Medical Advisor Journals : July 2017

Monday, July 31, 2017

Magnesium: Magnesium (Mg) status in patients with cardiovascular diseases

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Magnesium

Magnesium is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the human body. The adult body content is 25 g distributed in the skeleton and soft tissues. The chemical is essential in manipulating important biological polyphosphate such as ATP, DNA, and RNA and in functionming enzymes(a).

Magnesium: Magnesium (Mg) status in patients with cardiovascular diseases

Mg is an important cofactor for many enzymes especially those involved in phosphate transfer reactions. Mg is therefore essential in the regulation of the metabolism of other ions and cellular functionsé According to the study by the, deficiency has been shown to be associated with fatal cardiovascular diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias and coronary heart disease, as well as with risk factors for these diseases, such as hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Our findings showed that serum total Mg was similar in all groups, but patients with arrhythmias and diabetes mellitus revealed lower levels of serum ionized Mg. On the other hand, patients with essential hypertension exhibited higher intraerythrocyte Mg concentrations than healthy controls(3).

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(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10375959

Sunday, July 30, 2017

Magnesium: Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes

Magnesium: Implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and plays an important physiological role in many of its functions. It plays a fundamental role as a cofactor in various enzymatic reactions involving energy metabolism. According to the study by the Punjab Agricultural University, magnesium is a cofactor of various enzymes in carbohydrate oxidation and plays an important role in glucose transporting mechanism of the cell membrane. It is also involved in insulin secretion, binding, and activity. Magnesium deficiency and hypomagnesemia can result from a wide variety of causes, including deficient magnesium intake, gastrointestinal, and renal losses. Chronic magnesium deficiency has been associated with the development of insulin resistance. The present review discusses the implications of magnesium deficiency in type 2 diabetes(2).

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(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19629403

Saturday, July 29, 2017

Magnesium: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders

Magnesium: Magnesium metabolism and its disorders

Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and plays an important physiological role in many of its functions. Magnesium balance is maintained by renal regulation of magnesium reabsorption. According to the study by the Department of Chemical Pathology, St Thomas' Hospital, magnesium deficiencyand hypomagnesaemia can result from a variety of causes including gastrointestinal and renal losses. Magnesium deficiency can cause a wide variety of features including hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia and cardiac and neurological manifestations. Chronic low magnesium state has been associated with a number of chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis. The use of magnesium as a therapeutic agent in asthma, myocardial infarction, and pre-eclampsia is also discussed. Hypermagnesaemia is less frequent than hypomagnesaemia and results from failure of excretion or increased intake. Hypermagnesaemia can lead to hypotension and other cardiovascular effects as well as neuromuscular manifestations(1).

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(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568054

Friday, July 28, 2017

Magnesium: Muscle cramps--differential diagnosis and therapy

Calf cramps are sudden, involuntary, painful contractions of part of or the entire calf muscle that are visible, persist for seconds to minutes and then spontaneously resolve. According to the study by Kompetenzzentrum für Bewegungsstörungen, Paracelsusklinik Zwickau, Muscle cramps can occur with no identifiable cause, and are then referred to as common calf cramps. They may also be symptoms associated with diseases of the peripheral and central nervous system and musclediseases. They also occur in association with metabolic disorders. In such cases the cramps are more extensive, intense and persist for longer. Cramp-fasciculation-myalgia syndrome additionally involves paresthesias and other signs of hyperexcitability of peripheral nerves. The recommended treatment for patients with frequent calf cramps causing significant impairment of well-being is oral administration of quinidine and/or botulinum toxin treatment of the calf muscles. During pregnancy both products are contraindicated, while probatory administration of magnesium is indicated(10).

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(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402333

Thursday, July 27, 2017

Magnesium: The effect of magnesium infusion on rest cramps

Magnesium: The effect of magnesium infusion on rest cramps

Rest cramps (also known as nocturnal leg cramps) are very common in a geriatric population. In a double blind, placebo controlled randomized controlled trial conducted on 46 community-dwelling older adult (69.3 ± 7.7 years) rest crampsufferers to determine whether 5 consecutive days infusion of 20-mmol (5 g) magnesium sulfate would reduce the frequency of leg cramps per week in the 30 days immediately pre and post infusions and whether the response to treatment varied with the extent to which infused magnesium was retained (as measured by 24-hour urinary magnesium excretion), found that intravenous magnesium infusion did not reduce the frequency of leg cramps in a group of older adult rest crampsufferers regardless of the extent to which infused magnesium was retained. Although oral magnesium is widely marketed to older adults for the prophylaxis of leg cramps, our data suggest that magnesium therapy is not indicated for the treatment of rest cramps in a geriatric population(9).

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(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289017

Wednesday, July 26, 2017

Magnesium: Stretching before sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults

Magnesium: Stretching before sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults

According to the study by the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, in the study of nighty adults aged over 55 years with nocturnal leg cramps who were not being treated with quinine, with the experimental group performed stretches of the calf and hamstring muscles nightly, immediately before going to sleep, for six weeks. The control group performed no specific stretching exercises. Both groups continued other usual activities, showed that nightly stretching before going to sleep reduces the frequency and severity of nocturnal leg cramps in older adults(8).

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(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341378

Tuesday, July 25, 2017

Magnesium: Nocturnal leg cramps

Magnesium: Nocturnal leg cramps

Up to 60 percent of adults report that they have had nocturnal leg cramps. The recurrent, painful tightening usually occurs in the calf muscles and can cause severe insomnia. According to the study by the St. Mark's Family Medicine Residency, nocturnal leg cramps are associated with vascular disease, lumbar canal stenosis, cirrhosis, hemodialysis, pregnancy, and other medical conditions. Medications that are strongly associated with leg cramps include intravenous iron sucrose, conjugated estrogens, raloxifene, naproxen, and teriparatide. A history and physical examination are usually sufficient to differentiate nocturnal leg crampsfrom other conditions, such as restless legs syndrome, claudication, myositis, and peripheral neuropathy. Laboratory evaluation and specialized testing usually are unnecessary to confirm the diagnosis. Limited evidence supports treating nocturnal leg cramps with exercise and stretching, or with medications such as magnesium, calcium channel blockers, carisoprodol, or vitamin B(12). Quinine is no longer recommended to treat leg cramps(7).

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(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963024

Monday, July 24, 2017

Magnesium: Relationship between hypermagnesaemia in preterm labour and adverse health outcomes in babies

Magnesium: Relationship between hypermagnesaemia in preterm labour and adverse health outcomes in babies

In the study of the Magnesium and Neurologic Endpoints Trial (the so-called MagNET Trial) undertaken to establish whether the antenatal usage of magnesiumsulphate could protect neonates from having adverse neurologic outcomes, showed that unfortunately, the trial was suspended after 15 months of enrolment because of excess total paediatric mortality among those exposed to magnesiumsulphate. Following our original report and contrary to the original hypotheses, additional analyses of our data have actually shown a statistically significant increase in the risk of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage, as well as total adverse paediatric outcomes, among those with higher levels of ionized magnesium at delivery. Nonetheless, it has been postulated, but not established, that anions of magnesium other than sulphate could have a more benign, or even beneficial, effect on health outcomes in the neonate(6).

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(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12635881

Sunday, July 23, 2017

Magnesium: Serum magnesium level in preterm labour

Magnesium: Serum magnesium level in preterm labour

Preterm labour, (PTL) defined as labour after 28 weeks but before 37 completed week of gestation, is an ill omen for our country as the incidence is 5-10% leading to 70-80% of perinatal deaths. According to the study by the Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, varied hypomagnesemia was observed in Preterm labour cases (1.47 mg/dl +/- 0.22 S.D.), normal value of serum magnesium was found in normal non-pregnant ladies and slightly low value were observed in pregnant ladies of same gestational age. Age and parity had no significant effect on serum magnesium level in our study. As far as socio-economic study is concerned, it was found to be higher in high socio-economic group and low in lower group. Thus from this study it can be concluded that estimation of serum magnesium in pregnancy may prove to be a valuable tool in predicting preterm onset of labour(5).

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(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15022938

Saturday, July 22, 2017

Magnesium Pathophysiology and therapy of magnesium deficiency in pregnancy

Magnesium Pathophysiology and therapy of magnesium deficiency in pregnancy

In the study to determine serum magnesium(Mg)-levels in 67 pregnant women in late pregnancy. 42 gravidae complained of nightly muscle cramps; 21 of them received 1.8 g monomagnesiumaspartate twice daily per mouth for 4 weeks, found that serum Mg-levels were lower in pregnant women as compared to a control group of non pregnant women. Gravidae complaining of muscle cramps had significantly lower serum Mg-levels than women without muscle cramps. The administration of Mg was associated with a significant rise in serum Mg-levels as early as 2 weeks after the initiation of therapy.The Our study indicates that nightly muscle cramps during pregnancy might be a sign of a latent magnesium deficiency which can be influenced by oral magnesium(4).

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(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6891868

Friday, July 21, 2017

Magnesium: The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps

Magnesium: The effect of oral magnesium substitution on pregnancy-induced leg cramps

In the study to to determine whether women with pregnancy-related leg crampswould benefit from oral magnesium supplementation, indicated that serum magnesium levels in these patients were at or below the lower reference limit, as is also often the case in healthy pregnant patients. Oral magnesium substitution decreased leg cramp distress (p < 0.05 compared with the placebo group, p < 0.001 compared with initial complaints), but did not significantly increase serum magnesium levels, excess magnesium being excreted as measured by an increase in urinary magnesium levels (p < 0.002). Oral magnesium supplementation seems to be a valuable therapeutic tool in the treatment of pregnancy-related leg cramps(3).

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(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7631676

Thursday, July 20, 2017

Magnesium: Clinical aspects and treatment of calf muscle cramps during pregnancy

Magnesium: Clinical aspects and treatment of calf muscle cramps during pregnancy

According to the study by Riss P, Bartl W, and Jelincic D., muscle cramps were noticed most often in the second half of pregnancy. Gravidae with muscle crampswere on the average older and of higher parity; there was no relationship between muscle cramps and complications during pregnancy or unfavorable fetal outcome. In an uncontrolled therapeutic trial 21 women with muscle cramps received 1,8 g monomagnesium-aspartate twice daily per mouth for 4 weeks. 21 women with muscle cramps had no therapy. 4 weeks after the initiation of magnesium therapy 19/21 women were free of symptoms, compared to only 7/21 patients in the control group. Muscle cramps during pregnancy do not have to be considered a risk factor; they can be significantly improved by the administration of oral magnesium(2).

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(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6553557

Wednesday, July 19, 2017

Magnesium: Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps

Magnesium: Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps

Skeletal muscle cramps are common and often presented to physicians in association with pregnancy, advanced age, exercise or disorders of the motor neuron (such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). In a andomized controlled trials (RCTs) of magnesium supplementation (in any form) to prevent skeletal muscle cramps in any patient group (i.e. all clinical presentations of cramp) and to considere comparisons of magnesium with no treatment, placebo control, or other therapy, found that it is unlikely that magnesium supplementation provides clinically meaningful cramp prophylaxis to older adults experiencing skeletal muscle cramps. In contrast, for those experiencing pregnancy-associated rest cramps the literature is conflicting and further research in this patient population is needed. We found no randomized controlled trials evaluating magnesium for exercise-associated muscle cramps or disease state-associated muscle cramps (for example amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease)(1).

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(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972143

Monday, July 17, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)

Thyroid hormone

Thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), produced by the thyroid gland, plays an important role in regulation of metabolism, including directly boosts energy metabolism and triggers rapid protein synthesis and regulates mitochondrial gene transcription, etc. Iodine is necessary for the production of T3and T4, deficiency of Iodine can lead to enlarge thyroid grand and goitre.

Thyroid hormone: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is defined as thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth. According to the study by Department of Pediatrics, Dhahran Health Center, CH is classified into permanent and transient forms, which in turn can be divided into primary, secondary, or peripheral etiologies. Permanent CH refers to a persistent deficiency of thyroid hormone that requires life-long treatment. Transient CH refers to a temporary deficiency of thyroid hormone that is discovered at birth but recovers to normal in the first few months or years of life. Babies with CH who are not identified and treated promptly develop severe mental retardation. Most of the babies with CH do not manifest the typical known signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, and this is most likely due to transplacental passage of some maternal thyroid hormone in addition to some residual neonatal thyroid function, as might be seen with thyroid hypoplasia, an ectopic gland, or mild dyshormonogenesis(70).

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(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570946

Sunday, July 16, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidaxis

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidaxis

In the study to review the skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis result from altered thyroid hormone (T(3)) action in bone of mice, showed that these mice must display opposing skeletal phenotypes if TSH has a major role in bone, whereas they would be similar if thyroid hormone actions predominate. Pax8(-/-) and hyt/hyt mice both displayed delayed ossification, reduced cortical bone, a trabecular bone remodeling defect, and reduced bone mineralization, thus indicating that the skeletal abnormalities of congenital hypothyroidism are independent of TSH. Treatment of primary osteoblasts and osteoclasts with TSH or a TSHR-stimulating antibody failed to induce a cAMP response. Furthermore, TSH did not affect the differentiation or function of osteoblasts or osteoclasts in vitro(69).

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(69) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17932107

Saturday, July 15, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormones in the skeleton

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid hormones in the skeleton

In the study to evaluate the cellular effects and molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the skeleton, showed that both thyroid hormone deficiency and excess are associated with an increased risk of fracture. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of T3 action in skeletal cells will lead to the identification of new targets to regulate bone turnover and mineralization in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis(68).

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(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22634735

Friday, July 14, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery

In a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to evaluate the associations between thyroid antibodies and risk of preterm delivery found that eleven prospective cohort studies involving 35 467 participants were included. The combined RR of preterm delivery for pregnant women with thyroid antibodies compared with the reference group was 1.41 (95% CI 1.08-1.84, P=0.011). Subgroup analysis yielded the combined RR of preterm delivery for pregnant women with TPO-Ab compared with the reference group was 1.69 (95% CI 1.19-2.41, P=0.003), whereas pregnant women with positive TG-Ab had no obvious risk of preterm delivery compared with the reference group (RR=0.88, 95% CI 0.60-1.29, P=0.513). Sensitivity analysis restricted to studies excluding women with thyroid dysfunction yielded similar results. Meta-regression analysis suggested that the status of exclusion or inclusion of women with thyroid dysfunction was the major source of heterogeneity in this meta-analysis(67).

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(67) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22826476

Thursday, July 13, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo

In the study to summarize and critically appraise current evidence of the prevalence of thyroid diseases in vitiligo, found that There is an increased prevalence and an increased risk of (autoimmune) thyroid disease in patients with vitiligo compared with nonvitiligo. This risk seems to increase with age(66).

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(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22860695

Wednesday, July 12, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Treating elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels in obese children and adolescents?

Thyroid hormone: Treating elevated thyroid stimulating hormone levels in obese children and adolescents?

In the differentiation to examine the prevalence of abnormal thyroid function tests among obese children and adolescents, and to study the effect of thyroid hormone supplementation on body weight, linear growth and lipid profiles in these children, showed that hyperthyrotropinemia is relatively common in obese children, but autoimmune thyroid disease accounts for a minority of the cases. TSH levels returned to normal in the majority of patients even without thyroid hormone administration. No beneficial effects on body weight, body mass index, linear growth and body lipids were found in treated subjects, suggesting that thyroidsubstitution is not necessary in most cases(65).

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(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907328

Tuesday, July 11, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid function in the nutritionally obese child and adolescent

In the study to evaluate the prevalence of disturbed thyroid hormone and TSH values in childhood obesity and the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms linking obesity to thyroid function.l, showed that in the past 18 months, four studies demonstrated moderate elevation of TSH concentrations in 10-23% of obese children, which was associated with normal or slightly elevated thyroxine and triiodothyronine values. Two studies reported ultrasonographic hypoechogenicity of the thyroid in obese children with hyperthyrotropinemia, which was not caused by autoimmune thyroiditis; therefore, the authors hypothesized a link to chronic inflammation in obesity. Weight loss led to a normalization of elevated TSH levels in two studies. The adipokine leptin is the most promising link between obesity and hyperthyrotropinemia since leptin stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid(64).

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(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430532

Monday, July 10, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid cancer and I-131 therapy

Thyroid hormone: Thyroid cancer and I-131 therapy

In the study in overview of the benefits of I-131 therapy for ablation, adjuvant treatment, and treatment of locoregional and/or metastasis of well-differentiatedthyroid cancer and considers the risks of complications of I-131 therapy, showed that although there are never-ending controversies regarding I-131 therapy in well-differentiated thyroid cancer, the benefits and risks are becoming better understood. This in turn helps the treating physician and patient in making decisions regarding therapy(63).

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(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20001720

Sunday, July 9, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid hormone: Treatment of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is known to have a poor prognosis due to its aggressive and rapid metastasis with median survival of less than 6 months. In a retrospectively reviewed medical records of 13 anaplastic thyroid cancer patients who received multidisciplinary treatment between 2006 and 2010, showed thatthe median patient age at diagnosis was 69 years, and six patients had stage IVc diseases. Eight patients received primary surgery followed by radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Five patients received weekly doxorubicin-based definitive CCRT, but only one patient's condition remained stable, while the rest experienced rapid disease progression. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months (95% CI, 1.2-4.4 months), and the median overall survival was 3.8 months (95% CI, 3.0-4.6 months)(62).

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(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22318823

Saturday, July 8, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

Thyroid hormone: Analysis of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer

In the study to to analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics of patients diagnosed with ATC expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, with the goal of finding differences between patients surviving ≥6 months and <6 months, found that ATC showed female predominance. Patients initially presented with neck mass, and median age was 55 years. In patients with ATC who are expected to undergo curative thyroidectomy, surgery should actively be considered as primary therapy for patient survival when the size is <5 cm(61).

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(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22977757

Friday, July 7, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)

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(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570946

Thursday, July 6, 2017

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

Thyroid hormone: Skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

In the study to review the skeletal responses to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis result from altered thyroid hormone (T(3)) action in bone of mice, showed that these mice must display opposing skeletal phenotypes if TSH has a major role in bone, whereas they would be similar if thyroid hormone actions predominate. Pax8(-/-) and hyt/hyt mice both displayed delayed ossification, reduced cortical bone, a trabecular bone remodeling defect, and reduced bone mineralization, thus indicating that the skeletal abnormalities of congenital hypothyroidism are independent of TSH. Treatment of primary osteoblasts and osteoclasts with TSH or a TSHR-stimulating antibody failed to induce a cAMP response. Furthermore, TSH did not affect the differentiation or function of osteoblasts or osteoclasts in vitro(69).