stroke risk after taking in to count of other favors, including high blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and type 2 diabetes.
3. Risk of stroke also associated stronger correlation among never and past smokers (RR for >or=4 cups a day versus <1 cup a month, 0.57) than among current smokers (RR for >or=4 cups a day versus <1 cup a month, 0.97).
4. Decaffeinated coffee intake also was associated to a trend in lower risk of stroke after adjustment for caffeinated coffee consumption.
5. Caffeine consumption of other beverage do not associate to risk or reduced risk of stroke.
The findings suggested that long-term coffee consumption was not associated to risk of stroke but modestly reduce risk of stroke.
Promisingly, a Asian study of data obtained from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study, involved 146,830 individuals aged 40-69 years demonstrated that high coffee consumption was associated with a 38% lower odds ratio for stroke in women in compared to (none drinkers vs. ≥ 3 cups/day drinkers in women but not in men.
The expression of coffee intake in reduced risk of stroke also found greater in women who are healthy, younger, non-obese, non-hypertensive, non-diabetic, non-smokers, and non-alcohol drinkers.
20. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Recent study suggested that coffee and caffeine consumption may be associated to reduced risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a medical condition of inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the study of 606 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 480 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and 564 healthy volunteers acted as controls, researchers filed the following results
1. 24% of patients with PSC had never drunk coffee in compared to 16% of controls.
2. Patients with PSC also consumed fewer lifetime cups per month and spent a smaller percentage of their lifetime drinking coffee in compared to healthy adults.
Base on these information, Dr.Lammert C, the lead author opinionated, coffee consumption is lower among patients with PSC, in compared with controls.
Additionally, In patients with PSC, recruited from Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet in Norway through 2011, randomly chosen from the Norwegian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (control subjects) of 240 patients with PSC and 245 control subjects also indicated a similar conclusion as follow
1. In compared to control, PSC patients showed a lower daily drinking coffee habit as the time of study and at the age of 18 years observed in men.
2. Ever daily coffee drinker at the age of 18 years were independently and negatively associated with PSC.
These result showed that coffee intake may have a profound effect in protection against development of PSC.
21. Sex Hormones
Sex hormones are a class of hormones, affecting sexual development or reproduction. Steroid-binding globulin(SSBG), is a sex hormone, having a direct effect on androgen and estrogen.
A recent study suggested that coffee may have a direct effect in influence the production of sex hormone estrogen and testosterone depending to gender difference.
In a 8-week parallel-arm randomized controlled trial with Healthy adults (n = 42) recruited from the Boston community, including regular coffee consumers, nonsmokers, and overweight, randomized to five 6-ounce cups of caffeinated or decaffeinated instant coffee or water per day, at 4 weeks, researchers surprisingly found that
1. Decaffeinated coffee drinking was associated with a borderline significantly increased levels of SHBG in women, but not in men.
2. At week 4, decaffeinated coffee decreased total and free testosterone and caffeinated coffee decreased only total testosterone in women.
3. Contrasted to women participants, men consumption of caffeinated coffee displayed a significantly increased total testosterone and decreased total and free estradiol hormones.
4. The study also indicated that caffeinated coffee consumption do not exert any effect on SHBG in either men or women.
But conflicted to the healthy young adult, coffee and coffee caffeine showed an elevated effect as a mediator of sex hormone-binding globulin in both androgen and estrogen in type 2 diabetic patients, particularly in women.
Additionally, according to the cross-sectional study of 2377 nondiabetic pre- and postmenopausal women from the E3N cohort study in a multivariate adjusted model, intake of more than 3 cup of coffee daily coffee and caffeine ≥265 mg/day were associated with an increased SHBG level distribution (<46.3 nmol/L), in compared to no risk association of decaffeinated coffee subgroup.
Further more, the prevention of low level of SHBG of both caffeinated coffee and caffeine, may demonstrate a potential and positive effect in reduced risk of T2DM..
More importantly, in the examine a study during a median follow-up of 10 years of 359 postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes matched with 359 control subjects by age, race, duration of follow-up, and time of blood draw, coffee and caffeine were associated to increased levels of fee and total testosterone among postmenopausal women.
The finding evidences suggested that coffee and caffeine has a extreme effect in exhibition of sex hormone estrogen and testosterone through lower level of SHBG in menopause women and prevented onset of type 2 diabetes.
Decaffeinated coffee decreased total and free testosterone through significantly increased levels of SHBG in women. And caffeinated coffee displayed a significantly increased total testosterone and decreased total and free estradiol in men.
22. Skin blood Flow
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a medical condition of inflammation and obliterative fibrosis of the bile ducts.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the study of 606 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 480 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and 564 healthy volunteers acted as controls, researchers filed the following results
1. 24% of patients with PSC had never drunk coffee in compared to 16% of controls.
2. Patients with PSC also consumed fewer lifetime cups per month and spent a smaller percentage of their lifetime drinking coffee in compared to healthy adults.
Base on these information, Dr.Lammert C, the lead author opinionated, coffee consumption is lower among patients with PSC, in compared with controls.
Additionally, In patients with PSC, recruited from Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet in Norway through 2011, randomly chosen from the Norwegian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (control subjects) of 240 patients with PSC and 245 control subjects also indicated a similar conclusion as follow
1. In compared to control, PSC patients showed a lower daily drinking coffee habit as the time of study and at the age of 18 years observed in men.
2. Ever daily coffee drinker at the age of 18 years were independently and negatively associated with PSC.
These result showed that coffee intake may have a profound effect in protection against development of PSC.
21. Sex Hormones
Sex hormones are a class of hormones, affecting sexual development or reproduction. Steroid-binding globulin(SSBG), is a sex hormone, having a direct effect on androgen and estrogen.
A recent study suggested that coffee may have a direct effect in influence the production of sex hormone estrogen and testosterone depending to gender difference.
In a 8-week parallel-arm randomized controlled trial with Healthy adults (n = 42) recruited from the Boston community, including regular coffee consumers, nonsmokers, and overweight, randomized to five 6-ounce cups of caffeinated or decaffeinated instant coffee or water per day, at 4 weeks, researchers surprisingly found that
1. Decaffeinated coffee drinking was associated with a borderline significantly increased levels of SHBG in women, but not in men.
2. At week 4, decaffeinated coffee decreased total and free testosterone and caffeinated coffee decreased only total testosterone in women.
3. Contrasted to women participants, men consumption of caffeinated coffee displayed a significantly increased total testosterone and decreased total and free estradiol hormones.
4. The study also indicated that caffeinated coffee consumption do not exert any effect on SHBG in either men or women.
But conflicted to the healthy young adult, coffee and coffee caffeine showed an elevated effect as a mediator of sex hormone-binding globulin in both androgen and estrogen in type 2 diabetic patients, particularly in women.
Additionally, according to the cross-sectional study of 2377 nondiabetic pre- and postmenopausal women from the E3N cohort study in a multivariate adjusted model, intake of more than 3 cup of coffee daily coffee and caffeine ≥265 mg/day were associated with an increased SHBG level distribution (<46.3 nmol/L), in compared to no risk association of decaffeinated coffee subgroup.
Further more, the prevention of low level of SHBG of both caffeinated coffee and caffeine, may demonstrate a potential and positive effect in reduced risk of T2DM..
More importantly, in the examine a study during a median follow-up of 10 years of 359 postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes matched with 359 control subjects by age, race, duration of follow-up, and time of blood draw, coffee and caffeine were associated to increased levels of fee and total testosterone among postmenopausal women.
The finding evidences suggested that coffee and caffeine has a extreme effect in exhibition of sex hormone estrogen and testosterone through lower level of SHBG in menopause women and prevented onset of type 2 diabetes.
Decaffeinated coffee decreased total and free testosterone through significantly increased levels of SHBG in women. And caffeinated coffee displayed a significantly increased total testosterone and decreased total and free estradiol in men.
22. Skin blood Flow
Epidemiological studies do not agreed that intake of coffee caffeine have a particular effect in skin blood flow, a joint respectable institutes study suggested.
In the review of coffee caffeine effect in skin blood flow, researchers at the study lead by the Linköping University postulated that intake of caffeinated coffee exhibit a stronger expression in increased skin microvascular response to transdermal iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh)( non‐invasively introduce vasoactive drugs in regulating the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions), in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.
The study also found that coffee caffeine after intake displayed a significant effect in microvascular responses in the forearm skin and decreased blood flow in the finger tips, during the first hour after of drinking;
These result suggested that caffeine in coffee showed a enormous activity in increased blood flow in certain areas of the body's skin and decrease in others.
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study performed in 27 healthy volunteers with oral intake of a cup either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee and reactive hyperemia of finger blood flow assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, within an interval of more than 2 days, the same experimental protocol was repeated with another coffee in a crossover manner, researchers showed that caffeinated coffee intake group demonstrated a slightly decreased finger blood flow in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.
According to the index of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, microvascular endothelial function, in compared with decaffeinated coffee intake, caffeine contained showed a important effect in enhanced microvascular function in healthy individuals.
23. Alertness and Rapid Reaction
In the review of coffee caffeine effect in skin blood flow, researchers at the study lead by the Linköping University postulated that intake of caffeinated coffee exhibit a stronger expression in increased skin microvascular response to transdermal iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh)( non‐invasively introduce vasoactive drugs in regulating the neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions), in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.
The study also found that coffee caffeine after intake displayed a significant effect in microvascular responses in the forearm skin and decreased blood flow in the finger tips, during the first hour after of drinking;
These result suggested that caffeine in coffee showed a enormous activity in increased blood flow in certain areas of the body's skin and decrease in others.
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study performed in 27 healthy volunteers with oral intake of a cup either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee and reactive hyperemia of finger blood flow assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, within an interval of more than 2 days, the same experimental protocol was repeated with another coffee in a crossover manner, researchers showed that caffeinated coffee intake group demonstrated a slightly decreased finger blood flow in compared to decaffeinated coffee intake group.
According to the index of post-occlusive reactive hyperemia, microvascular endothelial function, in compared with decaffeinated coffee intake, caffeine contained showed a important effect in enhanced microvascular function in healthy individuals.
23. Alertness and Rapid Reaction
Intake of coffee caffeine may have a potential effect in enhance alertness and rapid reaction, a renowned institute study suggested
In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups design to rate anxiety, alertness, and headache before and after 100 mg caffeine and again after another 150 mg caffeine given 90 min later, or after placebo on both occasions, researchers indicated that caffeine intake expressed a clean effect in elevated alertness in compared to placebo.
Further differentiation also found that caffeine did not increase alertness in low caffeine intake participants, and non caffeine administrated to medium and high intake groups displayed a reduced alertness effect and caffeine abstinence reduced alertness and consumption in compared to baseline.
Other, in the study of 30 healthy volunteers received equal volume drinks equivalent to either 1 or 2 cups of tea (containing 37.5 mg or 75 mg caffeine), or coffee (75 mg or 150 mg caffeine), or water, in a randomised five-way crossover design with drinks administered on four occasions during the day (0900, 1300, 1700 and 2300 hours), researchers found that there were no difference in all group in expression of alertness, but following the second beverage caffeinated coffee at 75 mg, there was a significantly improved reaction time (P<0.05), in compared to tea at the same dose and placebo.
Dr. Hindmarch I, the lead author said, " ingestion of caffeinated beverages may maintain aspects of cognitive and psychomotor performance throughout the day and evening when caffeinated beverages are administered repeatedly" and "This study also demonstrates that day-long tea consumption produces similar alerting effects to coffee, despite lower caffeine levels".
More importantly, in a total of 19 healthy volunteers ingested 400 ml black tea, coffee, caffeinated water, decaffeinated tea or plain water on three occasions through the day (0900, 1400 and 1900 hours), researchers filed the following reports
1. Caffeine ingestion was associated with a rapid (10 min) and persistent improvement of alertness and again independent of time of day, but did not acutely alter CFF threshold.
2. In compared to caffeine consumed group, water and decaffeinated group expressed steady decline in alertness (LARS) and cognitive capacity over the whole day.
3. Tea and coffee were similar on all measures, including alertness
4. Tea and coffee ingestion was associated with rapid increases in alertness and information processing capacity if tea was drinking throughout the day, in compared to other groups.
24. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
In a randomized, double-blind, parallel groups design to rate anxiety, alertness, and headache before and after 100 mg caffeine and again after another 150 mg caffeine given 90 min later, or after placebo on both occasions, researchers indicated that caffeine intake expressed a clean effect in elevated alertness in compared to placebo.
Further differentiation also found that caffeine did not increase alertness in low caffeine intake participants, and non caffeine administrated to medium and high intake groups displayed a reduced alertness effect and caffeine abstinence reduced alertness and consumption in compared to baseline.
Other, in the study of 30 healthy volunteers received equal volume drinks equivalent to either 1 or 2 cups of tea (containing 37.5 mg or 75 mg caffeine), or coffee (75 mg or 150 mg caffeine), or water, in a randomised five-way crossover design with drinks administered on four occasions during the day (0900, 1300, 1700 and 2300 hours), researchers found that there were no difference in all group in expression of alertness, but following the second beverage caffeinated coffee at 75 mg, there was a significantly improved reaction time (P<0.05), in compared to tea at the same dose and placebo.
Dr. Hindmarch I, the lead author said, " ingestion of caffeinated beverages may maintain aspects of cognitive and psychomotor performance throughout the day and evening when caffeinated beverages are administered repeatedly" and "This study also demonstrates that day-long tea consumption produces similar alerting effects to coffee, despite lower caffeine levels".
More importantly, in a total of 19 healthy volunteers ingested 400 ml black tea, coffee, caffeinated water, decaffeinated tea or plain water on three occasions through the day (0900, 1400 and 1900 hours), researchers filed the following reports
1. Caffeine ingestion was associated with a rapid (10 min) and persistent improvement of alertness and again independent of time of day, but did not acutely alter CFF threshold.
2. In compared to caffeine consumed group, water and decaffeinated group expressed steady decline in alertness (LARS) and cognitive capacity over the whole day.
3. Tea and coffee were similar on all measures, including alertness
4. Tea and coffee ingestion was associated with rapid increases in alertness and information processing capacity if tea was drinking throughout the day, in compared to other groups.
24. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Coffee and coffee caffeine may have a profound effect in reduced symptoms of non alcoholic liver disease, renowned institute studies suggested.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the types of fatty liver caused by fat accumulated (steatosis) in the liver other than excessive alcohol drinking.
According to a retrospective cross-sectional study on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to determine the effects of coffee intake on a non-invasive marker of liver fibrosis, coffee intake of 2 or more cups per day demonstrated a significant reduced liver symptom of stiffness, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, in compared to other subgroups.
Additionally, in the review of epidemiological and clinical evidence by the Zhejiang University, coffee intake may have a profoundly reduced severity and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence.
In fact, the effect of coffee in attenuated risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence may be also involved other chemical constituents other than caffeine.
Dr. Chen S, the lead researchers suggested that said, "Several possible mechanisms underlying coffee's hepatoprotective effects in NAFLD include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects".
Interestingly, the review of literature published in database of Medline and Embase up to March 2015, showed that coffee and coffee caffeine intake have a strong impact in protect liver against complications of fibrosis incidence.
Information collected indicated that coffee and coffee caffeine intake have a enormous demonstration in ameliorated risk and symptoms of Non alcoholic liver disease, but some researchers suggested that other components such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects may also play an important role in enhancement of these results.
25. Obesity
Green coffee intake may have a profound effect in reduced risk and treatment of obesity, a renowned institute study suggested.
According to the joint study led by the Huanggang Normal University, the health benefits of coffee studies over last 10 years, expressed a significant improvement of risk and treatment of obesity in decreased lipid accumulation in cells through regulating the cell cycle during fat metabolism.
Additionally, coffee consumption induced changes in transcription factors in fat deposit, decreased body weight and visceral fat form of animal and humans studies
Furthermore, coffee influenced gut microbiota in obese animals and humans also played an important role for used as a functional and integrated food in reduced risk and treatment of obesity.
Other in the study of obesity induced in mice using a HFD for four weeks, fed only HFD or HFD with GCBE at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg suggested that
1.Mice treated with green coffee intake showed a significantly decreased body weight gain, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights with regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis hormones, such as adiponectin and leptin.
2. Mice treated with green coffee intake also demonstrated a decreased mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolis related genes in adipose tissues and the liver, and decreased the corresponding protein expression.
3. GCBE treated mice had a lower fat mass with decreased relative body weight and fat mass in compared to HFD alone fed mice.
According to the information collected, Dr. Choi BK, the led author said, "GCBE has a potential anti-obesity effect with lowering body fat accumulation by regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins in WAT and liver".
More importantly, in the study of male ddy mice fed a standard diet containing GCBE and its principal constituents, namely, caffeine and chlorogenic acid, for 14 day, researchers at the Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co,, Ltd, indicated that
1. GCBE with 0.5% and 1% reduced visceral fat content and body weight
2. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid showed a tendency to reduce visceral fat and body weight
3. Oral administration of GCBE (100 and 200 mg/kg. day) for 13 days showed a tendency to reduce hepatic TG in mice
4. Chlorogenic acid (60 mg/kg. day) reduced hepatic TG level
The findings displayed a strong effect of coffee and its phytochemicals in reduced weight gain and fat accumulation by inhibition of fat absorption and activation of fat metabolism in the liver may be considered as a functional and integrated food against risk and treatment of obesity.
26. Reduced Risk of β-Cell Autoimmunity
Maternal consumption of coffee may have a profound effect in reduced risk of β-cell autoimmunity inducing Type 1 diabetes in the offspring, according to the University of Tampere.
In a prospective Finnish birth cohort of 4297 infants with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes with lbood samples collected from the children at 3-12 months intervals to measure type 1 diabetes-associated antibodies against islet cells (ICA), insulin, glutamate dehydroxylase, and islet antigen 2, returned questionnaire from mothers indicated that intake of coffee during perchance expresses a inversely associated risk of development of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in their infants.
Even after adjusting to other risk factors, coffee showed a linearly dependent to amount of cups intake of the mothers against risk of β-cell autoimmunity incidence in newborns.
Additionally, in the review of data comprised 4297 children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, born at the University Hospital of Oulu or Tampere, Finland, between October 1997 and December 2002 monitored for diabetes-associated autoantibodies from samples obtained at 3-12-mo intervals, returned surveys from mothers indicated that coffee increased antioxidant status have a a significant effect in reduced risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity development in children, compared to substantial risk of the offspring in mother who did not intake any antioxidant dietary nutrients.
Further more, Dr. Uusitalo L, the lead researcherssaid, "the hazard ratios, indicating the change in risk per a 2-fold increase in the intake of each antioxidant, were nonsignificant and close to 1" and "High maternal intake of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, or manganese does not protect the child from development of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in early childhood".
Interestingly, the returned questionarre from participants in the data from a population-based case-control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population, researchers found that intake of coffee may have enormous effect in reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, but conversely, coffee intake showed to associate to elevated risk of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes in these group of adults.
Dr. Löfvenborg JE, the lead author in above study said, " for every additional cup of coffee consumed per day, there was a 15.2% (P = 0.0268) increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels".
Taking altogether, There is no doubt that coffee consumption during pregnancy has a substantial effect in attenuated risk of type 1 diabetes caused by advanced β-cell autoimmunity. But coffee consumed in adulthood may increased risk of Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes adults. contrastively.
27. Kidney Stone
Kidney stone is a deposit of insoluble calcium compounds in the kidney, affecting over 10% of world population, according to statistic.
According to the Warsaw Agricultural University, coffee and tea consumed daily and regularly expressed an increased risk of kidney stone by more than 80% in compared to risk of other factors, probably due to presence of oxalates found in coffee.
In fact, in the analyzed nutritional habits of 22 stone formers with special regard to oxalate content as one of the main nutritional lithogenic factors associated with kidney stones, researchers found that risk of kidney stone increased substantially for men and women if dietary oxalate intake was over 354 mg and 406 mg, respectively
Contrastively, a prospective study in investigated relation between intake of 21 different beverages and risk of symptomatic kidney stones in a cohort of 45,289 men, 40-75 years of age conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, suggested that the risk of stone formationdecreased by 10%. of the amount for each 240-ml (8-oz) serving consumed daily in caffeinated coffee.
Other, in the analyzed association between intake of caffeine and incidence of kidney stones in 3 large ongoing cohort studies, and the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS) I and II also found a contradictory result in related to coffee and other plant base caffeine products.
In a total of 217,883 participants; over a median follow-up of >8 y, 4982 incident cases of kidney stone occurred studies, researchers files the following results.
1. The highest quintile of caffeine intake (95% CI: 12%, 38%) showed a significant reduced risk of developing stones by 26%, according to the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS).
2. Caffeine inkate showed a 29 % lower risk in the NHS I cohort, and
3. and 31% lower risk in the NHS II cohort
Dr. the lead author said. "Among 6033 participants with 24-h urine data, the intake of caffeine was associated with higher urine volume, calcium, and potassium and with lower urine oxalate and supersaturation for calcium oxalate and uric acid".
28. Longevity
Intake of coffee may have a profound effect in strengthen the telomere length, a biomarker of living longer, a renowned study suggested.
In a cross-sectional association between coffee consumption and telomere length in 4780 women , using the data from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) from a prospective cohort study of female nurses began in 1976 with relative telomere length measured in peripheral blood leukocytes by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, after adjusting to other risk factors, researchers found that
1. Higher total coffee use were significantly associated with longer telomeres in compared to non drinkers
2. Intake of 2 to <3 and ≥3 cups of coffee/d showed a relative ratio of 1.29 and 1.36, respectively
3. Telomere length was associated linearly to caffeine consumption from all dietary sources
The result of findings, showed a strong indication of correlation between coffee caffeine intake and the length of telomeres among female nurses.
Dr. Liu JJ, the led author said, " ... better understand the influence of coffee consumption on telomeres, which may uncover new knowledge of how coffeeconsumption affects health and longevity".
Other, in a study of total of 5826 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectionally, using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, telomere length compared to standard reference DNA, after adjusting to other risk factors, including age, gender, race, marital status, education, housing, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol use,.. researchers showed that
1. Caffeine consumption was inversely related to telomere length
2. For each 100 mg of caffeine consumed, telomeres were 35.4 base pairs shorter
3. For each 100 mg of caffeine consumed among coffee drinkers only, telomeres were 36.7 base pairs shorter
4. Among non-coffee drinkers only, 40.0 base pairs shorter
In compared to non drinker(40.0 base pairs shorter), coffee caffeine( 36.7 base pairs shorter) and caffeine( 35.4 base pairs shorter) intake expressed a positive effect in increased genetic telomeres length.
29. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an exhibition of abnormal high blood glucose during pregnancy.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In a prospective study of 1744 non-diabetic pregnant women questioned during early gestation about their coffee consumption, researchers found that according to returned report, moderate coffee intake per day exerts a significant decreased risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in expected mothers in compared to non coffee intake pregnant women.
Dr. Adeney KL, the lead author said, "Moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated coffee consumption may have a protective association with GDM".
Also, in the study of first trimester coffee and tea consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on-diabetic women with singleton pregnancies in the Danish National Birth Cohort (n = 71,239), researchers showed that pregnant women with coffee heavy consumption showed a substantial high percentage(81.2%) of complication of GDM, in compared to only 1.5% in non drinkers.
Importantly, the incidence of GDM of this study was highest in pregnant women who drink more than 8 cups of coffee/day but without significant difference across intake in other levels.
With collective information from above study, it is safe to say, moderate coffee drinking in first trimester may have a protective effect in reduced risk of GDM but increased risk of complication in diabetic expected mothers who drank over 8 cups of coffee per day.
The examine of the protective effect of coffee in pregnancy women, researchers performed a study included 168 pregnant women aged 18-40 years, recruited at routine 20-week ultrasound with all participants kept a 4-day weighed food record following recruitment (commencement: gestational weeks 19-24), a prudent dietary pattern including moderated coffee intake accompanied with seafood; eggs; vegetables; fruits and berries; vegetable oils; nuts and seeds; pasta; breakfast cereals; and coffee, tea and cocoa powder is associated to reduced risk of GDM in pregnancy.
The findings evidences suggested that moderated coffee consumption with less than 8 cups/day expressed a protective effect against GDM and GDM complications.
30. Attenuated Risk of Suicide
In the review of data from 36,689 adult (age range 25-64 years) men and women, participated in the population surveys between 1972 and 1992 yielded 169 suicides.in a mean of 14.4 years, researchers found that
1. In compared to no heavy user, heavy user of coffee showed a relative ratio of 1.55
2. The adjusted relative risk of suicide increased substantially in heavy coffee user if combined to increasing level of joint heavy use of alcohol and cigarettes.
In other words, heavy coffee intake of participants showed a significant increased risk of suicide if accompanied with heavy use of alcohol and cigarettes.
Dr. Tanskanen A, the led author said, " Clustering of the heavy use of ........coffee could serve as a new marker for increased risk of suicide".
To further support the differentiation of heavy coffee use in increased risk suicide, researchers at the
Center for Health Sciences, SRI International conducted a study of a multivariate structural equation modeling in a large cohort of male twins (N = 2,220 monozygotic and 2,373 dizygotic twin pairs; mean age = 62.1 years) from the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council's World War II Twin Registry, strongly agreed that although genetic and environmental factors may account for the independent cluster risks, heavy coffee user displayed a enormous risk of suicide.
Other, in a 10-year follow-up study (1980 to 1990) in an ongoing cohort of 86 626 US female registered nurses aged 34 to 59 years in 1980, with free of diagnosed coronary heart disease, stroke, or cancer and Information on coffee and caffeine intake collected by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1980, researchers filed the following reports
1. There was 56 cases of suicide occurred during 832 704 person-years.
2. In compared to non drinker, coffee drinkers expressed a relative odd risk ratio of 0.34 women who consumed two to three cups per day
3. For women consumed four or more cups per day, the relative suicide risk was .42
4. After adjusting to other risk factors, the relative odd ratio remain constant
The finding showed a importantly correlated association of light and moderate coffee intake in reduced risk of suicide.
The efficacy in ameliorated risk of suicide among these women may be attributed to coffee activity in reduced incidence of depression as seen in other studies.
31. Mutagenicity
Coffee and coffee caffeine may have a direct effect in mutagenicity in bacteria and fungi, but lesser in mammalian cells, a France study suggested.
According to the Université de Nancy, Coffee and caffeine showed a significant effect in gene mutation in bacteria and fungi, but in high concentrations, they expressed also a similarly mutagenic influence to mammalian cells in culture.
The mutagenic activity of caffeine can be observed through its potentiate in induced chromosomal aberrations through transforming sublethal damage of mutagenic agents into lethal damage. But conversely, intake of coffee and caffeine denostrated a protective effect in inhibit these mutagenic properties through theirs' numerous chemicals depending to the time consumption in the presence of mutagenic agent.
Furthermore, the study also revealed that chemically reactive components such as aliphatic dicarbonyls from the caffeine were some of the culprits attributed to these mutagenic exhibition.
The findings suggested the duo effect of coffee and coffee caffeine on one hand, inhibited the gene mutation but on the hand displayed a significant mutagenic DNA damage to living organisms, but less in human even with moderated drinking habit.
Also in bacterial experiments, according to the observation from bacteria mutation assays, trigonelline, found in caffeine alone or in combination with most of the single amino acids found in caffeine and mixtures of amino acids, showed a potent mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains.
Dr. Wu X, the lead author said, "Trigonelline and amino acids are natural components in green coffee beans. Model systems mimicking coffee roasting were used to produce heated samples of trigonelline, amino acids and glucose".
Contractively, according to the coffee producing company, Nestlé Research Center, coffee intake have shown a strong effect in induced enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification processes and primary hepatocytes.
In animal study, the experiment also found that coffee induce the mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in promotion of cellular antioxidant defenses.
More importantly, coffee also exhibited chemoprotective effects of against toxic Aflatoxin B1 in duced genotoxicity in either human liver cell line and primary hepatocytes.
Taking altogether, coffee and coffee showed conflict results in inhibited and exhibited mutagenesis, but epidemiological studies agreed that coffee decreased risk of genetoxicity against many chronic illness through regulating AFB1-DNA and protein.
32. Respiratory Disease
Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine may have a potential effect in reduced risk and progression of respiratory disease, a renowned university study suggested.
Respiratory disease is a class of diseases involved abnormal lung function including conditions of the upper trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity,....
In review of 15 studies, including seven cohorts, six cross-sectionals, one case control and one randomized control trial, researchers at the joint study lead by the University of Coimbra, filed the below interesting results1. Risk of asthma was reduced in coffee injection group.
2. Coffee accompanied with honey displayed a positive effect in treatment for persistent post-infectious cough.
3. In control study, the higher risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) prevalence was associated to coffee consumption.4. Coffee was also found to associate to lower respiratory mortality.
5. Coffee injection group also benefit to improved lung function
6. Smoking was a significant risk factor in all cases.
With all the information collected, Dr. Alfaro TM, the lead authors proposed, "Coffee consumption was associated with some positive effects on the respiratory system" and "coffee consumption may be a part of a healthy lifestyle leading to reduced respiratory morbidity."
Other, in the study filed by the CHU de Nancy, coffee consumption showed a contradictory effect involving respiratory diseases.
1. Coffee intake showed a beneficial effect on bronchospasm.
2. But on other studies, coffee intake has been suspected of contributing to the development of chronic airflow obstruction (COPD) and bronchial cancer.
The study explained, these contrastive results may be attributed to the causal relationship in indirectly linking strong positive correlation between the consumption of coffee and use of tobacco.
The author also warmed that coffee taken in large quantities by pregnant women, may increase risk of neonatal apnoea in the newborn, if abrupt cessation in the caffeine level.
Also in the comparison of the prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma, researchers found that intake of coffee during pregnancy showed a strong effect in reduced risk of childhood asthma, according to the 63,652 live-born singletons enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort.
Taking together, coffee intake have a strong protection against respiratory diseases(including reduced risk of childhood asthma), but increased incidences of chronic airflow obstruction (COPD), and bronchial cancer, therefore, people with above exceptive disease should reduced intake of coffee and consult with their doctors.
33. Thyroid Cancer
Epidemiological studies, linking coffee and coffee caffeine intake in prevalence of thyroid cancer incidence have been contradictory and inconclusive.
Thyroid cancer is a chronic condition of irregular cell growth in the thyroid gland.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the review of database from Published studies in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and the reference lists of the retrieved articles to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and the risk of thyroid cancer, researchers at the joint study lead by the Chosun University, filed the following results.
1. In a total of 1039 thyroid cancer cases and 220,816 controls were identified from five case-control studies and two cohort studies, the relative risk ratio of cancer incidence was was 0.88 in compared to base line.
2. Risk of thyroid cancer was reduced significantly only in hospital-based case-control studies.
Dr. Han MA, the head researcher said, "There was no significant association between coffee consumption and thyroid cancer risk according to our meta-analysis results" and "There was no significant heterogeneity among the study results".
Other, in the analyzed data from a prospective cohort (100,507 persons (48,802 men; 51,705 women) aged 40-69) between green tea and coffee consumption and risk of thyroid cancer, assessed via a self-administered questionnaire, researchers at the National Cancer Center found no association between coffee intake and risk of thyroid cancer regardless to gender and amount of coffee intake per day.
Furthermore, in the pool sample consisted of 2725 thyroid cancer cases (2247 females, 478 males) and 4776 controls (3699 females, 1077 males), through intensive analysis of 14 case-control studies conducted in the United States, Europe, and Asia suggested that risk of thyroid cancer is not associated to coffee consumption, independent to gender difference.
The study also emphasized that even taking into account of other factors, caffeinated beverages did not alter thyroid cancer risk.
Contrastively, according to Aretaieion University Hospital, in a case-control, serially matched study containing 70 patients with thyroid cancer, 55 with benign thyroid disease and 71 controls, there were significantly reduced risk of thyroid disease among coffee and coffee caffeine drinkers. Even after adjustment for possible confounding variables, the association remained statistically significant
Dr. Linos A, the lead author said, " The mechanism by which coffee consumption may play a protective role against development of benign or malignant thyroid neoplasms may be the stimulatory effect of caffeine on the intracellular cyclic AMP production, which is known to inhibit cell growth".
Taking altogether, coffee and coffee caffeine may be considered as a function beverage for improvement of numbers of health benefit far more than those mentioned through its antioxidant properties and caffeine contents. Finally, if you are coffee lovers, as always, we recommended that you do not add sugar and high-fat dairy creams in your drinks.
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Biography
Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Onakpoya I1, Terry R, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(2) Caffeine intake is related to successful weight loss maintenance by Icken D1, Feller S2, Engeli S3, Mayr A4, Müller A1, Hilbert A5, de Zwaan M1.(PubMed)
(3) Freeze-dried instant coffee can promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats byChoi EY1, Park SY, Cho YO.(PubMed)
(4) Coffee, diabetes, and weight control by Greenberg JA1, Boozer CN, Geliebter A.(PubMed)
Sources
(5) Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis by Ding M1, Bhupathiraju SN, Chen M, van Dam RM, Hu FB.(PubMed)
(6) Effects of coffee on type 2 diabetes mellitus by Akash MS1, Rehman K2, Chen S3.(PubMed)
(7) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)
(8) Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Ding M1, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB.(PubMed)
(9) Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality by O'Keefe JH1, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ.(PubMed)
(10) Protective Effects of Dihydrocaffeic Acid, a Coffee Component Metabolite, on a Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rat Model by Lee K1, Lee BJ2, Bu Y3.(PubMed)
(11) Chlorogenic acid ameliorates brain damage and edema by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia by Lee K1, Lee JS, Jang HJ, Kim SM, Chang MS, Park SH, Kim KS, Bae J, Park JW, Lee B, Choi HY, Jeong CH, Bu Y.(PubMed)
(12) Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects by Küpeli Akkol E1, Bahadır Acıkara O, Süntar I, Ergene B, Saltan Çitoğlu G.(PubMed)
(13) STUDIES IN EDEMA : VIII. THE INFLUENCE OF CAFFEINE ON ABSORPTION FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIURESIS ON EDEMA by Fleisher MS1, Loeb L.(PubMed)
(14) Is coffee consumption associated with a lower risk of hyperuricaemia or gout? A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang Y1, Yang T1, Zeng C1, Wei J2, Li H1, Xiong YL1, Yang Y1, Ding X1, Lei G1.(PubMed)
(15) Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study by Choi HK1, Willett W, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(16) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey by Choi HK1, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(17) Can coffee consumption lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease? A literature review by Wierzejska R1.(PubMed)
(18) Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women by Ascherio A1, Zhang SM, Hernán MA, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(19) Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake by Checkoway H1, Powers K, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT Jr, Swanson PD.(PubMed)
(20) Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease by Ross GW1, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Curb JD, Popper JS, White LR.(PubMed)
(21) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey by Choi HK1, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(22) Effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid: systematic review and meta-analysis by Park KY1, Kim HJ2, Ahn HS2, Kim SH1, Park EJ1, Yim SY3, Jun JB4.(PubMed)
(23) The relation of coffee consumption to serum uric Acid in Japanese men and women aged 49-76 years by Pham NM1, Yoshida D, Morita M, Yin G, Toyomura K, Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R, Kono S.(PubMed)
(24) Caffeine intake and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in an 11-year prospective study by Miura K1, Hughes MC, Green AC, van der Pols JC.(PubMed)
(25) Tea, coffee, and caffeine and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study by Ferrucci LM1, Cartmel B, Molinaro AM, Leffell DJ, Bale AE, Mayne ST.(PubMed)
(26) Increased caffeine intake is associated with reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin by Song F1, Qureshi AA, Han J.(PubMed)
(27) Maternal Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Child Cognition and Behavior at 4 and 7 Years of Age by Klebanoff MA, Keim SA.(PubMed)
(28) Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron deficient Guatemalan toddlers' cognitive development and sleep by Engle PL1, VasDias T, Howard I, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Solomons NW, Dewey KG.(PubMed)(1) An Up-to-date Meta-analysis of Coffee Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer by Xia J1, Chen J2, Xue JX3, Yang J3, Wang ZJ3.(PubMed)
(29) Reduction by coffee consumption of prostate cancer risk: Evidence from the Moli-sani cohort and cellular models by Pounis G1, Tabolacci C2, Costanzo S1, Cordella M2, Bonaccio M1, Rago L3, D'Arcangelo D4, Filippo Di Castelnuovo A1, de Gaetano G1, Donati MB1, Iacoviello L1,5, Facchiano F2; Moli-sani study investigators6.(PubMed)
(30) Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk and progression in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Wilson KM1, Kasperzyk JL, Rider JR, Kenfield S, van Dam RM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA.(PubMed)
(31) Inconsistency of Association between Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function in Adults and Elderly in a Cross-Sectional Study (ELSA-Brasil) by Araújo LF1, Giatti L2, Reis RC3, Goulart AC4, Schmidt MI5, Duncan BB6, Ikram MA7, Barreto SM8.(PubMed)
(32) Association of Coffee Consumption with MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Population-Based Study by Araújo LF1,2, Mirza SS2, Bos D2,3, Niessen WJ3,4, Barreto SM1, van der Lugt A3, Vernooij MW2,3, Hofman A2, Tiemeier H2,5,6, Ikram MA2,3,(PubMed)
(33) Coffee drinking in middle age is not associated with cognitive performance in old age by Laitala VS1, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Räihä I, Rinne JO, Silventoinen K.(PubMed)
(34) The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial by Wedick NM1, Mantzoros CS, Ding EL, Brennan AM, Rosner B, Rimm EB, Hu FB, van Dam RM.(PubMed)
(35) Cross-sectional association of coffee and caffeine consumption with sex hormone-binding globulin in healthy nondiabetic women by Pihan-Le Bars F1,2, Gusto G3,4,5, Boutron-Ruault MC3,4,5, Fagherazzi G3,4,5, Bonnet F1,2,3.(PubMed)
(36) Coffee and caffeine consumption in relation to sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women by Goto A1, Song Y, Chen BH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S.(PubMed)(37) Acute effects of coffee on skin blood flow and microvascular function by Tesselaar E1, Nezirevic Dernroth D2, Farnebo S3.(PubMed)
(38) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects by Noguchi K1, Matsuzaki T2, Sakanashi M2, Hamadate N2, Uchida T2, Kina-Tanada M2, Kubota H2, Nakasone J2, Sakanashi M2, Ueda S3, Masuzaki H4, Ishiuchi S5, Ohya Y6, Tsutsui M7.(PubMed)
(39) Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption by Rogers PJ1, Hohoff C, Heatherley SV, Mullings EL, Maxfield PJ, Evershed RP, Deckert J, Nutt DJ.(PubMed)
(40) A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffeeand water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality by Hindmarch I1, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J.(PubMed)
(41) The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance by Hindmarch I1, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C.(PubMed)
(42) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(43) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(44) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(45) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(46) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(47) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(48) Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive compounds in tea and coffee by Pan MH1, Tung YC2, Yang G3, Li S3, Ho CT4.(PubMed)
(49) Green coffee bean extract improves obesity by decreasing body fat in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by Choi BK1, Park SB2, Lee DR1, Lee HJ2, Jin YY3, Yang SH4, Suh JW5.(PubMed)
(50) Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice by Shimoda H1, Seki E, Aitani M.(PubMed)
(51) Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in the offspring by Virtanen SM1, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Nevalainen J, Uusitalo U, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Arkkola T, Niinistö S, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(52) Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in the child by Uusitalo L1, Kenward MG, Virtanen SM, Uusitalo U, Nevalainen J, Niinistö S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Marjamäki L, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(53) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)(54) Tea and coffee as the main sources of oxalate in diets of patients with kidney oxalate stones by Gasińska A1, Gajewska D.(PubMed)
(55) Caffeine intake and the risk of kidney stones by Ferraro PM1, Taylor EN1, Gambaro G1, Curhan GC1.(PubMed)
(56) Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones by Curhan GC1, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ.(PubMed)
(57) Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study by Liu JJ1, Crous-Bou M2, Giovannucci E3, De Vivo I4.(PubMed)
(58) Caffeine consumption and telomere length in men and women of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by Tucker LA1.(PubMed)
(59) Coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by Adeney KL1, Williams MA, Schiff MA, Qiu C, Sorensen TK.(PubMed)
(60) First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort by Hinkle SN1, Laughon SK, Catov JM, Olsen J, Bech BH.(PubMed)
(61) Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide by Tanskanen A1, Tuomilehto J, Viinamäki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P.(PubMed)
(62) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women by Kawachi I1, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE.(PubMed)
(63) Heavy consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and coffee in male twins by Swan GE1, Carmelli D, Cardon LR.(PubMed)(1) Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review by Nehlig A1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(64) Trigonelline, a naturally occurring constituent of green coffee beans behind the mutagenic activity of roasted coffee? by Wu X1, Skog K, Jägerstad M.(PubMed)
(65) Induction of Nrf2-mediated cellular defenses and alteration of phase I activities as mechanisms of chemoprotective effects of coffee in the liver by Cavin C1, Marin-Kuan M, Langouët S, Bezençon C, Guignard G, Verguet C, Piguet D, Holzhäuser D, Cornaz R, Schilter B.(PubMed)
(66) Chronic coffee consumption and respiratory disease: A systematic review by Alfaro TM1,2,3, Monteiro RA1, Cunha RA2, Cordeiro CR1,3.(PubMed)
(67) [Effects of coffee on the respiratory system].[Article in French] by Martinet Y1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(68) Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma by Liu X1, Liew Z2, Olsen J1,2, Pedersen LH3, Bech BH1, Agerbo E4,5, Yuan W6, Li J7.(PubMed)(1) Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Han MA1, Kim JH2.(PubMed)
(69) Green tea and coffee consumption and its association with thyroid cancer risk: a population-based cohort study in Japan by Michikawa T1, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(70) A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer: cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea by Mack WJ1, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, Galanti R, Xiang M, Franceschi S, Hallquist A, Jin F, Kolonel L, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Linos A, Lund E, McTiernan A, Mabuchi K, Negri E, Wingren G, Ron E.(PubMed)
(71) Does coffee consumption protect against thyroid disease? by Linos A1, Linos DA, Vgotza N, Souvatzoglou A, Koutras DA.(PubMed)
(72) The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial by Wedick NM1, Mantzoros CS, Ding EL, Brennan AM, Rosner B, Rimm EB, Hu FB, van Dam RM.(PubMed)
(73) Cross-sectional association of coffee and caffeine consumption with sex hormone-binding globulin in healthy nondiabetic women by Pihan-Le Bars F1,2, Gusto G3,4,5, Boutron-Ruault MC3,4,5, Fagherazzi G3,4,5, Bonnet F1,2,3.(PubMed)
(74) Coffee and caffeine consumption in relation to sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women by Goto A1, Song Y, Chen BH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S.(PubMed)(4) Acute effects of coffee on skin blood flow and microvascular function by Tesselaar E1, Nezirevic Dernroth D2, Farnebo S3.(PubMed)
(75) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects by Noguchi K1, Matsuzaki T2, Sakanashi M2, Hamadate N2, Uchida T2, Kina-Tanada M2, Kubota H2, Nakasone J2, Sakanashi M2, Ueda S3, Masuzaki H4, Ishiuchi S5, Ohya Y6, Tsutsui M7.(PubMed)
(76) Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption by Rogers PJ1, Hohoff C, Heatherley SV, Mullings EL, Maxfield PJ, Evershed RP, Deckert J, Nutt DJ.(PubMed)
(77) A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffeeand water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality by Hindmarch I1, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J.(PubMed)
(78) The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance by Hindmarch I1, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C.(PubMed)
(79) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(80) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(81) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(82) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(83) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(84) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(85) Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive compounds in tea and coffee by Pan MH1, Tung YC2, Yang G3, Li S3, Ho CT4.(PubMed)
(86) Green coffee bean extract improves obesity by decreasing body fat in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by Choi BK1, Park SB2, Lee DR1, Lee HJ2, Jin YY3, Yang SH4, Suh JW5.(PubMed)
(87) Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice by Shimoda H1, Seki E, Aitani M.(PubMed)
(88) Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in the offspring by Virtanen SM1, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Nevalainen J, Uusitalo U, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Arkkola T, Niinistö S, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(89) Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in the child by Uusitalo L1, Kenward MG, Virtanen SM, Uusitalo U, Nevalainen J, Niinistö S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Marjamäki L, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(90) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)
(91) Tea and coffee as the main sources of oxalate in diets of patients with kidney oxalate stones by Gasińska A1, Gajewska D.(PubMed)
(92) Caffeine intake and the risk of kidney stones by Ferraro PM1, Taylor EN1, Gambaro G1, Curhan GC1.(PubMed)
(93) Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones by Curhan GC1, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ.(PubMed)
(94) Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study by Liu JJ1, Crous-Bou M2, Giovannucci E3, De Vivo I4.(PubMed)
(95) Caffeine consumption and telomere length in men and women of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by Tucker LA1.(PubMed)
(96) Coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by Adeney KL1, Williams MA, Schiff MA, Qiu C, Sorensen TK.(PubMed)
(97) First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort by Hinkle SN1, Laughon SK, Catov JM, Olsen J, Bech BH.(PubMed)
(98) Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide by Tanskanen A1, Tuomilehto J, Viinamäki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P.(PubMed)
(99) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women by Kawachi I1, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE.(PubMed)
(100) Heavy consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and coffee in male twins by Swan GE1, Carmelli D, Cardon LR.(PubMed)(1) Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review by Nehlig A1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(101) Trigonelline, a naturally occurring constituent of green coffee beans behind the mutagenic activity of roasted coffee? by Wu X1, Skog K, Jägerstad M.(PubMed)
(102) Induction of Nrf2-mediated cellular defenses and alteration of phase I activities as mechanisms of chemoprotective effects of coffee in the liver by Cavin C1, Marin-Kuan M, Langouët S, Bezençon C, Guignard G, Verguet C, Piguet D, Holzhäuser D, Cornaz R, Schilter B.(PubMed)
(103) Chronic coffee consumption and respiratory disease: A systematic review by Alfaro TM1,2,3, Monteiro RA1, Cunha RA2, Cordeiro CR1,3.(PubMed)
(104) [Effects of coffee on the respiratory system].[Article in French] by Martinet Y1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(105) Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma by Liu X1, Liew Z2, Olsen J1,2, Pedersen LH3, Bech BH1, Agerbo E4,5, Yuan W6, Li J7.(PubMed)(1) Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Han MA1, Kim JH2.(PubMed)
(106) Green tea and coffee consumption and its association with thyroid cancer risk: a population-based cohort study in Japan by Michikawa T1, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(107) A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer: cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea by Mack WJ1, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, Galanti R, Xiang M, Franceschi S, Hallquist A, Jin F, Kolonel L, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Linos A, Lund E, McTiernan A, Mabuchi K, Negri E, Wingren G, Ron E.(PubMed)
(108) Does coffee consumption protect against thyroid disease? by Linos A1, Linos DA, Vgotza N, Souvatzoglou A, Koutras DA.(PubMed)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the types of fatty liver caused by fat accumulated (steatosis) in the liver other than excessive alcohol drinking.
According to a retrospective cross-sectional study on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection to determine the effects of coffee intake on a non-invasive marker of liver fibrosis, coffee intake of 2 or more cups per day demonstrated a significant reduced liver symptom of stiffness, after adjustment for age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, in compared to other subgroups.
Additionally, in the review of epidemiological and clinical evidence by the Zhejiang University, coffee intake may have a profoundly reduced severity and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence.
In fact, the effect of coffee in attenuated risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence may be also involved other chemical constituents other than caffeine.
Dr. Chen S, the lead researchers suggested that said, "Several possible mechanisms underlying coffee's hepatoprotective effects in NAFLD include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects".
Interestingly, the review of literature published in database of Medline and Embase up to March 2015, showed that coffee and coffee caffeine intake have a strong impact in protect liver against complications of fibrosis incidence.
Information collected indicated that coffee and coffee caffeine intake have a enormous demonstration in ameliorated risk and symptoms of Non alcoholic liver disease, but some researchers suggested that other components such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects may also play an important role in enhancement of these results.
25. Obesity
Green coffee intake may have a profound effect in reduced risk and treatment of obesity, a renowned institute study suggested.
According to the joint study led by the Huanggang Normal University, the health benefits of coffee studies over last 10 years, expressed a significant improvement of risk and treatment of obesity in decreased lipid accumulation in cells through regulating the cell cycle during fat metabolism.
Additionally, coffee consumption induced changes in transcription factors in fat deposit, decreased body weight and visceral fat form of animal and humans studies
Furthermore, coffee influenced gut microbiota in obese animals and humans also played an important role for used as a functional and integrated food in reduced risk and treatment of obesity.
Other in the study of obesity induced in mice using a HFD for four weeks, fed only HFD or HFD with GCBE at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg suggested that
1.Mice treated with green coffee intake showed a significantly decreased body weight gain, liver weight and white adipose tissue weights with regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis hormones, such as adiponectin and leptin.
2. Mice treated with green coffee intake also demonstrated a decreased mRNA expression levels of adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolis related genes in adipose tissues and the liver, and decreased the corresponding protein expression.
3. GCBE treated mice had a lower fat mass with decreased relative body weight and fat mass in compared to HFD alone fed mice.
According to the information collected, Dr. Choi BK, the led author said, "GCBE has a potential anti-obesity effect with lowering body fat accumulation by regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins in WAT and liver".
More importantly, in the study of male ddy mice fed a standard diet containing GCBE and its principal constituents, namely, caffeine and chlorogenic acid, for 14 day, researchers at the Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical Co,, Ltd, indicated that
1. GCBE with 0.5% and 1% reduced visceral fat content and body weight
2. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid showed a tendency to reduce visceral fat and body weight
3. Oral administration of GCBE (100 and 200 mg/kg. day) for 13 days showed a tendency to reduce hepatic TG in mice
4. Chlorogenic acid (60 mg/kg. day) reduced hepatic TG level
The findings displayed a strong effect of coffee and its phytochemicals in reduced weight gain and fat accumulation by inhibition of fat absorption and activation of fat metabolism in the liver may be considered as a functional and integrated food against risk and treatment of obesity.
26. Reduced Risk of β-Cell Autoimmunity
Maternal consumption of coffee may have a profound effect in reduced risk of β-cell autoimmunity inducing Type 1 diabetes in the offspring, according to the University of Tampere.
In a prospective Finnish birth cohort of 4297 infants with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes with lbood samples collected from the children at 3-12 months intervals to measure type 1 diabetes-associated antibodies against islet cells (ICA), insulin, glutamate dehydroxylase, and islet antigen 2, returned questionnaire from mothers indicated that intake of coffee during perchance expresses a inversely associated risk of development of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in their infants.
Even after adjusting to other risk factors, coffee showed a linearly dependent to amount of cups intake of the mothers against risk of β-cell autoimmunity incidence in newborns.
Additionally, in the review of data comprised 4297 children with increased genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes, born at the University Hospital of Oulu or Tampere, Finland, between October 1997 and December 2002 monitored for diabetes-associated autoantibodies from samples obtained at 3-12-mo intervals, returned surveys from mothers indicated that coffee increased antioxidant status have a a significant effect in reduced risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity development in children, compared to substantial risk of the offspring in mother who did not intake any antioxidant dietary nutrients.
Further more, Dr. Uusitalo L, the lead researcherssaid, "the hazard ratios, indicating the change in risk per a 2-fold increase in the intake of each antioxidant, were nonsignificant and close to 1" and "High maternal intake of retinol, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, zinc, or manganese does not protect the child from development of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in early childhood".
Interestingly, the returned questionarre from participants in the data from a population-based case-control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population, researchers found that intake of coffee may have enormous effect in reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, but conversely, coffee intake showed to associate to elevated risk of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes in these group of adults.
Dr. Löfvenborg JE, the lead author in above study said, " for every additional cup of coffee consumed per day, there was a 15.2% (P = 0.0268) increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels".
Taking altogether, There is no doubt that coffee consumption during pregnancy has a substantial effect in attenuated risk of type 1 diabetes caused by advanced β-cell autoimmunity. But coffee consumed in adulthood may increased risk of Type 1-like latent autoimmune diabetes adults. contrastively.
27. Kidney Stone
Kidney stone is a deposit of insoluble calcium compounds in the kidney, affecting over 10% of world population, according to statistic.
According to the Warsaw Agricultural University, coffee and tea consumed daily and regularly expressed an increased risk of kidney stone by more than 80% in compared to risk of other factors, probably due to presence of oxalates found in coffee.
In fact, in the analyzed nutritional habits of 22 stone formers with special regard to oxalate content as one of the main nutritional lithogenic factors associated with kidney stones, researchers found that risk of kidney stone increased substantially for men and women if dietary oxalate intake was over 354 mg and 406 mg, respectively
Contrastively, a prospective study in investigated relation between intake of 21 different beverages and risk of symptomatic kidney stones in a cohort of 45,289 men, 40-75 years of age conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health, suggested that the risk of stone formationdecreased by 10%. of the amount for each 240-ml (8-oz) serving consumed daily in caffeinated coffee.
Other, in the analyzed association between intake of caffeine and incidence of kidney stones in 3 large ongoing cohort studies, and the Nurses' Health Studies (NHS) I and II also found a contradictory result in related to coffee and other plant base caffeine products.
In a total of 217,883 participants; over a median follow-up of >8 y, 4982 incident cases of kidney stone occurred studies, researchers files the following results.
1. The highest quintile of caffeine intake (95% CI: 12%, 38%) showed a significant reduced risk of developing stones by 26%, according to the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS).
2. Caffeine inkate showed a 29 % lower risk in the NHS I cohort, and
3. and 31% lower risk in the NHS II cohort
Dr. the lead author said. "Among 6033 participants with 24-h urine data, the intake of caffeine was associated with higher urine volume, calcium, and potassium and with lower urine oxalate and supersaturation for calcium oxalate and uric acid".
28. Longevity
Intake of coffee may have a profound effect in strengthen the telomere length, a biomarker of living longer, a renowned study suggested.
In a cross-sectional association between coffee consumption and telomere length in 4780 women , using the data from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) from a prospective cohort study of female nurses began in 1976 with relative telomere length measured in peripheral blood leukocytes by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, after adjusting to other risk factors, researchers found that
1. Higher total coffee use were significantly associated with longer telomeres in compared to non drinkers
2. Intake of 2 to <3 and ≥3 cups of coffee/d showed a relative ratio of 1.29 and 1.36, respectively
3. Telomere length was associated linearly to caffeine consumption from all dietary sources
The result of findings, showed a strong indication of correlation between coffee caffeine intake and the length of telomeres among female nurses.
Dr. Liu JJ, the led author said, " ... better understand the influence of coffee consumption on telomeres, which may uncover new knowledge of how coffeeconsumption affects health and longevity".
Other, in a study of total of 5826 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cross-sectionally, using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method, telomere length compared to standard reference DNA, after adjusting to other risk factors, including age, gender, race, marital status, education, housing, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol use,.. researchers showed that
1. Caffeine consumption was inversely related to telomere length
2. For each 100 mg of caffeine consumed, telomeres were 35.4 base pairs shorter
3. For each 100 mg of caffeine consumed among coffee drinkers only, telomeres were 36.7 base pairs shorter
4. Among non-coffee drinkers only, 40.0 base pairs shorter
In compared to non drinker(40.0 base pairs shorter), coffee caffeine( 36.7 base pairs shorter) and caffeine( 35.4 base pairs shorter) intake expressed a positive effect in increased genetic telomeres length.
29. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an exhibition of abnormal high blood glucose during pregnancy.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In a prospective study of 1744 non-diabetic pregnant women questioned during early gestation about their coffee consumption, researchers found that according to returned report, moderate coffee intake per day exerts a significant decreased risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in expected mothers in compared to non coffee intake pregnant women.
Dr. Adeney KL, the lead author said, "Moderate pre-pregnancy caffeinated coffee consumption may have a protective association with GDM".
Also, in the study of first trimester coffee and tea consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on-diabetic women with singleton pregnancies in the Danish National Birth Cohort (n = 71,239), researchers showed that pregnant women with coffee heavy consumption showed a substantial high percentage(81.2%) of complication of GDM, in compared to only 1.5% in non drinkers.
Importantly, the incidence of GDM of this study was highest in pregnant women who drink more than 8 cups of coffee/day but without significant difference across intake in other levels.
With collective information from above study, it is safe to say, moderate coffee drinking in first trimester may have a protective effect in reduced risk of GDM but increased risk of complication in diabetic expected mothers who drank over 8 cups of coffee per day.
The examine of the protective effect of coffee in pregnancy women, researchers performed a study included 168 pregnant women aged 18-40 years, recruited at routine 20-week ultrasound with all participants kept a 4-day weighed food record following recruitment (commencement: gestational weeks 19-24), a prudent dietary pattern including moderated coffee intake accompanied with seafood; eggs; vegetables; fruits and berries; vegetable oils; nuts and seeds; pasta; breakfast cereals; and coffee, tea and cocoa powder is associated to reduced risk of GDM in pregnancy.
The findings evidences suggested that moderated coffee consumption with less than 8 cups/day expressed a protective effect against GDM and GDM complications.
30. Attenuated Risk of Suicide
In the review of data from 36,689 adult (age range 25-64 years) men and women, participated in the population surveys between 1972 and 1992 yielded 169 suicides.in a mean of 14.4 years, researchers found that
1. In compared to no heavy user, heavy user of coffee showed a relative ratio of 1.55
2. The adjusted relative risk of suicide increased substantially in heavy coffee user if combined to increasing level of joint heavy use of alcohol and cigarettes.
In other words, heavy coffee intake of participants showed a significant increased risk of suicide if accompanied with heavy use of alcohol and cigarettes.
Dr. Tanskanen A, the led author said, " Clustering of the heavy use of ........coffee could serve as a new marker for increased risk of suicide".
To further support the differentiation of heavy coffee use in increased risk suicide, researchers at the
Center for Health Sciences, SRI International conducted a study of a multivariate structural equation modeling in a large cohort of male twins (N = 2,220 monozygotic and 2,373 dizygotic twin pairs; mean age = 62.1 years) from the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council's World War II Twin Registry, strongly agreed that although genetic and environmental factors may account for the independent cluster risks, heavy coffee user displayed a enormous risk of suicide.
Other, in a 10-year follow-up study (1980 to 1990) in an ongoing cohort of 86 626 US female registered nurses aged 34 to 59 years in 1980, with free of diagnosed coronary heart disease, stroke, or cancer and Information on coffee and caffeine intake collected by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1980, researchers filed the following reports
1. There was 56 cases of suicide occurred during 832 704 person-years.
2. In compared to non drinker, coffee drinkers expressed a relative odd risk ratio of 0.34 women who consumed two to three cups per day
3. For women consumed four or more cups per day, the relative suicide risk was .42
4. After adjusting to other risk factors, the relative odd ratio remain constant
The finding showed a importantly correlated association of light and moderate coffee intake in reduced risk of suicide.
The efficacy in ameliorated risk of suicide among these women may be attributed to coffee activity in reduced incidence of depression as seen in other studies.
31. Mutagenicity
Coffee and coffee caffeine may have a direct effect in mutagenicity in bacteria and fungi, but lesser in mammalian cells, a France study suggested.
According to the Université de Nancy, Coffee and caffeine showed a significant effect in gene mutation in bacteria and fungi, but in high concentrations, they expressed also a similarly mutagenic influence to mammalian cells in culture.
The mutagenic activity of caffeine can be observed through its potentiate in induced chromosomal aberrations through transforming sublethal damage of mutagenic agents into lethal damage. But conversely, intake of coffee and caffeine denostrated a protective effect in inhibit these mutagenic properties through theirs' numerous chemicals depending to the time consumption in the presence of mutagenic agent.
Furthermore, the study also revealed that chemically reactive components such as aliphatic dicarbonyls from the caffeine were some of the culprits attributed to these mutagenic exhibition.
The findings suggested the duo effect of coffee and coffee caffeine on one hand, inhibited the gene mutation but on the hand displayed a significant mutagenic DNA damage to living organisms, but less in human even with moderated drinking habit.
Also in bacterial experiments, according to the observation from bacteria mutation assays, trigonelline, found in caffeine alone or in combination with most of the single amino acids found in caffeine and mixtures of amino acids, showed a potent mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains.
Dr. Wu X, the lead author said, "Trigonelline and amino acids are natural components in green coffee beans. Model systems mimicking coffee roasting were used to produce heated samples of trigonelline, amino acids and glucose".
Contractively, according to the coffee producing company, Nestlé Research Center, coffee intake have shown a strong effect in induced enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification processes and primary hepatocytes.
In animal study, the experiment also found that coffee induce the mRNA and protein expression of enzymes involved in promotion of cellular antioxidant defenses.
More importantly, coffee also exhibited chemoprotective effects of against toxic Aflatoxin B1 in duced genotoxicity in either human liver cell line and primary hepatocytes.
Taking altogether, coffee and coffee showed conflict results in inhibited and exhibited mutagenesis, but epidemiological studies agreed that coffee decreased risk of genetoxicity against many chronic illness through regulating AFB1-DNA and protein.
32. Respiratory Disease
Intake of coffee and coffee caffeine may have a potential effect in reduced risk and progression of respiratory disease, a renowned university study suggested.
Respiratory disease is a class of diseases involved abnormal lung function including conditions of the upper trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity,....
In review of 15 studies, including seven cohorts, six cross-sectionals, one case control and one randomized control trial, researchers at the joint study lead by the University of Coimbra, filed the below interesting results1. Risk of asthma was reduced in coffee injection group.
2. Coffee accompanied with honey displayed a positive effect in treatment for persistent post-infectious cough.
3. In control study, the higher risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) prevalence was associated to coffee consumption.4. Coffee was also found to associate to lower respiratory mortality.
5. Coffee injection group also benefit to improved lung function
6. Smoking was a significant risk factor in all cases.
With all the information collected, Dr. Alfaro TM, the lead authors proposed, "Coffee consumption was associated with some positive effects on the respiratory system" and "coffee consumption may be a part of a healthy lifestyle leading to reduced respiratory morbidity."
Other, in the study filed by the CHU de Nancy, coffee consumption showed a contradictory effect involving respiratory diseases.
1. Coffee intake showed a beneficial effect on bronchospasm.
2. But on other studies, coffee intake has been suspected of contributing to the development of chronic airflow obstruction (COPD) and bronchial cancer.
The study explained, these contrastive results may be attributed to the causal relationship in indirectly linking strong positive correlation between the consumption of coffee and use of tobacco.
The author also warmed that coffee taken in large quantities by pregnant women, may increase risk of neonatal apnoea in the newborn, if abrupt cessation in the caffeine level.
Also in the comparison of the prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma, researchers found that intake of coffee during pregnancy showed a strong effect in reduced risk of childhood asthma, according to the 63,652 live-born singletons enrolled in the Danish National Birth Cohort.
Taking together, coffee intake have a strong protection against respiratory diseases(including reduced risk of childhood asthma), but increased incidences of chronic airflow obstruction (COPD), and bronchial cancer, therefore, people with above exceptive disease should reduced intake of coffee and consult with their doctors.
33. Thyroid Cancer
Epidemiological studies, linking coffee and coffee caffeine intake in prevalence of thyroid cancer incidence have been contradictory and inconclusive.
Thyroid cancer is a chronic condition of irregular cell growth in the thyroid gland.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In the review of database from Published studies in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and the reference lists of the retrieved articles to evaluate the association between coffee consumption and the risk of thyroid cancer, researchers at the joint study lead by the Chosun University, filed the following results.
1. In a total of 1039 thyroid cancer cases and 220,816 controls were identified from five case-control studies and two cohort studies, the relative risk ratio of cancer incidence was was 0.88 in compared to base line.
2. Risk of thyroid cancer was reduced significantly only in hospital-based case-control studies.
Dr. Han MA, the head researcher said, "There was no significant association between coffee consumption and thyroid cancer risk according to our meta-analysis results" and "There was no significant heterogeneity among the study results".
Other, in the analyzed data from a prospective cohort (100,507 persons (48,802 men; 51,705 women) aged 40-69) between green tea and coffee consumption and risk of thyroid cancer, assessed via a self-administered questionnaire, researchers at the National Cancer Center found no association between coffee intake and risk of thyroid cancer regardless to gender and amount of coffee intake per day.
Furthermore, in the pool sample consisted of 2725 thyroid cancer cases (2247 females, 478 males) and 4776 controls (3699 females, 1077 males), through intensive analysis of 14 case-control studies conducted in the United States, Europe, and Asia suggested that risk of thyroid cancer is not associated to coffee consumption, independent to gender difference.
The study also emphasized that even taking into account of other factors, caffeinated beverages did not alter thyroid cancer risk.
Contrastively, according to Aretaieion University Hospital, in a case-control, serially matched study containing 70 patients with thyroid cancer, 55 with benign thyroid disease and 71 controls, there were significantly reduced risk of thyroid disease among coffee and coffee caffeine drinkers. Even after adjustment for possible confounding variables, the association remained statistically significant
Dr. Linos A, the lead author said, " The mechanism by which coffee consumption may play a protective role against development of benign or malignant thyroid neoplasms may be the stimulatory effect of caffeine on the intracellular cyclic AMP production, which is known to inhibit cell growth".
Taking altogether, coffee and coffee caffeine may be considered as a function beverage for improvement of numbers of health benefit far more than those mentioned through its antioxidant properties and caffeine contents. Finally, if you are coffee lovers, as always, we recommended that you do not add sugar and high-fat dairy creams in your drinks.
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Biography
Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Onakpoya I1, Terry R, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(2) Caffeine intake is related to successful weight loss maintenance by Icken D1, Feller S2, Engeli S3, Mayr A4, Müller A1, Hilbert A5, de Zwaan M1.(PubMed)
(3) Freeze-dried instant coffee can promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes and induce weight loss but also aggravate the plasma cholesterol profile in rats byChoi EY1, Park SY, Cho YO.(PubMed)
(4) Coffee, diabetes, and weight control by Greenberg JA1, Boozer CN, Geliebter A.(PubMed)
Sources
(5) Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis by Ding M1, Bhupathiraju SN, Chen M, van Dam RM, Hu FB.(PubMed)
(6) Effects of coffee on type 2 diabetes mellitus by Akash MS1, Rehman K2, Chen S3.(PubMed)
(7) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)
(8) Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Ding M1, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB.(PubMed)
(9) Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality by O'Keefe JH1, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ.(PubMed)
(10) Protective Effects of Dihydrocaffeic Acid, a Coffee Component Metabolite, on a Focal Cerebral Ischemia Rat Model by Lee K1, Lee BJ2, Bu Y3.(PubMed)
(11) Chlorogenic acid ameliorates brain damage and edema by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia by Lee K1, Lee JS, Jang HJ, Kim SM, Chang MS, Park SH, Kim KS, Bae J, Park JW, Lee B, Choi HY, Jeong CH, Bu Y.(PubMed)
(12) Ethnopharmacological evaluation of some Scorzonera species: in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects by Küpeli Akkol E1, Bahadır Acıkara O, Süntar I, Ergene B, Saltan Çitoğlu G.(PubMed)
(13) STUDIES IN EDEMA : VIII. THE INFLUENCE OF CAFFEINE ON ABSORPTION FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND THE INFLUENCE OF DIURESIS ON EDEMA by Fleisher MS1, Loeb L.(PubMed)
(14) Is coffee consumption associated with a lower risk of hyperuricaemia or gout? A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang Y1, Yang T1, Zeng C1, Wei J2, Li H1, Xiong YL1, Yang Y1, Ding X1, Lei G1.(PubMed)
(15) Coffee consumption and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study by Choi HK1, Willett W, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(16) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey by Choi HK1, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(17) Can coffee consumption lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease? A literature review by Wierzejska R1.(PubMed)
(18) Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women by Ascherio A1, Zhang SM, Hernán MA, Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(19) Parkinson's disease risks associated with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine intake by Checkoway H1, Powers K, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT Jr, Swanson PD.(PubMed)
(20) Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease by Ross GW1, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Morens DM, Grandinetti A, Tung KH, Tanner CM, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL, Curb JD, Popper JS, White LR.(PubMed)
(21) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey by Choi HK1, Curhan G.(PubMed)
(22) Effects of coffee consumption on serum uric acid: systematic review and meta-analysis by Park KY1, Kim HJ2, Ahn HS2, Kim SH1, Park EJ1, Yim SY3, Jun JB4.(PubMed)
(23) The relation of coffee consumption to serum uric Acid in Japanese men and women aged 49-76 years by Pham NM1, Yoshida D, Morita M, Yin G, Toyomura K, Ohnaka K, Takayanagi R, Kono S.(PubMed)
(24) Caffeine intake and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in an 11-year prospective study by Miura K1, Hughes MC, Green AC, van der Pols JC.(PubMed)
(25) Tea, coffee, and caffeine and early-onset basal cell carcinoma in a case-control study by Ferrucci LM1, Cartmel B, Molinaro AM, Leffell DJ, Bale AE, Mayne ST.(PubMed)
(26) Increased caffeine intake is associated with reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin by Song F1, Qureshi AA, Han J.(PubMed)
(27) Maternal Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Child Cognition and Behavior at 4 and 7 Years of Age by Klebanoff MA, Keim SA.(PubMed)
(28) Effects of discontinuing coffee intake on iron deficient Guatemalan toddlers' cognitive development and sleep by Engle PL1, VasDias T, Howard I, Romero-Abal ME, Quan de Serrano J, Bulux J, Solomons NW, Dewey KG.(PubMed)(1) An Up-to-date Meta-analysis of Coffee Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer by Xia J1, Chen J2, Xue JX3, Yang J3, Wang ZJ3.(PubMed)
(29) Reduction by coffee consumption of prostate cancer risk: Evidence from the Moli-sani cohort and cellular models by Pounis G1, Tabolacci C2, Costanzo S1, Cordella M2, Bonaccio M1, Rago L3, D'Arcangelo D4, Filippo Di Castelnuovo A1, de Gaetano G1, Donati MB1, Iacoviello L1,5, Facchiano F2; Moli-sani study investigators6.(PubMed)
(30) Coffee consumption and prostate cancer risk and progression in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Wilson KM1, Kasperzyk JL, Rider JR, Kenfield S, van Dam RM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Mucci LA.(PubMed)
(31) Inconsistency of Association between Coffee Consumption and Cognitive Function in Adults and Elderly in a Cross-Sectional Study (ELSA-Brasil) by Araújo LF1, Giatti L2, Reis RC3, Goulart AC4, Schmidt MI5, Duncan BB6, Ikram MA7, Barreto SM8.(PubMed)
(32) Association of Coffee Consumption with MRI Markers and Cognitive Function: A Population-Based Study by Araújo LF1,2, Mirza SS2, Bos D2,3, Niessen WJ3,4, Barreto SM1, van der Lugt A3, Vernooij MW2,3, Hofman A2, Tiemeier H2,5,6, Ikram MA2,3,(PubMed)
(33) Coffee drinking in middle age is not associated with cognitive performance in old age by Laitala VS1, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Räihä I, Rinne JO, Silventoinen K.(PubMed)
(34) The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial by Wedick NM1, Mantzoros CS, Ding EL, Brennan AM, Rosner B, Rimm EB, Hu FB, van Dam RM.(PubMed)
(35) Cross-sectional association of coffee and caffeine consumption with sex hormone-binding globulin in healthy nondiabetic women by Pihan-Le Bars F1,2, Gusto G3,4,5, Boutron-Ruault MC3,4,5, Fagherazzi G3,4,5, Bonnet F1,2,3.(PubMed)
(36) Coffee and caffeine consumption in relation to sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women by Goto A1, Song Y, Chen BH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S.(PubMed)(37) Acute effects of coffee on skin blood flow and microvascular function by Tesselaar E1, Nezirevic Dernroth D2, Farnebo S3.(PubMed)
(38) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects by Noguchi K1, Matsuzaki T2, Sakanashi M2, Hamadate N2, Uchida T2, Kina-Tanada M2, Kubota H2, Nakasone J2, Sakanashi M2, Ueda S3, Masuzaki H4, Ishiuchi S5, Ohya Y6, Tsutsui M7.(PubMed)
(39) Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption by Rogers PJ1, Hohoff C, Heatherley SV, Mullings EL, Maxfield PJ, Evershed RP, Deckert J, Nutt DJ.(PubMed)
(40) A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffeeand water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality by Hindmarch I1, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J.(PubMed)
(41) The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance by Hindmarch I1, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C.(PubMed)
(42) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(43) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(44) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(45) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(46) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(47) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(48) Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive compounds in tea and coffee by Pan MH1, Tung YC2, Yang G3, Li S3, Ho CT4.(PubMed)
(49) Green coffee bean extract improves obesity by decreasing body fat in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by Choi BK1, Park SB2, Lee DR1, Lee HJ2, Jin YY3, Yang SH4, Suh JW5.(PubMed)
(50) Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice by Shimoda H1, Seki E, Aitani M.(PubMed)
(51) Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in the offspring by Virtanen SM1, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Nevalainen J, Uusitalo U, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Arkkola T, Niinistö S, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(52) Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in the child by Uusitalo L1, Kenward MG, Virtanen SM, Uusitalo U, Nevalainen J, Niinistö S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Marjamäki L, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(53) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)(54) Tea and coffee as the main sources of oxalate in diets of patients with kidney oxalate stones by Gasińska A1, Gajewska D.(PubMed)
(55) Caffeine intake and the risk of kidney stones by Ferraro PM1, Taylor EN1, Gambaro G1, Curhan GC1.(PubMed)
(56) Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones by Curhan GC1, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ.(PubMed)
(57) Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study by Liu JJ1, Crous-Bou M2, Giovannucci E3, De Vivo I4.(PubMed)
(58) Caffeine consumption and telomere length in men and women of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by Tucker LA1.(PubMed)
(59) Coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by Adeney KL1, Williams MA, Schiff MA, Qiu C, Sorensen TK.(PubMed)
(60) First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort by Hinkle SN1, Laughon SK, Catov JM, Olsen J, Bech BH.(PubMed)
(61) Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide by Tanskanen A1, Tuomilehto J, Viinamäki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P.(PubMed)
(62) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women by Kawachi I1, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE.(PubMed)
(63) Heavy consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and coffee in male twins by Swan GE1, Carmelli D, Cardon LR.(PubMed)(1) Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review by Nehlig A1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(64) Trigonelline, a naturally occurring constituent of green coffee beans behind the mutagenic activity of roasted coffee? by Wu X1, Skog K, Jägerstad M.(PubMed)
(65) Induction of Nrf2-mediated cellular defenses and alteration of phase I activities as mechanisms of chemoprotective effects of coffee in the liver by Cavin C1, Marin-Kuan M, Langouët S, Bezençon C, Guignard G, Verguet C, Piguet D, Holzhäuser D, Cornaz R, Schilter B.(PubMed)
(66) Chronic coffee consumption and respiratory disease: A systematic review by Alfaro TM1,2,3, Monteiro RA1, Cunha RA2, Cordeiro CR1,3.(PubMed)
(67) [Effects of coffee on the respiratory system].[Article in French] by Martinet Y1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(68) Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma by Liu X1, Liew Z2, Olsen J1,2, Pedersen LH3, Bech BH1, Agerbo E4,5, Yuan W6, Li J7.(PubMed)(1) Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Han MA1, Kim JH2.(PubMed)
(69) Green tea and coffee consumption and its association with thyroid cancer risk: a population-based cohort study in Japan by Michikawa T1, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(70) A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer: cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea by Mack WJ1, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, Galanti R, Xiang M, Franceschi S, Hallquist A, Jin F, Kolonel L, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Linos A, Lund E, McTiernan A, Mabuchi K, Negri E, Wingren G, Ron E.(PubMed)
(71) Does coffee consumption protect against thyroid disease? by Linos A1, Linos DA, Vgotza N, Souvatzoglou A, Koutras DA.(PubMed)
(72) The effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on sex hormone-binding globulin and endogenous sex hormone levels: a randomized controlled trial by Wedick NM1, Mantzoros CS, Ding EL, Brennan AM, Rosner B, Rimm EB, Hu FB, van Dam RM.(PubMed)
(73) Cross-sectional association of coffee and caffeine consumption with sex hormone-binding globulin in healthy nondiabetic women by Pihan-Le Bars F1,2, Gusto G3,4,5, Boutron-Ruault MC3,4,5, Fagherazzi G3,4,5, Bonnet F1,2,3.(PubMed)
(74) Coffee and caffeine consumption in relation to sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women by Goto A1, Song Y, Chen BH, Manson JE, Buring JE, Liu S.(PubMed)(4) Acute effects of coffee on skin blood flow and microvascular function by Tesselaar E1, Nezirevic Dernroth D2, Farnebo S3.(PubMed)
(75) Effect of caffeine contained in a cup of coffee on microvascular function in healthy subjects by Noguchi K1, Matsuzaki T2, Sakanashi M2, Hamadate N2, Uchida T2, Kina-Tanada M2, Kubota H2, Nakasone J2, Sakanashi M2, Ueda S3, Masuzaki H4, Ishiuchi S5, Ohya Y6, Tsutsui M7.(PubMed)
(76) Association of the anxiogenic and alerting effects of caffeine with ADORA2A and ADORA1 polymorphisms and habitual level of caffeine consumption by Rogers PJ1, Hohoff C, Heatherley SV, Mullings EL, Maxfield PJ, Evershed RP, Deckert J, Nutt DJ.(PubMed)
(77) A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffeeand water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality by Hindmarch I1, Rigney U, Stanley N, Quinlan P, Rycroft J, Lane J.(PubMed)
(78) The effects of black tea and other beverages on aspects of cognition and psychomotor performance by Hindmarch I1, Quinlan PT, Moore KL, Parkin C.(PubMed)
(79) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(80) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(81) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(82) Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B by Hodge A1,2, Lim S3, Goh E4, Wong O5, Marsh P6, Knight V7, Sievert W8,9, de Courten B10.(PubMed)
(83) Coffee and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: brewing evidence for hepatoprotection? by Chen S1, Teoh NC, Chitturi S, Farrell GC.(PubMed)
(84) Coffee and tea consumption in relation with non-alcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Marventano S1, Salomone F2, Godos J3, Pluchinotta F4, Del Rio D5, Mistretta A1, Grosso G6.(PubMed)
(85) Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of bioactive compounds in tea and coffee by Pan MH1, Tung YC2, Yang G3, Li S3, Ho CT4.(PubMed)
(86) Green coffee bean extract improves obesity by decreasing body fat in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by Choi BK1, Park SB2, Lee DR1, Lee HJ2, Jin YY3, Yang SH4, Suh JW5.(PubMed)
(87) Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice by Shimoda H1, Seki E, Aitani M.(PubMed)
(88) Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced β-cell autoimmunity in the offspring by Virtanen SM1, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG, Nevalainen J, Uusitalo U, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Arkkola T, Niinistö S, Hakulinen T, Ahonen S, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(89) Intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in the child by Uusitalo L1, Kenward MG, Virtanen SM, Uusitalo U, Nevalainen J, Niinistö S, Kronberg-Kippilä C, Ovaskainen ML, Marjamäki L, Simell O, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M.(PubMed)
(90) Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults--results from a Swedish case-control study by Löfvenborg JE1, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, Dorkhan M, Groop L, Martinell M, Rasouli B, Storm P, Tuomi T, Carlsson S.(PubMed)
(91) Tea and coffee as the main sources of oxalate in diets of patients with kidney oxalate stones by Gasińska A1, Gajewska D.(PubMed)
(92) Caffeine intake and the risk of kidney stones by Ferraro PM1, Taylor EN1, Gambaro G1, Curhan GC1.(PubMed)
(93) Prospective study of beverage use and the risk of kidney stones by Curhan GC1, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ.(PubMed)
(94) Coffee Consumption Is Positively Associated with Longer Leukocyte Telomere Length in the Nurses' Health Study by Liu JJ1, Crous-Bou M2, Giovannucci E3, De Vivo I4.(PubMed)
(95) Caffeine consumption and telomere length in men and women of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) by Tucker LA1.(PubMed)
(96) Coffee consumption and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus by Adeney KL1, Williams MA, Schiff MA, Qiu C, Sorensen TK.(PubMed)
(97) First trimester coffee and tea intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a study within a national birth cohort by Hinkle SN1, Laughon SK, Catov JM, Olsen J, Bech BH.(PubMed)
(98) Joint heavy use of alcohol, cigarettes and coffee and the risk of suicide by Tanskanen A1, Tuomilehto J, Viinamäki H, Vartiainen E, Lehtonen J, Puska P.(PubMed)
(99) A prospective study of coffee drinking and suicide in women by Kawachi I1, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE.(PubMed)
(100) Heavy consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and coffee in male twins by Swan GE1, Carmelli D, Cardon LR.(PubMed)(1) Potential genotoxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of coffee: a review by Nehlig A1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(101) Trigonelline, a naturally occurring constituent of green coffee beans behind the mutagenic activity of roasted coffee? by Wu X1, Skog K, Jägerstad M.(PubMed)
(102) Induction of Nrf2-mediated cellular defenses and alteration of phase I activities as mechanisms of chemoprotective effects of coffee in the liver by Cavin C1, Marin-Kuan M, Langouët S, Bezençon C, Guignard G, Verguet C, Piguet D, Holzhäuser D, Cornaz R, Schilter B.(PubMed)
(103) Chronic coffee consumption and respiratory disease: A systematic review by Alfaro TM1,2,3, Monteiro RA1, Cunha RA2, Cordeiro CR1,3.(PubMed)
(104) [Effects of coffee on the respiratory system].[Article in French] by Martinet Y1, Debry G.(PubMed)
(105) Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma by Liu X1, Liew Z2, Olsen J1,2, Pedersen LH3, Bech BH1, Agerbo E4,5, Yuan W6, Li J7.(PubMed)(1) Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Han MA1, Kim JH2.(PubMed)
(106) Green tea and coffee consumption and its association with thyroid cancer risk: a population-based cohort study in Japan by Michikawa T1, Inoue M, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Iwasaki M, Sawada N, Yamaji T, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
(107) A pooled analysis of case-control studies of thyroid cancer: cigarette smoking and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and tea by Mack WJ1, Preston-Martin S, Dal Maso L, Galanti R, Xiang M, Franceschi S, Hallquist A, Jin F, Kolonel L, La Vecchia C, Levi F, Linos A, Lund E, McTiernan A, Mabuchi K, Negri E, Wingren G, Ron E.(PubMed)
(108) Does coffee consumption protect against thyroid disease? by Linos A1, Linos DA, Vgotza N, Souvatzoglou A, Koutras DA.(PubMed)
