Cholecystitis is the most common condition caused by the gallbladder stones blockage of the cystic duct, which carries bile from the gallbladder, leading to the inflammation of the gallbladder.
Most common symptoms of cholecystitis are severe pain in your upper right or center abdomen, pain that spreads to your right shoulder or back and tenderness over your abdomen when it's touched.
Some patients may also experience symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and fever due to inflammation.
Cholecystitis can be classified into
* Acute cholecystitis is an inflammation of gallbladders that occurs within hours caused by the obstruction of the stone in the bile duct. Calculous cholecystitis is the most common, and less serious, type of acute cholecystitis. accounting 95% of all cases.
* Chronic cholecystitis is a gallbladder inflammation caused by blockage of gallstone that lasts longer than 12 weeks. Most cases of chronic cholecystitis are associated with prior episodes of acute cholecystitis.
Most common risk factors associated with chronic are cholecystitis, infection of the bile duct drainage system, bile duct blockage and excessive cholesterol in the gallbladder that facilitates the onset of gallstone, and decreased blood supply to the gallbladder due to diabetes.
Conventionally, treatment of chronic cholecystitis totally depending on the severity of the condition such as antibiotics for the infection, medicine to dissolve gallstones and pain relief and surgery.
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
On finding a natural compound for the treatment of cholecystitis, researchers examined the effect of turmeric on cholestasis, a clinically significant symptom and widely associated with liver diseases.
Danning tablet (DNT, a Chinese patent medicine preparation) selected to the study has been clinically used to treat human liver and gallbladder diseases for more than 20 years in China, not only showed significant benefits for the treatment for patients with cholecystitis after cholecystectomy surgery, clinically but also showed protective effect against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis model in rodent.
Additional differentiation of the efficacy of DNT in patients with cholecystitis, researchers found that curcumin, the major compound derived from DNT, demonstrated the protective effect against cholestasis through farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which plays a pivotal role in regulating bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis.
Furthermore, curcumin also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause gallbladder inflammation by restoring the bile acid homeostasis.
In other words, curcumin protected the gallbladder against the onset of cholecystitis by inhibiting the proteins and signaling pathways in the activation of inflammation of the gallbladder tissues.
Based on the findings, researchers wrote, "Collectively, curcumin can be served as a potential treatment option for liver injury with cholestasis".
Taken altogether, turmeric processed abundantly n=bioactive compound may be used alone or combined with other remedies for the prevention and treatment of cholecystitis, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of turmeric in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Curcumin protects ANIT-induced cholestasis through signaling pathway of FXR-regulated bile acid and inflammation by Fan Yang,1,* Xiaowen Tang,1,* Lili Ding,1 Yue zhou,1 Qiaoling Yang,1 Junting Gong,1Guangyun Wang,1 Zhengtao Wang,a,1 and Li Yang. (PMC)
(2) Therapeutic roles of curcumin: lessons learned from clinical trials by Gupta SC1, Patchva S, Aggarwal BB. (PubMed)
Wednesday, June 19, 2019
Regular walking decreases Symptoms and Complications of Patients with Asthma
Regular physical activity has long been found to associate to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, but regular walking in contribution of pulmonary disease (PD) such as asthma have been a concern.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. In the United States, approximately, asthma affects 25 million people, 7 million of them are children.
In a in 6-minute walking study included a total of 138 asthma patients: 53 (38.4%) obese and 85 (61.6%) nonobese, after 12-week PR program, patients with asthma showed a clinically relevant improvement of 46.5% of nonobese and 51.9% of obese(1).
In compared responses to a intervention between matched groups of children with and without asthma, Dr. Walders-Abramson N and research team at the National Jewish Health said, " we found similar rates of objectively measured physical activity among youth with well-controlled asthma and controls. Importantly, we documented statistically significant increases in physical activity across both groups following a brief, pedometer-based intervention."(2).
In support to the above claim, walking around in circles of fourteen women with asthma-like symptoms, showed to reduce symptoms of psychosocial processes involvement of breathing disorder, associated with subjective hyperreactivity with strong sensitivity to odours, impaired ability to perform physical activities and mental stress(3),
Obesity have been found to induce risk of asthma(4), according to the review summarizes existing data, dependent to racial and ethnic disparities exist with obesity prevalence(4). Obese asthma patients with long term intake of corticosteroids, showed to improve complications of bone mineral status and modulates inflammatory cytokines and blood lipids profile(5).
Unfortunately, environment where people are walking also places an important role to reduce risk of acute effect. Exercise of children in air polluted by traffic emissions may aggravate airway inflammation in children with asthma,, particularly those who have GSTM1 gene deletion, according to the study of the University of Texas at Arlington(6),
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Effect of an Outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program on Exercise Tolerance and Asthma Control in Obese Asthma Patients by Türk Y1, van Huisstede A, Franssen FME, Hiemstra PS, Rudolphus A, Taube C, Braunstahl GJ.(PubMed)
(2) Encouraging physical activity in pediatric asthma: a case-control study of the wonders of walking (WOW) program by Walders-Abramson N1, Wamboldt FS, Curran-Everett D, Zhang L.(PubMed)
(3) Walking around in circles--the life situation of patients with asthma-like symptoms but negative asthma tests by Ringsberg KC1, Segesten K, Akerlind I.(PubMed)
(4) Obesity and asthma: Pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care by Sveta Mohanan, Hazel Tapp, Andrew McWilliams, and Michael Dulin(PubMed)
(5) Treadmill walking exercise modulates bone mineral status and inflammatory cytokines in obese asthmatic patients with long term intake of corticosteroids by Abd El-Kader SM1, Al-Jiffri OH2, Ashmawy EM1, Gaowgzeh RA1.(PubMed)
(8) Acute effects of walking environment and GSTM1 variants in children with asthma by Newcomb P1, Hunt A, Rast P, Cauble D, Rowe N, Li J.(PubMed)
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. In the United States, approximately, asthma affects 25 million people, 7 million of them are children.
In a in 6-minute walking study included a total of 138 asthma patients: 53 (38.4%) obese and 85 (61.6%) nonobese, after 12-week PR program, patients with asthma showed a clinically relevant improvement of 46.5% of nonobese and 51.9% of obese(1).
In compared responses to a intervention between matched groups of children with and without asthma, Dr. Walders-Abramson N and research team at the National Jewish Health said, " we found similar rates of objectively measured physical activity among youth with well-controlled asthma and controls. Importantly, we documented statistically significant increases in physical activity across both groups following a brief, pedometer-based intervention."(2).
In support to the above claim, walking around in circles of fourteen women with asthma-like symptoms, showed to reduce symptoms of psychosocial processes involvement of breathing disorder, associated with subjective hyperreactivity with strong sensitivity to odours, impaired ability to perform physical activities and mental stress(3),
Obesity have been found to induce risk of asthma(4), according to the review summarizes existing data, dependent to racial and ethnic disparities exist with obesity prevalence(4). Obese asthma patients with long term intake of corticosteroids, showed to improve complications of bone mineral status and modulates inflammatory cytokines and blood lipids profile(5).
Unfortunately, environment where people are walking also places an important role to reduce risk of acute effect. Exercise of children in air polluted by traffic emissions may aggravate airway inflammation in children with asthma,, particularly those who have GSTM1 gene deletion, according to the study of the University of Texas at Arlington(6),
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Effect of an Outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program on Exercise Tolerance and Asthma Control in Obese Asthma Patients by Türk Y1, van Huisstede A, Franssen FME, Hiemstra PS, Rudolphus A, Taube C, Braunstahl GJ.(PubMed)
(2) Encouraging physical activity in pediatric asthma: a case-control study of the wonders of walking (WOW) program by Walders-Abramson N1, Wamboldt FS, Curran-Everett D, Zhang L.(PubMed)
(3) Walking around in circles--the life situation of patients with asthma-like symptoms but negative asthma tests by Ringsberg KC1, Segesten K, Akerlind I.(PubMed)
(4) Obesity and asthma: Pathophysiology and implications for diagnosis and management in primary care by Sveta Mohanan, Hazel Tapp, Andrew McWilliams, and Michael Dulin(PubMed)
(5) Treadmill walking exercise modulates bone mineral status and inflammatory cytokines in obese asthmatic patients with long term intake of corticosteroids by Abd El-Kader SM1, Al-Jiffri OH2, Ashmawy EM1, Gaowgzeh RA1.(PubMed)
(8) Acute effects of walking environment and GSTM1 variants in children with asthma by Newcomb P1, Hunt A, Rast P, Cauble D, Rowe N, Li J.(PubMed)
Regular walking reduces Symptoms and hospitalization of Patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Regular physical activity has long been found to associate to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, but regular walking in contribution to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been lacking.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) is the third leading cause of death in the United State. Patients with COPD often experience breathlessness and fatigue, making physical activity challenging.
1. Emphysema, a type of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is defined as a long term and progressive condition cause of shortness of breath but depending to the stage of lung function as a result of damage to tissues of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. In the study of 63 patients with stable COPD (spirometric GOLD stages 2–4) and 17 age- and comorbidity-matched controls, researchers found that in contrast to asthma, COPD is characterised by elevated concentrations of both BDNF and TGF-beta1 in serum. The stage-dependent association with lung function supports the hypothesis that these platelet mediators may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD(1). In some cases, but rarely, Emphysema is caused by Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema.
2. Chronic bronchitishat
Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the lung’s bronchi cause of the increased production of mucus in the lung of that leading to difficult breathing.
People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease may benefit in Regular Walking, Researchers of the joint study lead by the University of Mancheste, also revealed that dialogue support and primary task support techniques are both acceptable and likely to be persuasive by PwCOPD to participate in daily walking(2).
In an Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Walking Program for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients, at 12 months, regular physical activity (PA) improve domains of HRQL(4) and is recommended for persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(3).
Dt. Zakrisson AB and research team at the Örebro University said, " On average, there were significant improvements (of exacerbation frequency) in the six-minute walking-test and the Clinical COPD Questionnaire from baseline to the one-year follow-up"(4) in contributing to long term reduced decline in lung function of patients with moderate to severe COPD(5).
Unfortunately, not all kinds of excise are beneficiary to patients of COPD, Directly engaged high-intensity exercise has found to increase serious risks and mortality in patients with severe COPD(6), but light-intensity physical activity may increase the confidence and willingness of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to engage in more intense physical activity, and may serve as an intermediate goal to increase uptake of pulmonary rehabilitation(7).,
In fact, Patients with COPD with a low level of Physical Activity or who reduced their PA over time were more likely to experience a significant increase in the rate of hospitalization for eCOPD. Changes to a higher level of PA or maintaining a moderate or high level of PA over time, with a low intensity activity such as walking for at least 3-6 km/day, could reduce the rate of hospitalizations for eCOPD(8).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) http://respiratory-research.com/content/13/1/116/abstract
(2) Using Persuasive Technology to Increase Physical Activity in People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Encouraging Regular Walking: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Opinions and Preferences by Bartlett YK1, Webb TL2, Hawley MS3.
(3) Long-Term Effects of an Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Walking Program for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial by Moy ML1, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, Kim HM, Nguyen HQ, Cohen MD, Goodrich DE, Giardino ND, Richardson CR.
(4) An Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Program Improves Health-Related Quality-of-Life Domains and Daily Step Counts in COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. by Moy ML1, Collins RJ2, Martinez CH3, Kadri R4, Roman P4, Holleman RG4, Kim HM5, Nguyen HQ6, Cohen MD7, Goodrich DE4, Giardino ND8, Richardson CR9.
(5) A three-year follow-up of a nurse-led multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme in primary health care: a quasi-experimental study by Zakrisson AB1,2, Hiyoshi A3, Theander K4,5.
(6) Increased mortality in patients with severe COPD associated with high-intensity exercise: a preliminary cohort study by Schaadt L1, Christensen R2, Kristensen LE2, Henriksen M1.
(7) A behaviour change intervention to reduce sedentary time in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial by Cheng SWM1, Alison J1, Dennis S1, Stamatakis E2, Spencer L3, McNamara R4, Sims S5, McKeough Z1.
(8) Influence of changes in physical activity on frequency of hospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Esteban C1, Arostegui I, Aburto M, Moraza J, Quintana JM, Aizpiri S, Basualdo LV, Capelastegui A.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) is the third leading cause of death in the United State. Patients with COPD often experience breathlessness and fatigue, making physical activity challenging.
1. Emphysema, a type of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is defined as a long term and progressive condition cause of shortness of breath but depending to the stage of lung function as a result of damage to tissues of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs. In the study of 63 patients with stable COPD (spirometric GOLD stages 2–4) and 17 age- and comorbidity-matched controls, researchers found that in contrast to asthma, COPD is characterised by elevated concentrations of both BDNF and TGF-beta1 in serum. The stage-dependent association with lung function supports the hypothesis that these platelet mediators may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD(1). In some cases, but rarely, Emphysema is caused by Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency emphysema.
2. Chronic bronchitishat
Chronic bronchitis is a chronic inflammation of the lung’s bronchi cause of the increased production of mucus in the lung of that leading to difficult breathing.
People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease may benefit in Regular Walking, Researchers of the joint study lead by the University of Mancheste, also revealed that dialogue support and primary task support techniques are both acceptable and likely to be persuasive by PwCOPD to participate in daily walking(2).
In an Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Walking Program for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients, at 12 months, regular physical activity (PA) improve domains of HRQL(4) and is recommended for persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(3).
Dt. Zakrisson AB and research team at the Örebro University said, " On average, there were significant improvements (of exacerbation frequency) in the six-minute walking-test and the Clinical COPD Questionnaire from baseline to the one-year follow-up"(4) in contributing to long term reduced decline in lung function of patients with moderate to severe COPD(5).
Unfortunately, not all kinds of excise are beneficiary to patients of COPD, Directly engaged high-intensity exercise has found to increase serious risks and mortality in patients with severe COPD(6), but light-intensity physical activity may increase the confidence and willingness of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to engage in more intense physical activity, and may serve as an intermediate goal to increase uptake of pulmonary rehabilitation(7).,
In fact, Patients with COPD with a low level of Physical Activity or who reduced their PA over time were more likely to experience a significant increase in the rate of hospitalization for eCOPD. Changes to a higher level of PA or maintaining a moderate or high level of PA over time, with a low intensity activity such as walking for at least 3-6 km/day, could reduce the rate of hospitalizations for eCOPD(8).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) http://respiratory-research.com/content/13/1/116/abstract
(2) Using Persuasive Technology to Increase Physical Activity in People With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Encouraging Regular Walking: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring Opinions and Preferences by Bartlett YK1, Webb TL2, Hawley MS3.
(3) Long-Term Effects of an Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Walking Program for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial by Moy ML1, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, Kim HM, Nguyen HQ, Cohen MD, Goodrich DE, Giardino ND, Richardson CR.
(4) An Internet-Mediated Pedometer-Based Program Improves Health-Related Quality-of-Life Domains and Daily Step Counts in COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. by Moy ML1, Collins RJ2, Martinez CH3, Kadri R4, Roman P4, Holleman RG4, Kim HM5, Nguyen HQ6, Cohen MD7, Goodrich DE4, Giardino ND8, Richardson CR9.
(5) A three-year follow-up of a nurse-led multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation programme in primary health care: a quasi-experimental study by Zakrisson AB1,2, Hiyoshi A3, Theander K4,5.
(6) Increased mortality in patients with severe COPD associated with high-intensity exercise: a preliminary cohort study by Schaadt L1, Christensen R2, Kristensen LE2, Henriksen M1.
(7) A behaviour change intervention to reduce sedentary time in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial by Cheng SWM1, Alison J1, Dennis S1, Stamatakis E2, Spencer L3, McNamara R4, Sims S5, McKeough Z1.
(8) Influence of changes in physical activity on frequency of hospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Esteban C1, Arostegui I, Aburto M, Moraza J, Quintana JM, Aizpiri S, Basualdo LV, Capelastegui A.
Regular Walking improves vasomotor menopausal symptoms
Regular physical activity has long been found to associate to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases but guide lines to support older women in engagement in regular physical activity (PA) to reduce some climacteric symptoms and improve the quality of life are lacking.
Menopause is the defined as a condition in which a woman is in the transition stage of permanent cessation of the ovaries functions in egg production because of less production of estrogen and progesterone, signalling the end of the reproductive phrase a woman's life. In menopause, menstruation has become irregular and slowly stop overtime, but in some women, menstrual flow comes to a sudden halt.
According to the SUM, study, 60-minute exercise session including walking, showed a statistically significant higher QoL such as vitality and mental health(1), through improvement of menopausal symptoms
Dr. Daley A and research team at the University of Birmingham said," Evidence was insufficient to show whether exercise is an effective treatment for vasomotor menopausal symptoms."(2) and "Exercise was not as effective as HRT" (3).
Indeed, in a pool of women who had participated in a 1-year intervention study, Kupperman index total score expressed the improvement of climacteric symptoms in women who participated in physical functioning(4)(5). Dr. Fontvieille A and research also added, "exercise and phytoestrogen may interfere in the improvement of climacteric symptoms in the long term"(4).
In a twenty-four symptomatic middle-aged women (M age=50.4; SD=4.9)who completed fitness, body tuand hormonal status screening, and reported on daily HFs using an electronic PDA device across one menstrual cycle or for 30 days (if postmenopausal), Dr. Elavsky S and research team at the The Pennsylvania State University said" Perceived control over HFs was the variable that most consistently differentiated between women for whom more PA was associated with fewer HFs as compared to those for whom more PA was associated with more HFs"(6) and " ...women with lower fitness levels, more daily moderate PA leads to more self-reported symptoms"(6).
Unfortunately, in an Average adherence to frequency of walking of 71.6% of the expected walks in multiple regression revealed that frequency of walking may only improve sleep in menopausal status(7).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Twelve-week exercise training and the quality of life in menopausal women - clinical trial by Dąbrowska J1, Dąbrowska-Galas M2, Rutkowska M1, Michalski BA3.
(2) Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. by Daley A1, Stokes-Lampard H, Thomas A, MacArthur C.
(3) Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms by Daley A1, MacArthur C, Mutrie N, Stokes-Lampard H.
(4) Long-term exercise training and soy isoflavones to improve quality of life and climacteric symptoms BY Fontvieille A1,2, Dionne IJ1,2, Riesco E1,2.
(5) Effect of exercise combined with phytoestrogens on quality of life in postmenopausal women BY Riesco E1, Choquette S, Audet M, Tessier D, Dionne IJ.
(6) Daily physical activity and menopausal hot flashes: applying a novel within-person approach to demonstrate individual differences by Elavsky S1, Molenaar PC, Gold CH, Williams NI, Aronson KR.
(7) Menopausal status, moderate-intensity walking, and symptoms in midlife women by Wilbur J1, Miller AM, McDevitt J, Wang E, Miller J.
Menopause is the defined as a condition in which a woman is in the transition stage of permanent cessation of the ovaries functions in egg production because of less production of estrogen and progesterone, signalling the end of the reproductive phrase a woman's life. In menopause, menstruation has become irregular and slowly stop overtime, but in some women, menstrual flow comes to a sudden halt.
According to the SUM, study, 60-minute exercise session including walking, showed a statistically significant higher QoL such as vitality and mental health(1), through improvement of menopausal symptoms
Dr. Daley A and research team at the University of Birmingham said," Evidence was insufficient to show whether exercise is an effective treatment for vasomotor menopausal symptoms."(2) and "Exercise was not as effective as HRT" (3).
Indeed, in a pool of women who had participated in a 1-year intervention study, Kupperman index total score expressed the improvement of climacteric symptoms in women who participated in physical functioning(4)(5). Dr. Fontvieille A and research also added, "exercise and phytoestrogen may interfere in the improvement of climacteric symptoms in the long term"(4).
In a twenty-four symptomatic middle-aged women (M age=50.4; SD=4.9)who completed fitness, body tuand hormonal status screening, and reported on daily HFs using an electronic PDA device across one menstrual cycle or for 30 days (if postmenopausal), Dr. Elavsky S and research team at the The Pennsylvania State University said" Perceived control over HFs was the variable that most consistently differentiated between women for whom more PA was associated with fewer HFs as compared to those for whom more PA was associated with more HFs"(6) and " ...women with lower fitness levels, more daily moderate PA leads to more self-reported symptoms"(6).
Unfortunately, in an Average adherence to frequency of walking of 71.6% of the expected walks in multiple regression revealed that frequency of walking may only improve sleep in menopausal status(7).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Twelve-week exercise training and the quality of life in menopausal women - clinical trial by Dąbrowska J1, Dąbrowska-Galas M2, Rutkowska M1, Michalski BA3.
(2) Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. by Daley A1, Stokes-Lampard H, Thomas A, MacArthur C.
(3) Exercise for vasomotor menopausal symptoms by Daley A1, MacArthur C, Mutrie N, Stokes-Lampard H.
(4) Long-term exercise training and soy isoflavones to improve quality of life and climacteric symptoms BY Fontvieille A1,2, Dionne IJ1,2, Riesco E1,2.
(5) Effect of exercise combined with phytoestrogens on quality of life in postmenopausal women BY Riesco E1, Choquette S, Audet M, Tessier D, Dionne IJ.
(6) Daily physical activity and menopausal hot flashes: applying a novel within-person approach to demonstrate individual differences by Elavsky S1, Molenaar PC, Gold CH, Williams NI, Aronson KR.
(7) Menopausal status, moderate-intensity walking, and symptoms in midlife women by Wilbur J1, Miller AM, McDevitt J, Wang E, Miller J.
Monday, June 17, 2019
Healthy Food Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), the Potential Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Functional Food
Primary pancreatic cancer is a medical condition originated from the pancreas as a result of the alternation of cells DNA in the pancreas tissue.
Most cases of pancreatic cancer at the early stage begin in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the pancreas before growing in the size that affects the function of the organ.
At the very early stage of the pancreas, most patients are asymptomatic. However, at the advanced stage, patients may experience the symptoms shared by all cancers such as unintended weight loss, loss of appetite, persistent fatigue and gastrointestinal discomforts accompanied by jaundice, belly and back pain, enlarged liver and gallbladder and blood clot.
According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, in the US this year, approximately 56,770 people (29,940 men and 26,830 women) will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The disease also will cause the death of 45,750 people (23,800 men and 21,950 women) in the US.
The 5 years survival rate of localized pancreatic cancer is only 34%. The rate is relatively low compared to other types of cancer in the localized stage such as 100% in breast cancer.
The causes of pancreatic cancer are unknown. Epidemiological studies suggested that aging, gender, ethnicity, family history, smoking, people with certain medical con conditions as diabetes, are the most prevalent risk found in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Dr. Michaud DS in the examination of the rate of pancreatic cancer risk arisen in patients with obesity compared to overweight and healthy subjects over past few decades wrote, "Obesity has surfaced as an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer as epidemiological studies with strong methodological designs have removed important biases and solidified the obesity associations".
And, "Moreover, studies indicate that obesity early in adulthood is strongly associated with future risk of pancreatic cancer and that abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor".
Cucumber plant is a species of Cucumis Sativus, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia. It is a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames.
In the urgency to find a potential compound for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, researchers examined the Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural tetracyclic triterpene product found abundantly in cucumber antitumor activity.
According to the tested assays, CuB arrested pancreatic cancer (PC) cells in the G2/M cell cycle phase by suppressing the expression of AFAP1-AS1, an RNA gene associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients.
Elevated AFAP1-AS1 expression is found in patients' TSCC tumor tissues and tested cell lines.
Additional differentiation of the CuB effects, researchers found that Cub suppression the tumor proliferation by enhancing high miR-146b-5p expression in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells, an indication of cancer cells suppression.
Based on the findings, researchers said, "CuB suppresses the proliferation, in vitro and in vivo, of PC cells through the... effect of AFAP1-AS1 on miR-146b-5p".
Additionally, according to the results from the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,* CuB inhibited of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the promotion of solid tumor growth.
* CuB blocked the activation of signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR and STAT3.) associated with the cell proliferative stimulation.
* CuB also exhibited cytotoxicity by enhancing t
The protein (ERK-activating AMPK signaling) associated with cellular metabolism and tumor suppression
Taken altogether, cucumber processed abundantly bioactive compound CuB may be considered a functional food for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of CuB in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Cucurbitacin B suppresses proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by ceRNA: Effect of miR-146b-5p and lncRNA-AFAP1-AS by Zhou J1, Liu M2, Chen Y1, Xu S1, Guo Y3, Zhao L. (PubMed)
(2) Cucurbitacin B and SCH772984 exhibit synergistic anti-pancreatic canceractivities by suppressing EGFR, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, STAT3 and ERK signaling by Zhou J1, Zhao T2, Ma L2, Liang M2, Guo YJ2, Zhao LM. (PubMed)
(3) Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer by Michaud DS. (PubMed)
Most cases of pancreatic cancer at the early stage begin in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the pancreas before growing in the size that affects the function of the organ.
At the very early stage of the pancreas, most patients are asymptomatic. However, at the advanced stage, patients may experience the symptoms shared by all cancers such as unintended weight loss, loss of appetite, persistent fatigue and gastrointestinal discomforts accompanied by jaundice, belly and back pain, enlarged liver and gallbladder and blood clot.
According to the statistics provided by the American Cancer Society, in the US this year, approximately 56,770 people (29,940 men and 26,830 women) will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. The disease also will cause the death of 45,750 people (23,800 men and 21,950 women) in the US.
The 5 years survival rate of localized pancreatic cancer is only 34%. The rate is relatively low compared to other types of cancer in the localized stage such as 100% in breast cancer.
The causes of pancreatic cancer are unknown. Epidemiological studies suggested that aging, gender, ethnicity, family history, smoking, people with certain medical con conditions as diabetes, are the most prevalent risk found in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Dr. Michaud DS in the examination of the rate of pancreatic cancer risk arisen in patients with obesity compared to overweight and healthy subjects over past few decades wrote, "Obesity has surfaced as an important risk factor for pancreatic cancer as epidemiological studies with strong methodological designs have removed important biases and solidified the obesity associations".
And, "Moreover, studies indicate that obesity early in adulthood is strongly associated with future risk of pancreatic cancer and that abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor".
Cucumber plant is a species of Cucumis Sativus, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia. It is a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames.
In the urgency to find a potential compound for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, researchers examined the Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural tetracyclic triterpene product found abundantly in cucumber antitumor activity.
According to the tested assays, CuB arrested pancreatic cancer (PC) cells in the G2/M cell cycle phase by suppressing the expression of AFAP1-AS1, an RNA gene associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients.
Elevated AFAP1-AS1 expression is found in patients' TSCC tumor tissues and tested cell lines.
Additional differentiation of the CuB effects, researchers found that Cub suppression the tumor proliferation by enhancing high miR-146b-5p expression in pancreatic cancer (PC) cells, an indication of cancer cells suppression.
Based on the findings, researchers said, "CuB suppresses the proliferation, in vitro and in vivo, of PC cells through the... effect of AFAP1-AS1 on miR-146b-5p".
Additionally, according to the results from the Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University,* CuB inhibited of the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the promotion of solid tumor growth.
* CuB blocked the activation of signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR and STAT3.) associated with the cell proliferative stimulation.
* CuB also exhibited cytotoxicity by enhancing t
The protein (ERK-activating AMPK signaling) associated with cellular metabolism and tumor suppression
Taken altogether, cucumber processed abundantly bioactive compound CuB may be considered a functional food for the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of CuB in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Cucurbitacin B suppresses proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by ceRNA: Effect of miR-146b-5p and lncRNA-AFAP1-AS by Zhou J1, Liu M2, Chen Y1, Xu S1, Guo Y3, Zhao L. (PubMed)
(2) Cucurbitacin B and SCH772984 exhibit synergistic anti-pancreatic canceractivities by suppressing EGFR, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, STAT3 and ERK signaling by Zhou J1, Zhao T2, Ma L2, Liang M2, Guo YJ2, Zhao LM. (PubMed)
(3) Obesity and Pancreatic Cancer by Michaud DS. (PubMed)
The Natural Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Non Alcoholic Liver Fatty Disease, Scientists Say
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition caused by fat accumulated in the liver over time, in the absence of excessive alcohol use. The disease can be classified into the types of non-inflammatory fatty liver (NAFl) and inflammatory nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)(1).
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
According to world statistics, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is normally known as a disease of the Western world(2). However, due to the economic prosperity of Southeast Asian(3), the disease also was found in a large number of population in the cities, causing concerns of many scientists in the region(4)(6).
According to the joint assessment of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the US, led by the Stanford University School of Medicine, "The prevalence of NAFLD in the United States (U.S.) has risen from 18% in 1988–1991 to 31% in 2011–2012. Estimates of NAFLD prevalence for adults in Western countries is 20–30%, with much higher prevalence in adults with obesity (80–90%), diabetes (30–50%), and hyperlipidemia (90%)"(5).
Among the more affluent regions of China, the prevalence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%(6). The number may decrease substantially if the poor rural populations where obesity is non-existence are also taking into account(7).
The exact causes of NAFLD aren't well understood. Some researchers suggested that certain risk factors such as long-term use of certain medications(8), genetic preposition(8), insulin resistance(8), high cholesterol(8) and triglycerides(8) in the blood, polycystic ovary syndrome(8), metabolic syndrome(8), obesity(8), and type 2 diabetes(8) are associated with the onset of the disease.
Recent studies also found that people with obstructive sleep apnea(11), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism(10) and underactive pituitary gland (hypopituitarism) (9) also at an increased risk of the NALFD.
Some researchers suggested that unhealthy diet such as high-fat diet may also have a strong implication on NAFLD(12)(13).
Dr. Jensen VS, the lead scientist in the study high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, wrote, "In humans and animal models, excessive intake of dietary fat, fructose, and cholesterol has been linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"(13).
And, " Only HFr-fed rats developed dyslipidemia as characterized by higher levels of plasma triglycerides compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). Hepatic dysfunction and inflammation was confirmed in HFD-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.0001), and in NASH-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.01), increased hepatic macrophage infiltration (p < 0.001), and higher plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.0001) aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05), haptoglobin (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.01) compared to Control"(13).
According to the statistics, in the US, over 100 million people have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the condition is more double over the past 20 years(14). The disease also is the most prevalent liver disease in children(14).
The prevalence rate of NAFLD is varied among different ethnic groups in the US. Dr. Rich NE, the lead scientist in the investigation of the ethnicity and NAFLD, wrote, "NAFLD prevalence was highest in Hispanics, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Blacks, although differences between groups were smaller in high-risk cohorts (range 47.6%-55.5%) than population-based cohorts (range, 13.0%-22.9%)(15)".
And, "Among patients with NAFLD, the risk of NASH was higher in Hispanics (relative risk, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.98-1.21) and lower in Blacks (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.87) than Whites"(15).
The progression of NAFLD and NASH led to cirrhosis, the late stage of liver scarring are well defined, as the liver tries to heal itself by halting inflammation(16), leading to symptoms of ascites(16)(18), swell esophageal varices(16)(19), hepatic encephalopathy(16)(17) and complications of liver cancer(16)(17) and liver failure(16)(17).
Most people at the early stage NAFLD are asymptomatic, however, as the disease progression into the later stage, most patients experience symptoms of right upper abdominal discomfort(20), fatigue(20), and/or malaise(20), and jaundice(20) with yellowing of the skin and eyes(20).
Most patients with NAFLD have elevated levels of liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)(21) and/or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)(21) to platelet ratio index (APRI) score(21), and/or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (21) which are the markers used to predict the severity of liver disease including the fatty liver. A blood test is required if you suspected to have developing nonfatty liver disease.
Conventionally, as of today, there is no effective treatment of NAFLD(22)(23). Weight loss for overweight and obese patients(22) has been recommended through our the industry accompanied by the change of lifestyles(22) such as moderate exercise and reduced intake of alcohol, depending on individuals.
Patients who are hepatitis virus B and C carriers are also recommended to be vaccinated(22).
Given the nature of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the search for effective treatment for NAFLD from the natural sources used over thousands of years in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disease has been intensified(23). Many secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine have been found to be effective in vivo, vitro and small human trials(24). However, most of them were stopped due to a simple reason. Who will spend billions to prove the thing which has no commercial values? Secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine cannot be patented.
B. Herbal medicines
Herbal medicines have been used as medicines over thousands of year in human history.
1. Herbal Anise
Herbal anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic (61).
On animal with NAFLD induced by choline-deficient diet for 90 days, 30 days treatment with hydroethanolic extract (AE) at 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day and essential oil (AO) at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg/day, reversed plasma levels of total cholesterol(62), low-density lipoprotein(62), and triacylglycerol(62) and decreased in high-density lipoprotein level(62) caused by choline-deficient diet in dose-dependent manner.
AE and AO also reduced the elevated levels of enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST)(62) and alanine transaminase (ALT)(62) which are considered as an indication of either liver injury or damage caused by the acute inflammation.
Additionally, anise AE and AO demonstrated a strong effect in ameliorated lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress(62) indicated by elevation of plasma level of 8-isoprostane(62) which is correlated to the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2. Hawthorn Fruit
Hawthorn is shrubs and trees of the genus Crataegus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America(63) used in traditional medicine to treat heart disease and symptoms of heart diseases(63) such as irregular heartbeat(63), high blood pressure(63), chest pain(63), hardening of the arteries(63), circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses(63).
Researchers at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, in the concerns that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a widespread condition worldwide, and reaffirmation of the natural treatments of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), launched an investigation to find natural medicines for the treatment of NAFLD, suggested that hawthorn fruit was one the favorite herb used in TCM for the treatment of NAFLD compared to other herbs(64).
Furthermore, the search of the database of PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010 for RCTs by comparing either traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations alone or in combination with placebo for the treatment of NAFLD, a formula containing hawthorn normalized alanine aminotransferase(65) and disappearance of radiological steatosis(65) in patients with NAFLD, without inducing any side effects(65).
3. Sida rhomboidea Roxb
Sida rhomboidea Roxb is a shrubby weed found growing throughout India belonging to the Malvaceae family, used in North-East India for the treatment of hypolipidemia and diabetes properties(66).
On a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice, Sida rhomboidea ROXB. (S. rhomboidea ROXB., SR) compared to mice fed with rosiglitazone (ROS) lowered the plasma(67) and hepatic TC(67), TG(67) and FFA(67) in HFD+SR groups.
According to the efficient clearance of glucose in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), Sida rhomboidea ROXB also lowered the plasma insulin(67) and fasting insulin resistance(67) levels in HFD+SR groups.
Furthermore, in vivo, sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) supplementation with SRLE significantly prevented HFD induced increment in body weight(68), plasma lipids(68) and leptin(68), visceral adiposity(68)and adipocyte hypertrophy(68) by modulation of related genes expression(68).
In vitro, Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) decreased triglyceride accumulation(68), leptin release(68) and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase activity(68) along with higher glycerol release(68) without significant alteration of the viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes(68).
4. Teucrium polium (Golden Germander)
Teucrium polium, known popularly as felty germander, is a sub-shrub and herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, native to the western Mediterranean, found abundantly in South-Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, indigestion, common cold, and type 2 diabetes(69).
In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in male N‐Mary rats by a methionine/choline‐deficient (MCD) diet, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Teucrium polium, inhibited inflammation(70) and ballooning degeneration by 80%(70) of the rats treated by MCD diet.
Furthermore, EtOAc extract also lowered the lipoprotein profiles(70) and levels of liver oxidative stress(70) markers such as alkaline phosphatase(70), aspartate aminotransferase(70), and alanine aminotransferase(70) by improving the liver superoxide dismutase(70), glutathione peroxidase(70), and glutathione reductase enzymes(70).
Moreover, in N-Mary rats induced NASH by methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks, injection of ethyl acetate fraction of T. polium orally for 3 weeks, lowered the elevated levels of proteins(71) associated with inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA)(71) in the liver.
The extract increased the levels of antioxidants enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)(71), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(71) and hepatic glutathione (GSH)(71).
In other words, the ethyl acetate fraction of T. poium effectively protected the liver by reversing NASH(71), through its strong antioxidant(71) and anti-inflammatory properties(71).
5. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), and used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol(72)
In rats fed a high-fat diet to induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), resveratrol (RSV) administration reversed the abdominal obesity(73), NAFLD(73), and insulin resistance (IR)(73) by 10 weeks.
In vitro, RSV treatment inhibited the triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation(73) in HepG2 cells incubated with a high concentration of glucose(73), and insulin(73).
In other words, resveratrol (RSV) improved NAFLD(73) and IR(73) by suppressing the 2 lipogenesis genes(73) associated with the elevation of NAFLD(73) and IR expression (73).
Additionally, injection of resveratrol (RSV) also found to induced production of hepatic low-density lipoprotein(74) which has been found to process similarly activity as high-density lipoprotein which returns cholesterol to the liver.
6. Milk thistles
Milk Thistle is a flowering plant, in the genus Silybum Adans, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver, kidney, and gall bladder problems(75).
According to the study lead by First Hospital of Jilin University in the review of eight RCTs involving 587 patients with NAFLD, Silymarin (SIL), an active extraction of milk thistle, significantly reduced liver oxidative stress(76) associated with the AST(76) and ALT levels(76).
In other words, SIL improved the liver parameters(76) by reducing transaminases levels(76) in NAFLD patients.
Furthermore, on hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress during the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), administration of SMO decreased the histological injury of the liver(77) and the levels of hepatic triglyceride(77), cholesterol(77) and free fatty acid(77) in HFD-fed mice.
Moreover, SMO administration elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)(77) and catalase (CAT)(77) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(77) and lowered the levels of proteins(77) involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines(77) in the liver, thus preventing the onset of NAFLD.
7. Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
Acanthopanax senticosus or Siberian Ginseng is an oriental herb belonging to the Araliaceae family commonly distributed throughout the North Eastern parts of Asia, used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, gastric ulcers, and tumors(78).
On 10 obesity C57BL/6J mice fed either a normal diet (10 kcal fat%) or high-fat diet (60 kcal fat%) with or without oral administration of A. senticosus extract (ASE; 0.5 g/kg of body weight) for 12 weeks, ASE inhibited the significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in serum(79) and higher triglyceride accumulation in liver(79), of mice high-fat diet without altering the levels of carnitine status(79).
Collectively, oral administration of ASE lowered the weight gain(79), serum LDL-cholesterol concentration(79), and liver triglycerides accumulation(79) in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diets.
In insulin-resistant ob/ob mice with fatty livers, 50% ethanol extract ofAcanthopanax senticosus stem bark (ASSB) reversed the hepatomegaly(80), by reducing the % liver weight/body weight ratio(80) in 8 weeks.
The ASSB ethanol extract also specifically lowered circulating glucose(80) and lipids(80) and enhanced insulin(80) action in the liver and triglyceride synthesis(80) in non-adipose tissues including liver and skeletal muscle(80).
Genes expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes associated with the development of hepatic steatosis(80) also were reduced by the injection of ASSB ethanol extract.
8. Alisma Orientalis (Alismatis rhizome) or Ze Xie in traditional Chinese Medicine
Ze Xie is also known as Alisma, used in TCM as anti-pyretic, as anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antitumor, and anti-allergic medicine(81).
On rats fed with high‐fat diet for six weeks induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), followed by AOME for another six weeks, administration of AOME (150,300 and 600 mg kg−1) markedly decreased the serum and liver lipids(82), fasting serum glucose(82) and improved insulin resistance(82).
AOME lessened the lipid peroxidation(82) and activated antioxidant enzymes(82) through inhibiting the oxidative stress in the liver(82).
Furthermore, according to the tested assays, AOME also protected the liver against injury(82) by reducing the aminotransferase abnormalities(82) and hepatomegaly(82).
9. Cissus quadrangularis (Asthisamharaka)
Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial plant, belonging to the grape family, native to India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Africa used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome(83)
On oxidant-antioxidant balance and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high fat–high fructose diet (HFFD) and free-radical scavenging property in vitro, CQEt addition for 45 days restored insulin sensitivity (84), liver damage(84), and oxidative changes(84), on (HFFD) rats by and bring back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal(84).
Furthermore, CQEt protected the liver by improving the histopathology(84)of the liver.
In vivo, CQEtin also exerted liver protective effect(84) comparable with that of standard drug, metformin.
In vitro, CQEt exhibited radical scavenging ability(84) in a dose-dependent manner.
In other words, dietary supplementation of CQ extract (10%) for 45 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity(84), reduced liver damage(84), prevented oxidative changes(84).
10. Clerodendron glandulosum
Clerodendron glandulosum is comprised of small trees, shrub sand herbs belonging to the Verbenaceae family, native the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension, fever, diabetes, and abdominal pain(85).
On hyperlipidemic chronically rat fed by a high-fat diet (HL), administration of aqueous extract of Clerodendron glandulosum. Caleb (CG) (400 mg/kg/day) for 90 days, showed to reduce the levels of LDL-C (81.36%) (86)and VLDL-C (43%)(86) along with an increase in HDL-C (52.84%)(86).
On alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, compared to hypolipidemic drug Lovastatin (LVS), injection of ECG exerted a strong effect in experimental hyperlipidemia(86) by a significant alteration in plasma and tissue lipid profiles(86).
Further differentiation of the efficacy of ECG, researchers found that ECG reduced absorption(86), improved elimination(86) and augmented catabolism(86) of lipids and cholesterol.
11. Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Turmeric, principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia used in traditional medicine for the treatment of varies illness, including metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions(87).
On C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, daily oral administration (os) of the NDS inhibited steatosis (88), aortic lesions(88) or carotid artery thickening(88) induced by the HFD.
Furthermore, NDS inhibited dyslipidemia(88) compared to untreated animals.
In other words, NDS prevented the onset of NAFLD and atherogenesis(88) by modulating the expression of different genes(88) involved in NAFLD.
According to the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 46 patients with NAFLD (21males and 25 females) aged 20-60 years old and body mass index (BMI) between 24.9 and 40 kg/m2, turmeric group (n = 23) given six turmeric capsules daily for 12 weeks with each capsule contained 500 mg turmeric powder (6×500 mg) showed the decreased serum levels of glucose(89), insulin(89), HOMA-IR(89), and leptin(89) compared to the placebo group without affecting the weight, BMI and liver enzymes.
Collectively, turmeric supplementation inhibited NAFLD complications by improving glucose indexes(89) and serum leptin levels(89).
12. Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair Tree)
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from the temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of North America, used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting(90).
In vivo, on Male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high-fat diet [HFD] group, and HFD + GBE group) researchers examined the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
According to the experimental results, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents(91) and the increased hepatic fatty acids(91) in rat livers caused by HFD.
Furthermore, GBE also enhanced the expression palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and the total activity of the fatty acid β-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme, in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, inflammatory vigor, and pathogenesis of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(91).
The effects of GBE was attributed to its chemical compounds and ingredients, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin which work synergistically to decrease the cellular triglyceride content(91) and promote the expression and total activity of CPT1A(91) in converting fat to energy.
Based on the finding, researchers wrote, "The triglyceride-lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE".
13. Linum usitatissimum (Linseed/Flaxseed)
Flaxseed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of constipation(92).
A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men suggested that oral administration of SDG (20 or 100 mg) decreases the level of blood cholesterol(93) and liver disease risk factors(93) induced by hypercholesterolemia in humans.
In a study of 30 men with total cholesterol levels of 4.65 to 6.21 mmol/L (180-240 mg/dL), SDG exhibited a significant reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(93) compared to baseline at week 12.
Furthermore, injection of SDG also showed a significant percentage decrease in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase(93) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(93) associated with liver injury markers related to the levels at the baseline.
In other words, daily administration of 100 mg SDG may be effective in reducing the levels of blood cholesterol(93) and hepatic diseases risk(93) in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
In the testing of 7-d diets including a low-fiber control diet (Control), a diet with flaxseed fiber drink (3/day) (Flax drink), and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread (3/day) (Flax bread), researchers found that compared to control, Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15%(94), respectively.
Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23% with Flax drink consumption compared to control(94).
In other words, Flax drink decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol(94) and increased fat excretion(94).
14. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus)
Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) is a perennial plant belonging to the Nymphaeaceae family produced individual leaves and flowers directly from the root system and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory, hepatic, digestive, and reproductive diseases(95).
On 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese SD rats, injection of N. nucifera leaves extract, N. nucifera alkaloid (NNA) decreased cell population growth of 3T3-L1(a cell line derived from (mouse) 3T3 cells used in biological research on adipose tissue) preadipocytes(96) and increased the apoptotic cells(96) in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduced the body weight(96), the lee's index(96), adipose tissue weight(96), and plasma lipid levels((96) in HFD-induced obese rats.
In vivo, C57BL/6 mice induced obesity by a high-fat diet (HFD), oral administration of NLFE reduced the body weight(97), body lipid accumulation(97), and activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS)(97), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(97), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(97) associated with the risk of NAFLD.
Additionally, NLFE efficacy in the attenuation of body lipid accumulation(97) and prevention of obesity(97) was associated with the inhibition of lipid-regulated enzymes involved in synthesizing lipids right in the cell(97).
D. Summary
Taken altogether, phytochemicals, herbal medicines, healthy foods found in the research paper may be considered remedies for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pending to large sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
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(2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015 by Monjur Ahmed. (PMC)
(3) The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades by Mingxing Chen, Hua Zhang, 2 Weidong Liu, 1 and Wenzhong Zhang. (PMC)
(4) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in South Asians: A Review of the Literature by Sital Singh,1 Gabriela N. Kuftinec,2 and Souvik Sarkar. (PMC)
(5) Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the United States by Michael H. Le,1 Pardha Devaki,2 Nghiem B. Ha,3,4 Dae Won Jun,5 Helen S. Te,6Ramsey C. Cheung,4,7 and Mindie H. Nguyen. (PMC)
(6) Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China by Fan JG1, Farrell GC. (PubMed)
(7) Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in the burden of disease by Chris Estes,
1 Homie Razavi, 1 Rohit Loomba, 2 Zobair Younossi, 3 and Arun J. Sanyal. (PMC)
(8) Symptoms & Causes of NAFLD & NASH by NIH
(9) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy. by Nishizawa H1, Iguchi G, Murawaki A, Fukuoka H, Hayashi Y, Kaji H, Yamamoto M, Suda K, Takahashi M, Seo Y, Yano Y, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Koga M, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Takahashi Y. (PubMed)
(10) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review by Ahad Eshraghian and Alireza Hamidian Jahromi. (PMC)
(11) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and fatty liver: Association or causal link? by Mohamed H Ahmed and Christopher D Byrne, (PMC)
(12) Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad by Mohamed Asrih, François R. Jornayvaz. (El Sevier)
(13) Dietary fat stimulates the development of NAFLD more potently than dietary fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats by Jensen VS1,2, Hvid H2, Damgaard J2, Nygaard H2, Ingvorsen C3, Wulff EM4, Lykkesfeldt J1, Fledelius C. (PubMed)
(14) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by NICK G. (The American Liver Foundation)
(15) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Rich NE1, Oji S1, Mufti AR1, Browning JD1, Parikh ND2, Odewole M1, Mayo H3, Singal AG. (PubMed)
(16) Emerging Trends Conference: EMERGING TRENDS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE by AASLD
(17) Hepatic Encephalopathy by the Canadian Liver Foundation
(18) LIVER DISEASE AND ASCITES by Sequana Medical
(19) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease manifesting esophageal variceal bleeding by Tang CP1, Huang YS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. (PubMed)
(20) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Genetic Home Reference. (NIH)
(21) Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by J K Dowman,*† J W Tomlinson,‡ and P N Newsome. (PMC)
(22) Current treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Melanie D Beaton, MD FRCPC. (PMC)
(23) Herbal medicines and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Hong Yao, Yu-Jie Qiao, Ya-Li Zhao, Xu-Feng Tao, Li-Na Xu, Lian-Hong Yin, Yan Qi, and Jin-Yong Peng. (PMC)
(24) An Overview of Herbal Products and Secondary Metabolites Used for Management of Type Two Diabetes by Ajda Ota and Nataša P. Ulrich. (PubMed)
(61) Popular #Herbs - Anise Kyle J. Norton
(62) Pimpinella anisum L. fruit: Chemical composition and effect on a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Asadollahpoor A1, Abdollahi M2, Rahimi R3,(PubMed)
(63) Popular Herbs - Hawthorn (Crataegus)
(64) Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Shi KQ, Fan YC, Liu WY, Li LF, Chen YP, Zheng MH. (PubMed)
(65) The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis by Lu FB1, Hu ED1, Xu LM1, Chen L1, Wu JL1, Li H1, Chen DZ2, Chen YP. (PubMed)
(66) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards in Vitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation by Menaka C. Thounaojam,1 Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja,1 Umed V. Ramani,2 Ranjitsinh V. Devkar,1,*and A. V. Ramachandran. (PMC)
(67) Prevention of High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice by Sida rhomboidea ROXB. Extract by Menaka Chanu Thounaojam, Ravirajsinh Navalsinh Jadeja, Ansarullah, Ranjitsinh Vijaysinh Devkar, A. V. Ramachandran. (Journal of Health Science)
(68) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards inVitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation
Menaka C. Thounaojam 1, Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja 1, Umed V. Ramani 2, Ranjitsinh V. Devkar 1,* and. V. Ramachandran. ( International Journal of Molecular Science)
(69) Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) by Bahramikia S1, Yazdanparast R. (PubMed)
(70) Teucrium polium in the prevention of steatohepatitis in rats by Rahim Amini, Narges Nosrati, Razieh Yazdanparast, Mahsa Molaei. ( Liver International)
(71) Teucrium polium reversed the MCD diet-induced liver injury in rats by Rahim Amini, Razieh Yazdanparast and Safiyeh Aghazadeh. (Sage Journal)
(72) Popular Herbs - Grapefruit Seed Extract by Kyle J. Norton
(73) Resveratrol improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Shang J1, Chen LL, Xiao FX, Sun H, Ding HC, Xiao H. (PubMed)
(74) SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Colak Y1, Ozturk O, Senates E, Tuncer I, Yorulmaz E, Adali G, Doganay L, Enc FY. (PubMed)
(75) Popular #Herbs - Milk Thistle by Kyle J. Norton
(76) The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials by Zhong S1, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu J. (PubMed)
(77) Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice by Zhu SY1, Jiang N2, Yang J3, Tu J4, Zhou Y3, Xiao X3, Dong Y. (PubMed)
(78) Popular #Herbs - #Ginseng, Asian (Panax ginseng) and Ginseng, North America by Kyle J. Norton
(79) Acanthopanax senticosus Extract Prepared from Cultured Cells Decreases Adiposity and Obesity Indices in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High Fat Diet by Youn-Soo Cha, Soon-Jae Rhee, and Young-Ran Heo. (Journal of Medicinal Food)
(80) Acanthopanax senticosus reverses fatty liver disease and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by Sang, Hyun Park, Sang Gil Lee, Sung Keel Kang, and Sung Hyun Chung. (Springer Link)
(81) Chinese Herbs – Ze Xie by Kyle J. Norton
(82) Protective effects of the Alisma Orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease byXuezhi Hong, Huiqing Tang, Limao Wu, and Lianda Li. (Wiley Online Library)
(83) Cissus quadrangularis by Wikipedia
(84) Cissus quadrangularis stem alleviates insulin resistance, oxidative injury and fatty liver disease by Chidambaram, Jaya, Carani Venkatraman, and Anuradha. (Science Direct)
(85) Cissus quadrangularis - Wikipedia
(86) Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb., Verbenaceae, ameliorates high fat diet-induced alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats by Jadeja RN; Thounaojam MC; Ansarullah; Devkar RV*; Ramachandran AV. (Scielo)
(87) Popular #Herbs - Turmeric (Curcuma longa) by Kyle J. Norton
(88) NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Amato A1, Caldara GF2, Nuzzo D3, Baldassano S4, Picone P5, Rizzo M6, Mulè F7, Di Carlo M. (PubMed)
(89) Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases by Navekar R1, Rafraf M1, Ghaffari A1, Asghari-Jafarabadi M2, Khoshbaten M. (PubMed)
(90) Popular Herbs - Ginkgo biloba by Kyle J. Norton
(91) Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism by Shi Dong Wang, Zuoquan Xie, Jia Chen, and Ke Wang. (Research Gate)
(92) Superfoods - Flaxseed oil by Kyle J. Norton
(93) Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men by Fukumitsu S1, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K. (PubMed)
(94) Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but the magnitude of the effect depends on food type by Kristensen M1, Jensen MG, Aarestrup J, Petersen KE, Søndergaard L, Mikkelsen MS, Astrup A. (PubMed)
(95) A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter by M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, and S. H. Mishra. (PMC)
(96) Nelumbo nucifera alkaloid inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation in rats by Xie Bin, Wan Jin, Wang Wenqing, and Shi Chunyang. (Research Gate)
(97) Improvement in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Body Fat Accumulation by a Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Flavonoid-Rich Extract in Mice by Cheng-Hsun Wu, Mon-Yuan Yang, Kuei-Chuan Chan, and Pei-Jun Chung. (Research Gate)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
According to world statistics, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is normally known as a disease of the Western world(2). However, due to the economic prosperity of Southeast Asian(3), the disease also was found in a large number of population in the cities, causing concerns of many scientists in the region(4)(6).
According to the joint assessment of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the US, led by the Stanford University School of Medicine, "The prevalence of NAFLD in the United States (U.S.) has risen from 18% in 1988–1991 to 31% in 2011–2012. Estimates of NAFLD prevalence for adults in Western countries is 20–30%, with much higher prevalence in adults with obesity (80–90%), diabetes (30–50%), and hyperlipidemia (90%)"(5).
Among the more affluent regions of China, the prevalence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%(6). The number may decrease substantially if the poor rural populations where obesity is non-existence are also taking into account(7).
The exact causes of NAFLD aren't well understood. Some researchers suggested that certain risk factors such as long-term use of certain medications(8), genetic preposition(8), insulin resistance(8), high cholesterol(8) and triglycerides(8) in the blood, polycystic ovary syndrome(8), metabolic syndrome(8), obesity(8), and type 2 diabetes(8) are associated with the onset of the disease.
Recent studies also found that people with obstructive sleep apnea(11), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism(10) and underactive pituitary gland (hypopituitarism) (9) also at an increased risk of the NALFD.
Some researchers suggested that unhealthy diet such as high-fat diet may also have a strong implication on NAFLD(12)(13).
Dr. Jensen VS, the lead scientist in the study high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, wrote, "In humans and animal models, excessive intake of dietary fat, fructose, and cholesterol has been linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"(13).
And, " Only HFr-fed rats developed dyslipidemia as characterized by higher levels of plasma triglycerides compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). Hepatic dysfunction and inflammation was confirmed in HFD-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.0001), and in NASH-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.01), increased hepatic macrophage infiltration (p < 0.001), and higher plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.0001) aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05), haptoglobin (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.01) compared to Control"(13).
According to the statistics, in the US, over 100 million people have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the condition is more double over the past 20 years(14). The disease also is the most prevalent liver disease in children(14).
The prevalence rate of NAFLD is varied among different ethnic groups in the US. Dr. Rich NE, the lead scientist in the investigation of the ethnicity and NAFLD, wrote, "NAFLD prevalence was highest in Hispanics, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Blacks, although differences between groups were smaller in high-risk cohorts (range 47.6%-55.5%) than population-based cohorts (range, 13.0%-22.9%)(15)".
And, "Among patients with NAFLD, the risk of NASH was higher in Hispanics (relative risk, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.98-1.21) and lower in Blacks (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.87) than Whites"(15).
The progression of NAFLD and NASH led to cirrhosis, the late stage of liver scarring are well defined, as the liver tries to heal itself by halting inflammation(16), leading to symptoms of ascites(16)(18), swell esophageal varices(16)(19), hepatic encephalopathy(16)(17) and complications of liver cancer(16)(17) and liver failure(16)(17).
Most people at the early stage NAFLD are asymptomatic, however, as the disease progression into the later stage, most patients experience symptoms of right upper abdominal discomfort(20), fatigue(20), and/or malaise(20), and jaundice(20) with yellowing of the skin and eyes(20).
Most patients with NAFLD have elevated levels of liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)(21) and/or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)(21) to platelet ratio index (APRI) score(21), and/or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (21) which are the markers used to predict the severity of liver disease including the fatty liver. A blood test is required if you suspected to have developing nonfatty liver disease.
Conventionally, as of today, there is no effective treatment of NAFLD(22)(23). Weight loss for overweight and obese patients(22) has been recommended through our the industry accompanied by the change of lifestyles(22) such as moderate exercise and reduced intake of alcohol, depending on individuals.
Patients who are hepatitis virus B and C carriers are also recommended to be vaccinated(22).
Given the nature of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the search for effective treatment for NAFLD from the natural sources used over thousands of years in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disease has been intensified(23). Many secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine have been found to be effective in vivo, vitro and small human trials(24). However, most of them were stopped due to a simple reason. Who will spend billions to prove the thing which has no commercial values? Secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine cannot be patented.
B. Herbal medicines
Herbal medicines have been used as medicines over thousands of year in human history.
1. Herbal Anise
Herbal anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic (61).
On animal with NAFLD induced by choline-deficient diet for 90 days, 30 days treatment with hydroethanolic extract (AE) at 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day and essential oil (AO) at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg/day, reversed plasma levels of total cholesterol(62), low-density lipoprotein(62), and triacylglycerol(62) and decreased in high-density lipoprotein level(62) caused by choline-deficient diet in dose-dependent manner.
AE and AO also reduced the elevated levels of enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST)(62) and alanine transaminase (ALT)(62) which are considered as an indication of either liver injury or damage caused by the acute inflammation.
Additionally, anise AE and AO demonstrated a strong effect in ameliorated lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress(62) indicated by elevation of plasma level of 8-isoprostane(62) which is correlated to the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2. Hawthorn Fruit
Hawthorn is shrubs and trees of the genus Crataegus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America(63) used in traditional medicine to treat heart disease and symptoms of heart diseases(63) such as irregular heartbeat(63), high blood pressure(63), chest pain(63), hardening of the arteries(63), circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses(63).
Researchers at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, in the concerns that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a widespread condition worldwide, and reaffirmation of the natural treatments of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), launched an investigation to find natural medicines for the treatment of NAFLD, suggested that hawthorn fruit was one the favorite herb used in TCM for the treatment of NAFLD compared to other herbs(64).
Furthermore, the search of the database of PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010 for RCTs by comparing either traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations alone or in combination with placebo for the treatment of NAFLD, a formula containing hawthorn normalized alanine aminotransferase(65) and disappearance of radiological steatosis(65) in patients with NAFLD, without inducing any side effects(65).
3. Sida rhomboidea Roxb
Sida rhomboidea Roxb is a shrubby weed found growing throughout India belonging to the Malvaceae family, used in North-East India for the treatment of hypolipidemia and diabetes properties(66).
On a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice, Sida rhomboidea ROXB. (S. rhomboidea ROXB., SR) compared to mice fed with rosiglitazone (ROS) lowered the plasma(67) and hepatic TC(67), TG(67) and FFA(67) in HFD+SR groups.
According to the efficient clearance of glucose in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), Sida rhomboidea ROXB also lowered the plasma insulin(67) and fasting insulin resistance(67) levels in HFD+SR groups.
Furthermore, in vivo, sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) supplementation with SRLE significantly prevented HFD induced increment in body weight(68), plasma lipids(68) and leptin(68), visceral adiposity(68)and adipocyte hypertrophy(68) by modulation of related genes expression(68).
In vitro, Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) decreased triglyceride accumulation(68), leptin release(68) and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase activity(68) along with higher glycerol release(68) without significant alteration of the viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes(68).
4. Teucrium polium (Golden Germander)
Teucrium polium, known popularly as felty germander, is a sub-shrub and herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, native to the western Mediterranean, found abundantly in South-Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, indigestion, common cold, and type 2 diabetes(69).
In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in male N‐Mary rats by a methionine/choline‐deficient (MCD) diet, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Teucrium polium, inhibited inflammation(70) and ballooning degeneration by 80%(70) of the rats treated by MCD diet.
Furthermore, EtOAc extract also lowered the lipoprotein profiles(70) and levels of liver oxidative stress(70) markers such as alkaline phosphatase(70), aspartate aminotransferase(70), and alanine aminotransferase(70) by improving the liver superoxide dismutase(70), glutathione peroxidase(70), and glutathione reductase enzymes(70).
Moreover, in N-Mary rats induced NASH by methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks, injection of ethyl acetate fraction of T. polium orally for 3 weeks, lowered the elevated levels of proteins(71) associated with inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA)(71) in the liver.
The extract increased the levels of antioxidants enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)(71), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(71) and hepatic glutathione (GSH)(71).
In other words, the ethyl acetate fraction of T. poium effectively protected the liver by reversing NASH(71), through its strong antioxidant(71) and anti-inflammatory properties(71).
5. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), and used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol(72)
In rats fed a high-fat diet to induce non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), resveratrol (RSV) administration reversed the abdominal obesity(73), NAFLD(73), and insulin resistance (IR)(73) by 10 weeks.
In vitro, RSV treatment inhibited the triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation(73) in HepG2 cells incubated with a high concentration of glucose(73), and insulin(73).
In other words, resveratrol (RSV) improved NAFLD(73) and IR(73) by suppressing the 2 lipogenesis genes(73) associated with the elevation of NAFLD(73) and IR expression (73).
Additionally, injection of resveratrol (RSV) also found to induced production of hepatic low-density lipoprotein(74) which has been found to process similarly activity as high-density lipoprotein which returns cholesterol to the liver.
6. Milk thistles
Milk Thistle is a flowering plant, in the genus Silybum Adans, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver, kidney, and gall bladder problems(75).
According to the study lead by First Hospital of Jilin University in the review of eight RCTs involving 587 patients with NAFLD, Silymarin (SIL), an active extraction of milk thistle, significantly reduced liver oxidative stress(76) associated with the AST(76) and ALT levels(76).
In other words, SIL improved the liver parameters(76) by reducing transaminases levels(76) in NAFLD patients.
Furthermore, on hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress during the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), administration of SMO decreased the histological injury of the liver(77) and the levels of hepatic triglyceride(77), cholesterol(77) and free fatty acid(77) in HFD-fed mice.
Moreover, SMO administration elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)(77) and catalase (CAT)(77) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(77) and lowered the levels of proteins(77) involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines(77) in the liver, thus preventing the onset of NAFLD.
7. Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
Acanthopanax senticosus or Siberian Ginseng is an oriental herb belonging to the Araliaceae family commonly distributed throughout the North Eastern parts of Asia, used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, gastric ulcers, and tumors(78).
On 10 obesity C57BL/6J mice fed either a normal diet (10 kcal fat%) or high-fat diet (60 kcal fat%) with or without oral administration of A. senticosus extract (ASE; 0.5 g/kg of body weight) for 12 weeks, ASE inhibited the significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in serum(79) and higher triglyceride accumulation in liver(79), of mice high-fat diet without altering the levels of carnitine status(79).
Collectively, oral administration of ASE lowered the weight gain(79), serum LDL-cholesterol concentration(79), and liver triglycerides accumulation(79) in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diets.
In insulin-resistant ob/ob mice with fatty livers, 50% ethanol extract ofAcanthopanax senticosus stem bark (ASSB) reversed the hepatomegaly(80), by reducing the % liver weight/body weight ratio(80) in 8 weeks.
The ASSB ethanol extract also specifically lowered circulating glucose(80) and lipids(80) and enhanced insulin(80) action in the liver and triglyceride synthesis(80) in non-adipose tissues including liver and skeletal muscle(80).
Genes expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes associated with the development of hepatic steatosis(80) also were reduced by the injection of ASSB ethanol extract.
8. Alisma Orientalis (Alismatis rhizome) or Ze Xie in traditional Chinese Medicine
Ze Xie is also known as Alisma, used in TCM as anti-pyretic, as anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antitumor, and anti-allergic medicine(81).
On rats fed with high‐fat diet for six weeks induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), followed by AOME for another six weeks, administration of AOME (150,300 and 600 mg kg−1) markedly decreased the serum and liver lipids(82), fasting serum glucose(82) and improved insulin resistance(82).
AOME lessened the lipid peroxidation(82) and activated antioxidant enzymes(82) through inhibiting the oxidative stress in the liver(82).
Furthermore, according to the tested assays, AOME also protected the liver against injury(82) by reducing the aminotransferase abnormalities(82) and hepatomegaly(82).
9. Cissus quadrangularis (Asthisamharaka)
Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial plant, belonging to the grape family, native to India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Africa used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome(83)
On oxidant-antioxidant balance and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high fat–high fructose diet (HFFD) and free-radical scavenging property in vitro, CQEt addition for 45 days restored insulin sensitivity (84), liver damage(84), and oxidative changes(84), on (HFFD) rats by and bring back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal(84).
Furthermore, CQEt protected the liver by improving the histopathology(84)of the liver.
In vivo, CQEtin also exerted liver protective effect(84) comparable with that of standard drug, metformin.
In vitro, CQEt exhibited radical scavenging ability(84) in a dose-dependent manner.
In other words, dietary supplementation of CQ extract (10%) for 45 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity(84), reduced liver damage(84), prevented oxidative changes(84).
10. Clerodendron glandulosum
Clerodendron glandulosum is comprised of small trees, shrub sand herbs belonging to the Verbenaceae family, native the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension, fever, diabetes, and abdominal pain(85).
On hyperlipidemic chronically rat fed by a high-fat diet (HL), administration of aqueous extract of Clerodendron glandulosum. Caleb (CG) (400 mg/kg/day) for 90 days, showed to reduce the levels of LDL-C (81.36%) (86)and VLDL-C (43%)(86) along with an increase in HDL-C (52.84%)(86).
On alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, compared to hypolipidemic drug Lovastatin (LVS), injection of ECG exerted a strong effect in experimental hyperlipidemia(86) by a significant alteration in plasma and tissue lipid profiles(86).
Further differentiation of the efficacy of ECG, researchers found that ECG reduced absorption(86), improved elimination(86) and augmented catabolism(86) of lipids and cholesterol.
11. Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Turmeric, principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia used in traditional medicine for the treatment of varies illness, including metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions(87).
On C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, daily oral administration (os) of the NDS inhibited steatosis (88), aortic lesions(88) or carotid artery thickening(88) induced by the HFD.
Furthermore, NDS inhibited dyslipidemia(88) compared to untreated animals.
In other words, NDS prevented the onset of NAFLD and atherogenesis(88) by modulating the expression of different genes(88) involved in NAFLD.
According to the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 46 patients with NAFLD (21males and 25 females) aged 20-60 years old and body mass index (BMI) between 24.9 and 40 kg/m2, turmeric group (n = 23) given six turmeric capsules daily for 12 weeks with each capsule contained 500 mg turmeric powder (6×500 mg) showed the decreased serum levels of glucose(89), insulin(89), HOMA-IR(89), and leptin(89) compared to the placebo group without affecting the weight, BMI and liver enzymes.
Collectively, turmeric supplementation inhibited NAFLD complications by improving glucose indexes(89) and serum leptin levels(89).
12. Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair Tree)
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from the temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of North America, used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting(90).
In vivo, on Male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high-fat diet [HFD] group, and HFD + GBE group) researchers examined the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
According to the experimental results, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents(91) and the increased hepatic fatty acids(91) in rat livers caused by HFD.
Furthermore, GBE also enhanced the expression palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and the total activity of the fatty acid β-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme, in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, inflammatory vigor, and pathogenesis of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(91).
The effects of GBE was attributed to its chemical compounds and ingredients, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin which work synergistically to decrease the cellular triglyceride content(91) and promote the expression and total activity of CPT1A(91) in converting fat to energy.
Based on the finding, researchers wrote, "The triglyceride-lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE".
13. Linum usitatissimum (Linseed/Flaxseed)
Flaxseed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of constipation(92).
A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men suggested that oral administration of SDG (20 or 100 mg) decreases the level of blood cholesterol(93) and liver disease risk factors(93) induced by hypercholesterolemia in humans.
In a study of 30 men with total cholesterol levels of 4.65 to 6.21 mmol/L (180-240 mg/dL), SDG exhibited a significant reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(93) compared to baseline at week 12.
Furthermore, injection of SDG also showed a significant percentage decrease in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase(93) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(93) associated with liver injury markers related to the levels at the baseline.
In other words, daily administration of 100 mg SDG may be effective in reducing the levels of blood cholesterol(93) and hepatic diseases risk(93) in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
In the testing of 7-d diets including a low-fiber control diet (Control), a diet with flaxseed fiber drink (3/day) (Flax drink), and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread (3/day) (Flax bread), researchers found that compared to control, Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15%(94), respectively.
Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23% with Flax drink consumption compared to control(94).
In other words, Flax drink decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol(94) and increased fat excretion(94).
14. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus)
Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) is a perennial plant belonging to the Nymphaeaceae family produced individual leaves and flowers directly from the root system and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory, hepatic, digestive, and reproductive diseases(95).
On 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese SD rats, injection of N. nucifera leaves extract, N. nucifera alkaloid (NNA) decreased cell population growth of 3T3-L1(a cell line derived from (mouse) 3T3 cells used in biological research on adipose tissue) preadipocytes(96) and increased the apoptotic cells(96) in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduced the body weight(96), the lee's index(96), adipose tissue weight(96), and plasma lipid levels((96) in HFD-induced obese rats.
In vivo, C57BL/6 mice induced obesity by a high-fat diet (HFD), oral administration of NLFE reduced the body weight(97), body lipid accumulation(97), and activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS)(97), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(97), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(97) associated with the risk of NAFLD.
Additionally, NLFE efficacy in the attenuation of body lipid accumulation(97) and prevention of obesity(97) was associated with the inhibition of lipid-regulated enzymes involved in synthesizing lipids right in the cell(97).
D. Summary
Taken altogether, phytochemicals, herbal medicines, healthy foods found in the research paper may be considered remedies for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pending to large sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Histopathology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by G. Thomas Brown, M.D., Ph.D., and David E. Kleiner, M.D., Ph.D. (PMC)
(2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015 by Monjur Ahmed. (PMC)
(3) The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades by Mingxing Chen, Hua Zhang, 2 Weidong Liu, 1 and Wenzhong Zhang. (PMC)
(4) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in South Asians: A Review of the Literature by Sital Singh,1 Gabriela N. Kuftinec,2 and Souvik Sarkar. (PMC)
(5) Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the United States by Michael H. Le,1 Pardha Devaki,2 Nghiem B. Ha,3,4 Dae Won Jun,5 Helen S. Te,6Ramsey C. Cheung,4,7 and Mindie H. Nguyen. (PMC)
(6) Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China by Fan JG1, Farrell GC. (PubMed)
(7) Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in the burden of disease by Chris Estes,
1 Homie Razavi, 1 Rohit Loomba, 2 Zobair Younossi, 3 and Arun J. Sanyal. (PMC)(8) Symptoms & Causes of NAFLD & NASH by NIH
(9) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy. by Nishizawa H1, Iguchi G, Murawaki A, Fukuoka H, Hayashi Y, Kaji H, Yamamoto M, Suda K, Takahashi M, Seo Y, Yano Y, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Koga M, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Takahashi Y. (PubMed)
(10) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review by Ahad Eshraghian and Alireza Hamidian Jahromi. (PMC)
(11) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and fatty liver: Association or causal link? by Mohamed H Ahmed and Christopher D Byrne, (PMC)
(12) Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad by Mohamed Asrih, François R. Jornayvaz. (El Sevier)
(13) Dietary fat stimulates the development of NAFLD more potently than dietary fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats by Jensen VS1,2, Hvid H2, Damgaard J2, Nygaard H2, Ingvorsen C3, Wulff EM4, Lykkesfeldt J1, Fledelius C. (PubMed)
(14) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by NICK G. (The American Liver Foundation)
(15) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Rich NE1, Oji S1, Mufti AR1, Browning JD1, Parikh ND2, Odewole M1, Mayo H3, Singal AG. (PubMed)
(16) Emerging Trends Conference: EMERGING TRENDS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE by AASLD
(17) Hepatic Encephalopathy by the Canadian Liver Foundation
(18) LIVER DISEASE AND ASCITES by Sequana Medical
(19) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease manifesting esophageal variceal bleeding by Tang CP1, Huang YS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. (PubMed)
(20) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Genetic Home Reference. (NIH)
(21) Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by J K Dowman,*† J W Tomlinson,‡ and P N Newsome. (PMC)
(22) Current treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Melanie D Beaton, MD FRCPC. (PMC)
(23) Herbal medicines and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Hong Yao, Yu-Jie Qiao, Ya-Li Zhao, Xu-Feng Tao, Li-Na Xu, Lian-Hong Yin, Yan Qi, and Jin-Yong Peng. (PMC)
(24) An Overview of Herbal Products and Secondary Metabolites Used for Management of Type Two Diabetes by Ajda Ota and Nataša P. Ulrich. (PubMed)
(61) Popular #Herbs - Anise Kyle J. Norton
(62) Pimpinella anisum L. fruit: Chemical composition and effect on a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Asadollahpoor A1, Abdollahi M2, Rahimi R3,(PubMed)
(63) Popular Herbs - Hawthorn (Crataegus)
(64) Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Shi KQ, Fan YC, Liu WY, Li LF, Chen YP, Zheng MH. (PubMed)
(65) The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis by Lu FB1, Hu ED1, Xu LM1, Chen L1, Wu JL1, Li H1, Chen DZ2, Chen YP. (PubMed)
(66) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards in Vitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation by Menaka C. Thounaojam,1 Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja,1 Umed V. Ramani,2 Ranjitsinh V. Devkar,1,*and A. V. Ramachandran. (PMC)
(67) Prevention of High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice by Sida rhomboidea ROXB. Extract by Menaka Chanu Thounaojam, Ravirajsinh Navalsinh Jadeja, Ansarullah, Ranjitsinh Vijaysinh Devkar, A. V. Ramachandran. (Journal of Health Science)
(68) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards inVitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation
Menaka C. Thounaojam 1, Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja 1, Umed V. Ramani 2, Ranjitsinh V. Devkar 1,* and. V. Ramachandran. ( International Journal of Molecular Science)
(69) Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) by Bahramikia S1, Yazdanparast R. (PubMed)
(70) Teucrium polium in the prevention of steatohepatitis in rats by Rahim Amini, Narges Nosrati, Razieh Yazdanparast, Mahsa Molaei. ( Liver International)
(71) Teucrium polium reversed the MCD diet-induced liver injury in rats by Rahim Amini, Razieh Yazdanparast and Safiyeh Aghazadeh. (Sage Journal)
(72) Popular Herbs - Grapefruit Seed Extract by Kyle J. Norton
(73) Resveratrol improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Shang J1, Chen LL, Xiao FX, Sun H, Ding HC, Xiao H. (PubMed)
(74) SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Colak Y1, Ozturk O, Senates E, Tuncer I, Yorulmaz E, Adali G, Doganay L, Enc FY. (PubMed)
(75) Popular #Herbs - Milk Thistle by Kyle J. Norton
(76) The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials by Zhong S1, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu J. (PubMed)
(77) Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice by Zhu SY1, Jiang N2, Yang J3, Tu J4, Zhou Y3, Xiao X3, Dong Y. (PubMed)
(78) Popular #Herbs - #Ginseng, Asian (Panax ginseng) and Ginseng, North America by Kyle J. Norton
(79) Acanthopanax senticosus Extract Prepared from Cultured Cells Decreases Adiposity and Obesity Indices in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High Fat Diet by Youn-Soo Cha, Soon-Jae Rhee, and Young-Ran Heo. (Journal of Medicinal Food)
(80) Acanthopanax senticosus reverses fatty liver disease and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by Sang, Hyun Park, Sang Gil Lee, Sung Keel Kang, and Sung Hyun Chung. (Springer Link)
(81) Chinese Herbs – Ze Xie by Kyle J. Norton
(82) Protective effects of the Alisma Orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease byXuezhi Hong, Huiqing Tang, Limao Wu, and Lianda Li. (Wiley Online Library)
(83) Cissus quadrangularis by Wikipedia
(84) Cissus quadrangularis stem alleviates insulin resistance, oxidative injury and fatty liver disease by Chidambaram, Jaya, Carani Venkatraman, and Anuradha. (Science Direct)
(85) Cissus quadrangularis - Wikipedia
(86) Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb., Verbenaceae, ameliorates high fat diet-induced alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats by Jadeja RN; Thounaojam MC; Ansarullah; Devkar RV*; Ramachandran AV. (Scielo)
(87) Popular #Herbs - Turmeric (Curcuma longa) by Kyle J. Norton
(88) NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Amato A1, Caldara GF2, Nuzzo D3, Baldassano S4, Picone P5, Rizzo M6, Mulè F7, Di Carlo M. (PubMed)
(89) Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases by Navekar R1, Rafraf M1, Ghaffari A1, Asghari-Jafarabadi M2, Khoshbaten M. (PubMed)
(90) Popular Herbs - Ginkgo biloba by Kyle J. Norton
(91) Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism by Shi Dong Wang, Zuoquan Xie, Jia Chen, and Ke Wang. (Research Gate)
(92) Superfoods - Flaxseed oil by Kyle J. Norton
(93) Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men by Fukumitsu S1, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K. (PubMed)
(94) Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but the magnitude of the effect depends on food type by Kristensen M1, Jensen MG, Aarestrup J, Petersen KE, Søndergaard L, Mikkelsen MS, Astrup A. (PubMed)
(95) A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter by M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, and S. H. Mishra. (PMC)
(96) Nelumbo nucifera alkaloid inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation in rats by Xie Bin, Wan Jin, Wang Wenqing, and Shi Chunyang. (Research Gate)
(97) Improvement in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Body Fat Accumulation by a Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Flavonoid-Rich Extract in Mice by Cheng-Hsun Wu, Mon-Yuan Yang, Kuei-Chuan Chan, and Pei-Jun Chung. (Research Gate)
Sunday, June 16, 2019
Regular Walking Reduces Early Onset and Complications of Atherosclerosis
Regular physical activity has long been found to associate with the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, the joint study led by Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, showed that regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases(1).
But the regular walking contribution of reduced risk of atherosclerosis in the younger and older elderly have been lacking, probably due to the effectiveness of medication in reduced cholesterol build up on the inner wall of arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of hardening and narrowing of the arteries as a result of plaques of fatty cholesterol on the inner wall, leading to reduce oxygen-rich blood flow to the organs and other parts of the body.
According to the joint study led by the University of Shizuoka, off-site walking program of a prospective, 12-week, randomized and controlled study of Fifty-two women aged 32 to 57 years suggested, the program may decrease fibrinogen levels which were found to be a trigger cardiac events in patients with atherosclerosis(3).
In fact, regular leg exercise not only reduced the complications of patients with atherosclerosis(3) but also induced expansive arterial remodeling in corresponding improvements in risk factors for atherosclerosis in healthy men of different ages(4). Dr. Rauramaa R and colleagues in a randomized clinical trial in overweight men insisted that regular exercise (walking to slow jogging) significantly inhibited secondary platelet aggregation from 27% to 36% of that induced protective effects in the initiation of atherosclerosis(5).
Dr. Kovacić L said, "The criteria for physical active person were walking three times a week for 30 minutes at least .... in the prevention of many health problems, like obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and others"(2).
In support of regular exercise in lowering the risk of Atherosclerosis, Dr. Ali Al-Mamari said, "physical activity has been recognized as a preventive measure for atherosclerosis" and " moderately vigorous exercise resulted in a substantial reduction in mortality from all causes by 23% and from CHD by 41% compared with sedentary classmates.59 Maintaining or increasing physical activity level in late middle age was associated with a reduction in mortality rates, and light activities appeared to be sufficient to produce this benefit in older men"(6), probably due to its contribution in the reduced abnormalities in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism(7) and serum TG concentration(8).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
But the regular walking contribution of reduced risk of atherosclerosis in the younger and older elderly have been lacking, probably due to the effectiveness of medication in reduced cholesterol build up on the inner wall of arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of hardening and narrowing of the arteries as a result of plaques of fatty cholesterol on the inner wall, leading to reduce oxygen-rich blood flow to the organs and other parts of the body.
According to the joint study led by the University of Shizuoka, off-site walking program of a prospective, 12-week, randomized and controlled study of Fifty-two women aged 32 to 57 years suggested, the program may decrease fibrinogen levels which were found to be a trigger cardiac events in patients with atherosclerosis(3).
In fact, regular leg exercise not only reduced the complications of patients with atherosclerosis(3) but also induced expansive arterial remodeling in corresponding improvements in risk factors for atherosclerosis in healthy men of different ages(4). Dr. Rauramaa R and colleagues in a randomized clinical trial in overweight men insisted that regular exercise (walking to slow jogging) significantly inhibited secondary platelet aggregation from 27% to 36% of that induced protective effects in the initiation of atherosclerosis(5).
Dr. Kovacić L said, "The criteria for physical active person were walking three times a week for 30 minutes at least .... in the prevention of many health problems, like obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, heart diseases, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis and others"(2).
In support of regular exercise in lowering the risk of Atherosclerosis, Dr. Ali Al-Mamari said, "physical activity has been recognized as a preventive measure for atherosclerosis" and " moderately vigorous exercise resulted in a substantial reduction in mortality from all causes by 23% and from CHD by 41% compared with sedentary classmates.59 Maintaining or increasing physical activity level in late middle age was associated with a reduction in mortality rates, and light activities appeared to be sufficient to produce this benefit in older men"(6), probably due to its contribution in the reduced abnormalities in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism(7) and serum TG concentration(8).
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA- Brasil Study.[Article in English, Portuguese] by Silva RC1, Diniz MF1, Alvim S2, Vidigal PG1, Fedeli LM3, Barreto SM1.(PubMed)
(2) [Physical inactivity as public health problem].[Article in Croatian] by Kovacić L1(PubMed)
(3) Effects of an off-site walking program on fibrinogen and exercise energy expenditure in women by Furukawa F1, Kazuma K2, Kojima M3, Kusukawa R4.(PubMed)
(4) Regular endurance exercise induces expansive arterial remodelling in the trained limbs of healthy men by Dinenno FA1, Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, Eskurza I, DeSouza CA, Seals DR.(PubMed)
(5) Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: a randomized clinical trial in overweight men by Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Salonen R, Venäläinen JM, Ihanainen M, Rissanen V.(PubMed)
(6) Atherosclerosis and Physical Activity by Ali Al-Mamari(Oman Med J.)
(7) Regular Walking Reduces Risk and Complications of hyperlipidemia in Older Adults
by Kyle J. Norton
(8) Regular Walking Reduces Risk of high triglyceride level Significantly in 50 plus Adults by Kyle J. Norton
(2) [Physical inactivity as public health problem].[Article in Croatian] by Kovacić L1(PubMed)
(3) Effects of an off-site walking program on fibrinogen and exercise energy expenditure in women by Furukawa F1, Kazuma K2, Kojima M3, Kusukawa R4.(PubMed)
(4) Regular endurance exercise induces expansive arterial remodelling in the trained limbs of healthy men by Dinenno FA1, Tanaka H, Monahan KD, Clevenger CM, Eskurza I, DeSouza CA, Seals DR.(PubMed)
(5) Inhibition of platelet aggregability by moderate-intensity physical exercise: a randomized clinical trial in overweight men by Rauramaa R, Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Salonen R, Venäläinen JM, Ihanainen M, Rissanen V.(PubMed)
(6) Atherosclerosis and Physical Activity by Ali Al-Mamari(Oman Med J.)
(7) Regular Walking Reduces Risk and Complications of hyperlipidemia in Older Adults
by Kyle J. Norton
(8) Regular Walking Reduces Risk of high triglyceride level Significantly in 50 plus Adults by Kyle J. Norton
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