Medical Advisor Journals

Wednesday, July 27, 2016

Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbal Therapy - Popular Chinese Herbs - Ji Cai or Yu Xing Cao (Herba cum radice houttuyniae cordatae)

Ji Cai or Yu Xing Cao (Herba cum radice houttuyniae cordatae)

Ji Cai or Yu Xing Cao is also known as Houttuynia. The biter, acrid and slightly cool herb has been used in TCM as antibiotics, inhibit HIV virus, get rid of heat and toxin, treat swellings, abscesses, expel pus, promote urination, etc., as it regulates the Spleen, eliminates Water, stops bleeding,etc., by enhancing the functions of lung and large intestine channels.

Ingredients
1. Myrcene
2. α- Pinene
3. d-Limonene
4. 2-Methyheptenone
5. Camphene
6. Bornyl acetate
7. Caryophyllene
8. Dodecanaldehyde
9. Etc.

Health Benefits
1. Blocking HSV infection
In the confirmation of whether a water extract of H. cordata exhibits activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) and the virus of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), showed that a hot water extract of H. cordata (HCWE) inhibits HSV-2 infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation. The IC(50) was estimated at 50 μg/ml of lyophilized HCWE powder. At 150 and 450 μg/ml, HCWE blocked infectious HSV-2 production by more than 3 and 4 logs, respectively. The inhibitory activity was concomitant with an inhibition of NF-κB activation by HSV-2 infection, according to “Houttuynia cordata blocks HSV infection through inhibition of NF-κB activation” by Chen X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang J, Xu Y, Tan RX, Li E.(1).

2. Anti cancers
In the comparison of the cytotoxic effects, apoptosis induction, and mechanism(s) with the ethanolic and water extracts of fermented and non-fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCT), showed that The ethanolic extract of fermented HCT was cytotoxic to HL-60 >Molt- 4 > PBMCs, to a greater extent than the non-fermented preparation and the number of apoptotic cells was higher. The alcoholic (fermented) extract produced more radicals than the non-fermented in HL-60 cells but the converse was observed in Molt-4 cells. Reduction of MTP was found in HL-60 and Molt-4 cells treated with the alcoholic (fermented) extract and caspase-9 was cleaved dose-dependently in both cells. In conclusion, the alcoholic extract of fermented HCT was more toxic to human leukemic cells than the non-fermented and both cell lines underwent apoptosis via oxidative stress and a mitochondrial pathway, according to “Ethanolic Extract of Fermented Houttuynia cordata Thunb Induces Human Leukemic HL-60 and Molt-4 Cell Apoptosis Via Oxidative Stress and a Mitochondrial Pathway” by Banjerdpongchai R, Kongtawelert P.(2).

3. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the determination the effect of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae; HC) used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of inflammation diseases, found that suggest HC mediates inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and can affect related gene and protein expression. HC works by a mechanism of action similar to that of NSAIDs, according to “Houttuynia cordata, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity” by Li W, Zhou P, Zhang Y, He L.(3).

4. Protective effect against pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection
In the investigation of the effect of H. cordata injection on cell infection by PrV using Vero cells (a monkey kidney cell line) and swine testis cells (ST) as models, indicated that H. cordata efficiently inhibited cell infection after incubating the drug with PrV. Nevertheless, H. cordata was more efficient in Vero cells than in ST cells in terms of its inhibitory effect. Low-dosage drug inhibited cell apoptosis induced by PrV; nevertheless, high-dosage drug alone resulted in cell apoptosis, according to “The effect of Houttuynia cordata injection on pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) infection in vitro” by Ren X, Sui X, Yin J.(4).

5. Anti-obesity effects
In the evaluation of the effect of the water extract of H. cordata leaves (WEH) in the obesity prevention and reduction, found that found that the water extract of H. cordata leaves (WEH) inhibited the corn oil-induced increase in plasma triglyceride levels in mice. WEH also inhibited the oleic acid- and glycerol-induced increase in the levels of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and glycerol, respectively. Moreover, WEH had anti-obesity effects in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Therefore, WEH may be able to prevent or reduce obesity induced by a high-fat diet, according to “Water extract of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. leaves exerts anti-obesity effects by inhibiting fatty acid and glycerol absorption” by Miyata M, Koyama T, Yazawa K.(5).

6. Allergic inflammation
In the investigation of the inhibitory activity of Houttuynia cordata Thunb fractions (HcFs) on the T helper 2 (Th2) immune response, indicated that HcFs inhibited the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore (CaI) in Jurkat T cells and the human mast cell line, HMC-1. IL-4- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced TARC production was blocked by HcFs in skin fibroblast CCD-986sk cells, particularly by the ethanol extract of Hc. Stimulants included in PMA, phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and CaI, increased the mRNA level of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), a receptor of TARC, in Jurkat T cells, and the ethanol extract of HcF weakly blocked the increased mRNA level. However, the stimulants and ethanol extract had no effect on the CCR4 protein level. The ethanol extract inhibited TARC-induced migration, as well as basal migration of Jurkat T cells. according to “Suppressive effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (Saururaceae) extract on Th2 immune response”byLee JS, Kim IS, Kim JH, Kim JS, Kim DH, Yun CY.(6).

7. Etc.

Side Effects
1. The herb may cause allergic reaction, including rash, skin inflammation, etc.
2. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without consulting first with the related field specialist,
3. Over heating or prolong heating can reduce the effectiveness of the herb.
4. Etc.

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21951655
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393956
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21073936
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20942608
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495298
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325701

Herbal therapy: Popular Herbal Peppermint

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Peppermint

Peppermint is a hybrid mint with small purple or white flowers and downy leaves, in the genus Mentha, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to to Europe. The herb has been used in folk medicine as analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, decongestant, agent and to relieve gas, nausea, and stomach pain due to an irritable bowel, intestinal cramps, or indigestion, infecttion, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
In the review of 16 clinical trials investigating 180-200 mg enteric-coated peppermint oil (PO) in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or recurrent abdominal pain in children (1 study), found that drug treatments for IBS PO (1-2 capsules t.i.d. over 24 weeks) may be the drug of first choice in IBS patients with non-serious constipation or diarrhea to alleviate general symptoms and to improve quality of life, according to "Peppermint oil in irritable bowel syndrome" by
Grigoleit HG, Grigoleit P.(1)

2. Migraine
In the evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution for the abortive treatment of migraine, found that The menthol solution was also more efficacious in the alleviation of nausea and/or vomiting and phonophobia and/or photophobia (p = 0.02). In the per-protocol population, there was significantly higher number of patients who experienced at least one pain free/pain relief after the application of menthol rather than the placebo (p = 0.002). No significant difference was seen between the adverse effects of the drug and the placebo groups (p = 0.13), according to "Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study" by Borhani Haghighi A, Motazedian S, Rezaii R, Mohammadi F, Salarian L, Pourmokhtari M, Khodaei S, Vossoughi M, Miri R.(2)

3. Headache of the tension type
In the determination of the effect of peppermint oil preparation on tension-type headache was examined in the design of a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study found that simultaneous application of 1,000 mg of acetaminophen and 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution leads to an additive effect which remains below the significance threshold, however. The patients reported no adverse events. This controlled study showed for the first time that a 10% peppermint oil in ethanol solution efficiently alleviates tension-type headache, according to "[Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type] [Article in German]" by Göbel H, Fresenius J, Heinze A, Dworschak M, Soyka D.(3)

4. Cholesterol effects
In the investigation the choleretic effect and molecular mechanisms of action of peppermint oil (PO), the main component of Danshu capsules (Sichuan Jishengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou, Sichuan Province, China), found that PO might play a role in upregulating CYP7A1 and FXR mRNA levels, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms are related to gene expression involved in bile acid synthesis, according to "Preliminary experimental research on the mechanism of liver bile secretion stimulated by peppermint oil" by Zong L, Qu Y, Luo DX, Zhu ZY, Zhang S, Su Z, Shan JC, Gao XP, Lu LG.(4)

5. Cardiovascular effects
In the assessment of Cardiovascular effects of intravenous (i. v.) treatment with the essential oil of Mentha x villosa (EOMV) in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised rats, found that The present study shows for the first time that i. v. treatment with EOMV in pentobarbitone-anaesthetised rats induces hypotensive and bradycardic effects, which appear mostly attributed to the actions of the major constituent of EOMV, PO. These cardiovascular effects appear to be independent since EOMV-induced bradycardia appears dependent upon the presence of an intact and functional sympathetic nerve drive to the heart, while EOMV-induced hypotension appears independent of the presence of an operational sympathetic nervous system. This suggests that hypotensive activity of EOMV may result from its vasodilatory effects directly upon vascular smooth muscle, according to "Cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa and its main constituent, piperitenone oxide, in normotensive anaesthetised rats: role of the autonomic nervous system" by
Lahlou S, Carneiro-Leão RF, Leal-Cardoso JH, Toscano CF.(5)

6. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities
In the observation of the antimicrobial activity and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of essential oils from Mentha aquatica L., Mentha longifolia L., and Mentha piperita L., found that The M. piperita essential oil also exhibited the highest OH radical scavenging activity, reducing OH radical generation in the Fenton reaction by 24 % (pure oil). According to GC-MS and TLC (dot-blot techniques), the most powerful scavenging compounds were monoterpene ketones (menthone and isomenthone) in the essential oils of M. longifolia and M. piperita and 1,8-cineole in the oil of M. aquatica, according to "Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils" by Mimica-Dukić N, Bozin B, Soković M, Mihajlović B, Matavulj M.(6)

7. Antispasmodic effect
In the investigation of Hyperperistalsis during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
found that the effectiveness of peppermint oil administration to the gastric mucosa resulted in inhibiting the gastric peristalsis in Japanese individuals undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, according to "[Peppermint oil reduces gastric motility during the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy]. [Article in Japanese]"by Hiki N.(7)

8. Neurodegenerative diseases
In the analyzing the efficacy of peppermint oil in enhancing the bioavailability of intranasally administered neurotrophins like nerve growth factor (NGF), found that intranasal administration of NGF formulation with 0.5% PO enhanced the bioavailability by approximately 8 fold compared to rats administered with NGF alone. The bioavailability of NGF in the brain could be enhanced by intranasal administration of peppermint oil, according to 'Enhancement of nose-brain delivery of therapeutic agents for treating neurodegenerative diseases using peppermint oil" by Vaka SR, Murthy SN.(8)

9. Prostate cancer
In the demionstartion of menthol, a key component of peppermint oil, and itsanti-proliferative activity of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in LNCaP prostate cancer cells found that 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and menthol cooperatively modulate the expression of bcl-2 and p21 which provides the insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition by menthol. Thus, our findings suggest that menthol may be a useful natural compound to enhance therapeutic effects of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), according to "Menthol Enhances an Antiproliferative Activity of 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in LNCaP Cells" by Park EJ, Kim SH, Kim BJ, Kim SY, So I, Jeon JH.(9)

10. Stimulative and sedative effects
In the investigation of the stimulative or sedative effects of inhaling fragrant essential oils (EOs) by using a forced swimming test (FST) with mice, including essential oil of peppermint, found that Inhalation of lavender oil (p<0.01) and hyssop oil (p<0.01) increased the immobile state in mice that were treated with caffeine. The results of this study indicate that the inhalation of essential oils may induce stimulative or sedative effects in mice, according to "mulative and sedative effects of essential oils upon inhalation in mice' by Lim WC, Seo JM, Lee CI, Pyo HB, Lee BC.(10)

11. Skin protection
In the evaluation the extent to which three natural oils (eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil, peppermint oil) would affect the skin integrity and the percutaneous penetration of benzoic acid when applied topically in relevant concentrations, found that Concomitant dermal exposure to low concentrations of peppermint oil reduced the percutaneous penetration of benzoic acid. The present study lends support to the notion that low concentrations of peppermint oil may act protective against percutaneous penetration of some chemicals, whereas higher concentrations may decrease the integrity of the dermal barrier, according to "Natural oils affect the human skin integrity and the percutaneous penetration of benzoic acid dose-dependently" by Nielsen JB.(11)

12. Etc.

Side effects
1. Peppermint may cause allergic effect in certain people
2. Do not take the herb if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval from the related field specialist as the cooling effect may increase the risk of miscarriage to certain women, according to traditional Chinese medicine.
3. The herb may interact with other medicine such as Neoral, Sandimmune
4. Etc.

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121521
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456191
(3)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805113
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791024
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11582542
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802721
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21061544
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21038847
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19308266
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16114490
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700820

Women Health: Menstrual Disorders - Irregular Period - Treatments in Herbal Medicine Perspective

Girls in South East Asia have learnt in their early women life from grand mother wisdom, that they do not engage in any activity, distorting their regular period.. Irregular period should be treated immediately, otherwise, it may cause wide range of women diseases, such as infertility, according to Traditional Chinese medicine.

Irregular menstruation or period is defined as condition in which a woman is experience abnormal variation of length of the menstrual cycle. While the normal menstrual cycle is 28-35 days, women who are experience with irregular menstrual cycle can have a length variation between 8 and 20 days or shorter than 21 days, or longer than 36 days.

The Treatments

B. In Herbal Medicine Perspective
1. Black Cohosh
Black cohosh beside has been used as an emmenagogue to contracts the uterus and initiate menstruation, it also enhances hromone balancing.

2. Chaste tree berry
Chaste tree berry is considered as a queen herb in herbal medicine to regulate the women menstrual cycle by balancing the estrogen and progesterone produced by the ovaries throughout the menstrual cycle.

3. Raspberry leaf
Red Raspberry leaf, a pale-green leaf produced by the raspberry plant has been used in herbal medicine because of its rich content in vitamins, minerals, and tannins and as an aid in delivery. Herbalists suggested that red raspberry leaf enhances the lining of uterus and promotes female reproductive system, including decreasing profuse menstrual flow and treating irregular menstruation.

4. Cat's claw
Cat's claw is a woody vine found in the tropical jungles of South and Central America> The herb has been used traditionally to treat gastrointestinal ailments, Crohn's disease, gastric ulcers tumors, and women's hormone imbalances.

5. Turmeric
Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family and has been use as an antiseptic agent for cuts, burns and bruises as well as an aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation, in traditional medicine.

Pregnancy Miracle
Reverse Infertility And Get Pregnant Naturally
Using Holistic Ancient Chinese Medicine
Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

General health: Cerebritis, Lupus, and Lupus Cerebritis Prevention - The Phytochemicals

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Cerebritis, Lupus, and Lupus Cerebritis

Cerebritis is defined as an inflammation of the cerebrum, a structure associated with memory, speech, etc., as a result of the formation of an abscess within the brain itself, found commonly in patients with lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease as as a result of the development of autoantibodies that attack the systems and organs in the body.researchers at the indicated that saturated fatty acid palmitate, but not unsaturated oleate, induces the activation of the NLRP3-ASC inflammasome, causing caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 production.

Lupus cerebritis is a disorder of nervous system problems (an autoimmune inflammatory disorder) caused by lupus as as a result of the development of autoantibodies that attack the systems and organs in the body. It causes migraine headache, if the duration of the central nervous system involvement last for a few minutes, or causes dementia that can lead to neurological deficits as a transient attacks or permanently.

The Prevention

The Phytochemicals
1. Allyl Sulfides(21)
a. Immune system
According to the article of "GARLICTHE BOUNTIFUL BULB" by Carmia Borek, Ph.D. posted in Life extension magazine, the author indicated that human studies confirm immune stimulation by garlic. Subjects receiving aged garlic extract at 1800 mg a day for three weeks showed a 155.5% increase in natural killer immune cell activity that kills invaders and cancer cells. Other subjects receiving large amounts of fresh garlic of 35g a day, equivalent to 10 cloves, showed an increase of 139.9%. In six weeks, patients with AIDS receiving aged garlic extract showed an enhancement of natural killer cells from a seriously low level to a normal level.

b. Neurological disease
According to the study of " Antioxidant Health Effects of Aged Garlic Extract" by Carmia Borek, posted in (Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1010S-1015S.)© 2001 The American Society for Nutritional Sciences, researcher indicated that the studies suggest that AGE may have antiaging effects and help in preventing age-related deterioration of brain function that are linked to dementia and Alzheimer’s disease.

c. Antioxidant against oxidation
According to the study of " Antioxidant Health Effects of Aged Garlic Extract" by Carmia Borek, posted in (Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1010S-1015S.)© 2001 The American Society for Nutritional Sciences, researcher found that AGE contains a wide range of antioxidants that can act in synergistic or additive fashion and protect cells against oxidative damage, thus helping to lower the risk of heart disease, stroke, cancer and Alzheimer’s disease and protect against toxic, tissue-damaging effects of ROS-producing radiation, including UV light, drugs used in therapy and chemicals in the environment and industry.

d. Detoxification
Looking for a natural detox? Allyl Sulfides declare war against toxins. They do this by stimulating the enzymes that eliminate toxins from the body. These enzymes are located in the digestive system. They are part of the normal digestive process. The Allyl Sulfides in onions and garlic simply encourage them to work harder and faster to eliminate toxins.

2. Allyl isothiocyanate(22)
a. Antimicrobial effects
In the investigation of the antimicrobial effect of a chitosan coating+allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) and nisin against Salmonella on whole fresh cantaloupes, showed that The same coating treatment completely inactivated mold and yeast on cantaloupe at day 1 and no regrowth occurred even up to 14days of storage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell membrane damage and leakage of intercellular components occurred as a result of the chitosan-AIT coating treatments. No visual changes in overall appearance and color of cantaloupe rind and flesh due to coating treatments were observed. These results indicate that the application of an antimicrobial coating may be an effective method for decontamination of cantaloupes, according to "Inactivation of Salmonella on whole cantaloupe by application of an antimicrobial coating containing chitosan and allyl isothiocyanate" by Chen W, Jin TZ, Gurtler JB, Geveke DJ, Fan X.

b. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the underlying mechanisms of the potential anti-inflammatory properties of allyl-isothiocyanate (AITC) were analysed in vitro and in vivo, showed that 1. AITC was slightly less potent than sulforaphane (used as a positive control) in down-regulating inflammation in LPS stimulated macrophages. A significant increase in nuclear Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 gene expression and only a moderate down-regulation of interleukin 1β and microRNA-155 levels due to AITC was found in mouse liver. Present data suggest that AITC exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages in vitro but has only relatively little anti-inflammatory activity in mice in vivo, according to "Anti-inflammatory potential of allyl-isothiocyanate-role of Nrf2, NFκB and microRNA-155" by Wagner AE, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Dose J, Schultheiss G, Rimbach G.

c. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
In the investigation of the effects of AITC (dose=20 mg/kg body weight/day for 10 days, subcutaneous: s.c.) on the number of WBCs (total WBCs, lymphocytes, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil) and plasma corticosterone concentrations in adult male rats, showed that administration of AITC decreased significantly the number of total WBCs on days 1-4 post s.c. injection by 25-27%. AITC also decreased the number of lymphocytes on days 1-10 by 21-36% and monocyte on days 1-8 by 28-78%. However, administration of AITC increased the number of neutrophil on days 8-10 by 61-112%. AITC did not change the number of eosinophil and basophil. Plasma corticosterone concentrations during the experimental period were 4.7-8.4 times significantly higher in the AITC group than in the control group, indicating that AITC induced stress-responses, according to "Allyl isothiocyanate-induced changes in the distribution of white blood cells in rats" by Imaizumi K, Sato S, Sakakibara Y, Mori S, Ohkuma M, Kawashima Y, Ban T, Sasaki H, Tachiyashiki K.

3. Etc.

The Obesity' Research and Studies of Descriptive epidemiology of body weight and weight change in U.S. adults

Most Common Diseases of 50 Plus: Thyroid disease: Silent thyroiditis – The Complications

Thyroid disease

Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid. Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is over active and produces too much thyroid hormones.

Silent thyroiditis

Silent thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. Patients with silent thyroiditis are experience back and forth between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The disease classically present with a triphasic course: a brief period of thyrotoxicosis due to release of preformed thyroid hormone that lasts for 1 to 3 months, followed by a more prolonged hypothyroid phase lasting up to 6 months, and eventual return to a euthyroid state. However, the types and degree of thyroid dysfunction are variable in these disorders, and individual patients may present with mild or more severe cases of thyrotoxicosis alone, hypothyroidism alone, or both types of thyroid dysfunction(a).

The Complications

1. Sudden unexpected death
In a forensic autopsy study comprising 125 cases was carried out retrospectively in order to evaluate pathological changes in the thyroid gland in different groups of death, showed that the most striking result was the finding of extensive lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid parenchyma in five of the 124 cases, of which four belonged in the group of ‘unknown cause of death’. This discovery leads to reflections regarding lymphocytic thyroiditis as a cause of death, either by itself or in combination with other disorders. Silent (painless) thyroiditis, especially, is easily overlooked at autopsy as there are no macroscopic changes and often no prior symptoms or history of thyroid disease pointing towards this condition(23).

2. Oncocytic follicular nodules
Oncocytic follicular (OF) cells can be a prominent component of fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from neoplasms (adenomas and carcinomas) and nodules arising in multinodular goiter and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT)(24).

3. Recurrent Silent thyroiditis (ST)
Silent thyroiditis (ST) recurred with a high incidence (65%, 35/54), according to the study by the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital(25).

4. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
In the study of twenty-six specimens obtained from 23 patients with clinically and laboratory-proven silent thyroiditis were examined histologically; 11 specimens were obtained during the thyrotoxic phase, and 15 specimens during the early or late recovery phase. All specimens showed chronic thyroiditis, focal or diffuse type; and lymphoid follicles were present in about half of the specimens(26).

5. Thyrotoxicosis
There is a report of a 3 patients (2 male, 1 female) presented with symptoms of thyrotoxicosis associated with elevated blood-levels of thyroid hormone and a markedly depressed thyroidal uptake of 131-I. The male patients (aged 59 and 47) each had a cardiac arrhythmia, but did not have any thyroid pain or swelling. The female with a goitre had no discomfort in the neck. Thyrotoxicosis factitia was excluded by history. The subsequent course of their disease was typical of subacute thyroiditis(27).

6. Left ventricular rupture
There is a report of a case of left ventricular rupture and formation of a pseudoaneurysm after silent myocardial infarction in a patient with Schmidt syndrome (polyglandular deficiency syndrome including Addison’s disease, lymphocytic thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus)(28).