Medical Advisor Journals : February 2015

Wednesday, February 18, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Herbal Safflower (Hong Hua) treatments of Dementia Caused by Spleen Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Tuesday, February 17, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Herbal Chai Hu (Bupleurum) in treatments of Dementia Caused by Spleen Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

4. ulegone

5. Isoborneol
6. β-terpineol
7. α-copaene
8. Humulene
9. A-farnesene10. Aromadendrene
11. Cis-caryophyllene
12. β-elemene,13. Gamma-muurolene
14. Patchoulane
15. Pootkatone
16. Ledol
17. Etc.

Herbal chai hu used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(1049)(1050) in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of phytochemicals in exertion of its neuroprotective effects(1051) through its cytoprotection of neuron, and the neuroprotective mechanisms (1052), against apoptosis of neurons(1051) due Aβ oligomer-induced neuronal damage(1060) in concentration of corticosterone on hippocampal neurons(1059) in a dose-dependent manner.

Yokukansan, a popular herbal combination in Japan and China, containing chai hu, may be the next potential herbal formula used for treatment, Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, especially for the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD)(1064)(1065)(1066).

2.1. In dementia symptoms
In dementia, Yokukansan, also known as TJ-54, is composed of sev Angelica acutiloba, Atractylodes lancea, Bupleurum falcatum, Poria cocos, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cnidium officinale and Uncaria rhynchophylla,(1052)showed to ameliorated the memory disturbance, anxiety-like behavior, the increase in aggressive behaviors, the decrease in social behaviors, ameliorates learning deficits and non-cognitive defects(1055) through improvement of neuronal and astroglial cells, via inhibit glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity(1053)(1054). According to ¹Keimei Memorial Hospital in Japan, the formula also showed to improve behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) together with donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)(1056).

2.2. In Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies
In Alzheimer's disease, Yokukansan improved psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)(1058), such as hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, irritability or abnormal behavior(1057) in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)(1056). In patients with dementia with Lewy bodies Kampo medicine, yokukansan (YKS), including chai hu, also improved behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), through neuropsychiatric Inventory scores(1061).

2.3. In Parkinson's disease
In neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease, yokukansan, containing Chai hu, using the Unified PD Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) and Hoehn and Yahr scale, showed effectively in ameliorated symptoms of delusions, agitation, depression, euphoria, disinhibition with aberrant motor activity tended to improve but irritability showed no change with oral administration of (7.5 g/day) for 12 weeks(1062). In behavioral and psychological symptoms, the herbal formula, also exhibited improvements of these symptoms, without worsening cognitive function, ability to perform activities of daily living, or parkinsonism, after 4 weeks(1063). Yokukansankachimpihange, another formula containing chai hu, showed to exhibit anti hallucinate effects, through its major phytochemical atractylenolide III and β-eudesmol, through its antagonistic activity against serotonin receptors induced non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease and various forms of dementias(1067).

According to traditional Chinese medicine, the effectiveness of a herbal formula, is not results of single ingredient or single herb, but the combination of all ingredients of all herbs in the formula, even some of herbs in the formula may show an significant efficacy in Western studies and clinical trials.

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine by Kyle J. Norton

References
(*) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/
(842) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(845) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451955
(846) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21855622
(1045) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24438177
(1046) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21143894
(1047) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20796273
(1048) http://alternativehealing.org/chai_hu.htm
(1049) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20812276
(1050) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801831
(1051) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23694845
(1052) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Bupleurum+Alzheimer's+disease
(1053) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19801831
(1054) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19409210
(1055) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19146938
(1056) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170698
(1057) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20184936
(1058) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19538824
(1059) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25022209
(1060) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23838475
(1061) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23279145
(1062) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169925
(1063) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19948198
(1064) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055705
(1065) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19079814
(1066) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246794
(1067) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237752

Monday, February 16, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Herbal Peony (Chi Shao) treatments of Dementia Caused by Spleen Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Phytochemicals

1. Essential oil

2. Resin

3. Paeoniflorin

4. Paeonol

5. Paeonin

6. Albiflorin

7. Triterpenoids

8. Sistosterol

9. Oxypaeoniflorin

10. Benzoylpaeoniflorin

11. Benzoic acid

12. β sitosterol

13. Gallotannin

14. Pedunculagin

15. 1-O-Galloylpedunculagin

16. Eugeniin

17. Tannin acid

18. Etc.

Herbal shao yao used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(1018)(1019) in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of phytochemicals, including major constituent paeoniflorin, in exertion of its neuroprotective effects(1020)(1021) through anti oxidative stress(1022), anti inflammatory(1023), improving neural synapse plasticity(1024) mechanisms, against β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation(1025) induced senile dementia and aging-induced cognitive dysfunction(1026).

1.1. Parkinson's disease PD
Strong evidences suggested that peony, possesses wide pharmacological effects in nervous system(1027)(1028). Paeoniflorin, a phytochemical isolated from peony, in PC12 cells induced by 6-OHDA found in patient with Parkinson's disease(1030),showed to suppress mitochondria apoptosis, through its antioxidant capability in increasing glutathione (GSH)(1032). by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS)(1031). In Parkinson's disease (PD) progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons involved movement and mitochondrial dysfunction, in mouse model, peony significantly inhibited mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, via the regulation of expression of immunity, inhibition of cytochrome C associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.release and caspase-3, a protein encoded by in CASP3 gene, activation(1031). According to University of Miami, polyphenols, included baicalin, baicalein, wogonin (in scutellaria), and paeonol, paeonoside, paeoniflori, found in peony, exerted neuroprotective efficacy, probably through improving cerebral blood circulation, involved alleviation of the symptoms of degenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)(1033).

1.2. In Alzheimer's disease AD
Abeta42 deposition in hippocampus has shown to induce the brain inflammation causes of early onset of Alzheimer's disease AD(1034)(1035). Paeonol(2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxyacetophenone;1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one), found in peony, not only protect the nervous system against accumulation of amyloid peptide, Aβ1-42, through its anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties, but also slowed down in regulated the pathogenic processes associated with AD, through morphological, biochemical and behavioral activities(1036). Aqueous extract of the dry root of Peony in Abeta((1-42))-induced rats, also inhibited Abeta-induced neurotoxicity, through ameliorated cognitive deficit, cell apoptosis in dose-dependent manner(1037).

1.3. In cognitive impairment
Cognitive impairment is common in patients with the neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD, Paeoniflorin, isolated from the aqueous extract of peony, in rat model, not only showed to promote the cognitive ability, exhibited anti-depressant-like effect and reduced toxicity, but also attenuated the oxidative stress induced Aβ(1-42) by regulating choline acetyltrasferase and the activity of acetylcholine esterase in the hippocampus of Aβ(1-42)(1038)(1039). In Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion, associated with the cognitive deficits of AD, the phytochemical also attenuated cognitive deficit and brain damage through ameliorated astrocytes(star-shaped glial cells in CNS) and microglias(glial cell in CNS) in hippocampus(1040). According to Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, on cerebral infarction induced neurological symptoms, paeoniflorin (PF) significantly reduced the infarct volume causes of cognitive impairment(1041).

1.4. In learning and memory
Supplementation of paeonol extractedfrom peony, in d-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging mice, significantly improved the learning and memory ability through reduction of oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity, according to China Pharmaceutical University(1042). Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS), an herbal formula, containing peony and 5 other herbs, used to treat gynecological disorders and neural dysfunctions, in the same model study, showed effectively in improved cognitive ability, through ameliorating oxidative stress induced neuronal apoptosis in the brain(1043). Paeoniflorin, a major constituent of peony, also exhibited its beneficial effect on learning and memory impairment in rodents, by reversed the suppressible effects of adenosine as shown on passive avoidance test and inhibition of long-term potentiation (LTP)(1044).

Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine by Kyle J. Norton

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

References
(*) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/
(842) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313575
(843) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24224039
(844) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391905
(1000) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19050990
(1001) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peony+spastic
(1002) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22921747
(1003) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19003727
(1004) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18449501
(1005) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891951
(1006) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448067
(1007) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24467538
(1008) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15970315
(1009) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015358
(1010) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21112198
(1011) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25479726
(1012) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peony+constipation
(1013) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25289045
(1014) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peony+coughs
(1015) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9703625
(1016) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25045390
(1017) http://alternativehealing.org/bai_shao.htm
(1018) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21185921
(1019) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457098
(1020) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086036
(1021) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23695964
(1022) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446358
(1023) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25165413
(1024) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667997
(1025) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21377451
(1026) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7816876
(1027) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23980368
(1028) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23667997
(1028) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086036
(1029) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9120425
(1030) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446358
(1031) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24389454
(1032) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23023341
(1033) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22070681
(1035) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197277
(1036) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9798591
(1037) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19268972
(1038) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715794
(1039) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19268972
(1040) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16678139
(1041) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16137717
(1042) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19007942
(1043) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22414474
(1044) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11379768

Sunday, February 15, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments of Dementia In Traditional Chinese Medicine

By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
V. Treatments
C. In traditional Chinese Medicine Perspective(1)
In the study to evaluate the effect of TCM in dementia at the Unilever R&D Shanghai, and Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Dr. and the team of researchers indicated that Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a 3000 years' history of human use. A literature survey addressing traditional evidence from human studies was done, with key result that top 10 TCM herb ingredients including Poria cocos, Radix polygalae, Radix glycyrrhizae, Radix angelica sinensis, and Radix rehmanniae were prioritized for highest potential benefit to dementia intervention, related to the highest frequency of use in 236 formulae collected from 29 ancient Pharmacopoeias, ancient formula books, or historical archives on ancient renowned TCM doctors, over the past 10 centuries. Based on the history of use, there was strong clinical support that Radix polygalae is memory improving. Pharmacological investigation also indicated that all the five ingredients mentioned above can elicit memory-improving effects in vivo and in vitro via multiple mechanisms of action. And according to Ancient Records on TCM for Cognitive Decline. The scientists wrote that dementia is as a result of
1. Deficiency of Energy, mainly from the kidney, heart, and spleen, especially from the kidney.
Deficiency of energy is similar to “Qi” deficiency in TCM. According TCM lore Qi is the essential substance that makes up the body and maintains various physiological activities, similar to flow of energy in the body. The energy is mainly from the kidney, heart, and spleen, especially from the kidney. In TCM, the energy from the kidney is called kidney essence which can produce marrow including cerebral marrow, spinal cord, and bone marrow. The cerebral marrow can nourish the brain and maintain the physiological functions of the brain. If the kidney essence is insufficient, the production of cerebral marrow will be reduced, leading to various symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, amnesia, and retard response.

2. Blood Stasis
Normally the blood is pumped by the heart to flow in the vessels. If blood circulation is stagnated or slowed down by certain factors such as cold, emotional disorder, aging, consumptive disease, and overstrain, it will result in retention of blood flow in the vessels or organs, a pathological condition named blood stasis. The cognitive function will decline, due to long-term global hypo-perfusion in cerebral blood flow or acute focal stroke in memory-related cerebral parenchyma.

3. Toxins
As the function of internal organs in the elderly decline, the balance between host defense and external toxins in the body is disrupted. Pathological or physiological products occur and form toxin including waste of “water” and “endogenous fire”, which result from the poor digestion, accumulates into phlegm and retention of fluid, and caused by mental disorder, attack from pathological factors, and imbalance within the body, respectively. If such toxins can not be eliminated quickly the blood circulation and mental acuity will be affected, eventually contributing to the onset of dementia.

Finally, the authors summarized "in TCM philosophy, AD is assumed to be induced by kidney essence vacuity and toxin (turbid phlegm). The amnestic mild cognitive impairment in elderly population has been disclosed in a clinical investigation to correlate with kidney essence vacuity and turbid phlegm blocking upper orifices. The whole cognitive function may worsen because of the aggravation of kidney essence vacuity, deficiency of blood and qi, phlegm and heat toxin and may eventually lead to multiple cognitive domains impairment, even dementia"

Further to the article, the authors also indicated that Catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, isolated from the fresh Radix rehmanniae and existed broadly in many plants all over the world has many biological functions such as anti-inflammation, promoting of sex hormones production, protection of liver damage, and reduction of elevated blood sugar.
Recently, catalpol has been identified as a vital active with robust cognitive potential (Figure 4). Behaviour studies exhibited that catalpol reversed brain damage and memory deficits in mice induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactose and in gerbils by cerebral ischemia. The nootropic and neuroprotective efficacy of catalpol probably resulted from a variety of underlying molecular mechanisms (Table 7).
(i)Antioxidant activity: catalpol promoted endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and antioxidant glutathione (GSH), cut down malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in PC12 cells and astrocytes primary cultures, exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation or H2O2, and in senescent mice induced by D-galactose [79–81, 86, 89, 91, 92].

(ii)Anti-inflammatory activity: catalpol significantly reduced the release of ROS, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression after Aβ (1–42)-induced microglial activation in primary cortical neuron-glia cultures, and LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in mice [78, 87].

(iii)Neurogenetic activity: catalpol can enhance axonal growth of cortical neurons cultured in vitro from 24 h newly born rat, at 1–5 mg/mL and ameliorate age-related presynaptic proteins decline (synaptophysin and GAP-43), and neuroplasticity loss in the hippocampus of the aged rats, by upregulating protein kinase C (PKC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [85, 88].

(iv)Antiapoptotic activity: catalpol not only suppressed the downregulation of Bcl-2, upregulation of Bax, and the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to cytosol, but also attenuated caspase-3 activation, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and eventually protected against H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and in the ischemic dorsal hippocampus of gerbils subject to CCAO [82–84, 90]. (v)In addition, the function to stimulate the production of adrenal cortical hormones, which increases the production of sex hormones, is likely implicated into the cognitive benefit of catalpol in menopausal women [92].

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Sources
(1) http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2012/692621/

Saturday, February 14, 2015

(Preview)Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Dan shen treatments of Dementia Caused by Heart Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Friday, February 13, 2015

(4th edited )Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Sang Shen (Mulberry Fruit) treatments of Dementia Caused by Heart Qi Deficiency

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By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Thursday, February 12, 2015

(4 edited)Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM treatments of Dementia Caused by Kidney Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Wednesday, February 11, 2015

(4 edited))Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Dan shen treatments of Dementia Caused by Heart Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

Tuesday, February 10, 2015

(4th edited )Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): TCM Ren shen (Ginseng) treatments of Dementia Caused by Heart Qi Deficiency

Diseases of Central Nervous system

Dementia

About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.

V. Treatments
C. In traditional Chinese Medicine Perspective(*)
Based on Chinese ancient medical records. causes of dementia are the results of (810)
C.2. Deficiency of Qi, mainly due to
C.2.2. Heart (Yang) Qi deficiency
Heart Qi deficiency is a condition of the inability of the heart in transportation of nutrients to body organs, including the brain through blood circulation. Prolong period of malnutrition of brain cells may induce abnormal function of brain's cells in information transmitting or death of neurons, causing cognitive impairment(844), including learning and memory deficits(842) and changes in brain tissue and behavior patterns(843)(842).
Herbal medicine for Heart Qi deficiency 2. Ren shen (Ginseng)
Ren Shen is a smells aromatic, tastes sweet and slightly warm herbs, also known as Gingshen, used in TCM as improved immune system(868)(869), Anti Cancer(870)(871), Anti aging(872)(873), Anti stress(874)(875), anti Erectile dysfunction(876)(877), etc. agent and to generates fluids and reduce thirst and symptoms of diabetes(878)(879), for xinqixu (heart qi deficient) related coronary heart disease (CHD)(880)(881), anxiety(882)(883), insomnia(884)(885), depression(886)(887), neurodegenertive disorders(888)(889)(890), bleeding in the vagina not during period(891), seizures(892)(893), chronic fatigue(894)(895), etc. as it strongly tonifies Original Qi, the Spleen and the Lungs, promotes generation of Body Fluids, calms thirst and the Mind,(896) etc. by enhancing the functions of spleen and lung channels(897).

Ingredients
1. Saponins
2. Panaxynol
3. Ginsenyne
4. Alpha pansinsene
5. Beta pansinsene
6. Beta farnesene
7. Bicyclogermacrene
8. Beta elemene
9. Gama elemene
10. Alpha neodovene
11. Beta neodovene
12. Alpha humulene
13. Beta humulene
14. Ccaryophyllene
15. Beta gurjunene
16. Alpha gurjunene
17. Alpha selinene
18. Beta selinene
19. Gama selinene
20. Selin-4, alpha guaiene
21. Gama cubebene
22. Beta patchoulene
23. Hepatadecanol-1
24. Etc.

Herbal ren shen used in the treatment and prevention of dementia(898) in traditional Chinese medicine, may be due to its effectiveness of phytochemicals in ameliorated amyloid pathology(899)(900) and related cognitive deficits(901). In aging related dementia, based on the history of use, and pharmacological investigation, ren shen showed a strong evidence in cognitive improvement, through cholinesterase inhibitory activity and cholinergic function(902). According to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, combination extract of Renshen (Panax Ginseng), Yinyanghuo (Herba Epimedii Brevicornus), Yuanzhi (Radix Palygalae) and Jianghuang (Rhizoma Curcumae Longae) (GEPT) exhibited neuroprotecting mechanism in preventing and treating of AD(903).

2.1. In Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. The disease destroys brain cells involved inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction or oxidative stress(904), causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe(904) enough to affect language communication(905), memory(906), lifelong hobbies or social life(907).
Ginseng extracts, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients showed significantly in attenuated amyloid plaque deposition as well as short- and long-term memory impairment. through its phytochemical gintonin effect via the mediation in promotion of non-amyloidogenic processing(908). In amyloid β peptide induced AD cell model, ginsenoside Rg1, the main chemical constituent of ginseng, improved the memory impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), through suppressing the signaling transduction pathways and decreasing the inflammation factors(909)(910); increasing cell viability, reducing oxidative damage (including apoptosis), restoring mitochondrial membrane potential(911). According to the join 17-months old male APP/PS1 mice study by University of Michigan and Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, total saponin in leaves of Panax notoginseng (LPNS) attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and cell death in brain cells through activation of Nrf2 (nuclear translocation) and upregulation of downstream antioxidant systems(912).
Unfortunately, according to the review over 20 databases from the inception to January 2009 and included all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, the use of ginseng for treatments of Alzheimer's disease is scarce and inconclusive(913).

2.2. In Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases
Parkinson's disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system, affecting movement of muscles(917)(918), speech(919), poster, balance, auto functioning(920), etc. The disease's symptoms worsen over time. According to a multicenter study, phosphorylated forms, pS129 is associated to the severity and progression of Parkinson diseases(914). NFE2L2 gene, an important regulator of the cellular protection against oxidative stress, if defects can contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease(915)(916). In the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), Ginsenoside Rb, effectively inhibited or reversed the aggregation process may represent a viable therapeutic strategy against PD and related disorders, through anti-amyloidogenic and antineurotoxical effects(921). Its water extract in induced cytotoxicity of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells, also exhibited significant protective effects possibly through the suppression of ROS generation(922). According to Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, use of ginseng and other herbs, such as eleutherococcus, Rhodiola rosea, etc., in a complex therapy for Parkinson's disease, may be due to theirs normalized immune, antioxidant, and hormonal parameters(923).
In Huntington's disease, Ginsenosides, the main chemical constituents of ginseng, showed to exert its neuroprotective effect against neurons from glutamate-induced apoptosis in vitro(924).

2.3. In cognitive impairment
Klotho Gene Deficiency has been found to associated to oxidative stress related cognitive impairment(925). In aging mice model, ginseng exhibited anti oxidative stress in ameliorated lipid peroxidation and restores antioxidant capacity(926), and reduced accumulation of intercellular messenger, nitric oxide (NO)(927) may be a potential treatment of herbal medicine for cognitive impairment(927). Ginsenoside Rb1, a major chemical constituent found in ginseng, showed to inhibit cognitive impairment caused by diabetes, through GSK3β, a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress due to physiological and pathological insults, in high glucose-treated hippocampal neurons(928).

2.4. In neuroprotective effects
In high glucose-induced neurotoxicity in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons, Ginsenoside Rb1 exerted a wide variety of neuroprotective effects by inhibiting CHOP signaling pathway involved in apoptosis signal in ER stress- and CHOP-mediated apoptosis(940), oxidative stress(926), mitochondrial dysfunction(929)(941) and neuroinflammation(941). According to University Complutense of Madrid, Ginseng and its major constituents as potential neuroprotective agents against progression of Parkinson's disease(943), may be due to its effectiveness in inhibition of oxidative stress(926) and neuroinflammation(941), decrease of toxins-induced apoptosis(944) and regulation of channels and receptors activity(945)(942).

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Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of 50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia - Treatments in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine by Kyle J. Norton

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