Medical Advisor Journals

Wednesday, June 21, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function and postmenopause

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), produced by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in regulation of metabolism, including directly boosts energy metabolism and triggers rapid protein synthesis and regulates mitochondrial gene transcription, etc. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3and T4, deficiency of Iodine can lead to enlarge thyroid grand and goitre.

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function and postmenopause

The rate of thyroid cancer increases with age. The incidence of thyroid disease in a population of postmenopausal women is as follows: clinical thyroid disease, about 2.4%; subclinical thyroid disease, about 23.2%. Among the group with subclinical thyroid disease, 73.8% are hypothyroid and 26.2% are hyperthyroid. According to the Institute for Medical Research and Education (IMRE), Essen, It is of importance that even mild thyroid failure can have a number of clinical effects such as depression, memory loss, cognitive impairment and a variety of neuromuscular complaints. Myocardial function has been found to be subtly impaired. There is also an increased cardiovascular risk, caused by increased serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as reduced levels of high-density lipoprotein. These adverse effects can be improved or corrected by L-thyroxine replacement therapy(54).

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Sources
(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724022

Tuesday, June 20, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism treatment?

Thyroid hormone: Subclinical hypothyroidism treatment?

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is characterized by normal levels of thyroid hormones but abnormal values of thyrotropin (TSH) in an asymptomatic individual. It is a common disorder with a prevalence of about 7 to 8% in women (most frequently in females over 50 years), and about 3% in men. In the study of Is there a need for treatment in subclinical hypo- and hyperthyroidism?, researchers indicated that most frequently, this disorder is caused by exogenous L-thyroxine treatment. The endogenous form of subclinical hyperthyroidism mainly caused by nodular goiter has a prevalence of up to 20% in patients with large goiters. In patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism, there is an increased risk for development of atrial fibrillation and for a decrease in bone mass in postmenopausal women. In the majority of patients measurable TSH levels can be detected before or after stimulation with TRH. This formally excludes overt hyperthyroidism in such patients. Frequently, there is no need for treatment but follow-up is important. However, in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism associated with atrial fibrillation a therapy with antithyroid drugs, beta-blockers or radioiodine must be considered(53).

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Sources
(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10434773

Monday, June 19, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid dysfunction are not associated with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid dysfunction are not associated with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia

In the study to assess in a clinically healthy, middle-aged population of employees the prevalence of thyroid function disorders and their relation to demographic variables and cardiovascular risk factors, found that the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with mild subclinical hypothyroidism was not different from subjects with normal TSH levels. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 0.8% in normocholesterolemic (cholesterol <5.2 mmol/l) and 1.4% in hypercholesterolemic subjects (n.s.). One woman each with the subclinical form of the disease developed hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism after 21 and 11 months of follow-up, respectively. Subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism were rarely observed in a target group for coronary heart disease prevention. Mild subclinical hypothyroidism was not associated with any adverse cardiovascularrisk profile. These results argue against indiscriminate measurements of TSH concentrations in clinically healthy subjects either with normocholesterolemia or hypercholesterolemia(52).

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Sources
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10880781

Sunday, June 18, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular functions

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormone and cardiovascular functions

Thyroid hormone is well known for its direct effects in regulating cardiovascularfunction and metabolism. In the recent meta-analyses of population-based studies with long-term follow-up have clarified the risk of cardiovascular disorders in patients with subclinical thyroid dysfunction, researchers at the Inwendige Geneeskunde - Endocrinologie en Metabolisme, showed that treatment of patients with TSH levels between 0.1-0.4 mU/l or 4-10 mU/l should depend on other risk factors and patient age, with no treatment for persons with a TSH level of 4-10 mU/l who are older than 65 years(51).

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Sources
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23218037

Saturday, June 17, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism in pregnancy

Hypothyroidism belongs to the most common endocrinopathies affecting women of childbearing age. Accordin g to the study by Medical University of Silesia, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in pregnant patients may be complicated by the fact that pregnancy has a considerable impact on thyroid homeostasis. Even overt hypothyroidism in these patients may be characterized by nonspecific signs or symptoms that are easily confused with complaints common to pregnancy itself. Unrecognised or untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes that can be ameliorated or prevented by adequate therapy with thyroxine(49).

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Sources
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891567

Friday, June 16, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Adiposopathy and thyroid disease

Thyroid hormone: Adiposopathy and thyroid disease

Adiposopathy, defined as functionally disturbed adipose tissue mainly composed of large adipocytes and induced by chronic excess of food intake, has been associated with immune, metabolic and endocrine derangements promoting inflammation and, eventually, cardiovascular disease. According to the study by Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, adiposopathy may positively influence thyrotropin-stimulating hormone, by raising leptin levels, and triggering autoimmunity. In this regard, it is hypothesized that the increased thyrotropin-stimulating hormone is independent of the negative regulation of the thyroid hormone, thereby constituting a secondary phenomenon and not a causal effect(48).

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Sources
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894634

Thursday, June 15, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism treatments

Thyroid hormone: Hypothyroidism treatments

Hypothyroidism denotes deficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland and can be primary (abnormality in thyroid gland itself) or secondary/central (as a result of hypothalamic or pituitary disease), according to the study by Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, treatment of hypothyroidism can be started with the full calculated dose for most young patients. However, treatment should be initiated at a low dose in elderly patients, patients with coronary artery disease and patients with long-standing severe hypothyroidism. In primary hypothyroidism, treatment is monitored with serum TSH, with a target of 0.5-2.0 mIU/L. In patients with central hypothyroidism, treatment is tailored according to free or total T4 levels, which should be maintained in the upper half of the normal range for age. In patients with persistently elevated TSH despite an apparently adequate replacement dose of LT4, poor compliance, malabsorption and the presence of drug interactions should be checked. Over-replacement is common in clinical practice and is associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis, and hence should be avoided(46).

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Sources
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191793