Artichoke may have potential and positive effects in protecting the liver against the onset of liver diseases, according to studies.
The liver is the large organ in the human body that processed a significant activity on filtering the blood coming from the digestive tract, before passing it to the rest of the body.
Furthermore, the function of the liver also includes removing and breaking down most drugs and chemicals from your bloodstream and toxins created byproducts that can damage the liver and the body.
However, long-term and persistent exposure to toxic substances can cause serious damage, sometimes irreversible harm to the liver.
Liver cancer is a medical condition characterized by irregular cell growth due to the alternation of liver cell DNA.
Most common metastasis of primary liver cancer is breast, colorectal cancer, and esophageal cancer.
Most cases of primary liver cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the liver tissues. Due to the small size of the tumor at the early stage, most patients with liver cancer do not experience any symptoms.
Genetic preposition, hepatitis viral infection, alcohol abuse, and cirrhosis are common risk factor associated with the onset of liver cancer.
According to the statistics, 43% of people who are diagnosed at an early stage have a 5-year survival rate of 31% compared to that of 3 to 5% at the advanced stage.
In the Western world, more than half of all people diagnosed with primary liver cancer have cirrhosis, a scarring condition of the liver commonly caused by alcohol abuse.
Dr.Elliot B Tapper, in the investigation of the alcoholic risk of liver cancer mortality in the US, said, "Mortality due to cirrhosis has been increasing in the US since 2009. Driven by deaths due to alcoholic cirrhosis, people aged 25-34 have experienced the greatest relative increase in mortality. White Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans experienced the greatest increase in deaths from cirrhosis".
Artichoke is a perennial thistle of Cynara cardunculus species of the Cynara genus, belonging to the family Carduoideae native to Southern Europe around the Mediterranean.
The herbal plant has been used in traditional medicine as liver protective and detoxified agent, and for the treatment of digestive disorders, abdominal pain gas and bloating, etc.
Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of liver cancer with no side effects evaluated the effect of fish oil and Artichoke (Cynara scolymus I.) against diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
Rats selected into the study were divided into 8 groups. Group 1, control rats. Group 2: rats injected with a single dose of DEN (100 mg/kg body weight). Groups 3-8 supplemented with different concentrations of either fish oil or artichoke for 25 days before DEN injection.
DEN injected group not only showed a significant decrease in levels fo antioxidant enzymes produced by the host but also exhibited the overexpression of free radical formation and oxidative stress marker.
Furthermore, Den injected group also showed the increased inflammatory cytokines and stimulated protein associated with forming new blood vessels for cancer growth accompanied by liver damage through the expression of liver function markers.
Moreover, the administration of DEN also affected the liver cell through the occurrence of hepatic cellular degeneration and necrosis.
Treatment with fish oil (5%, 10%) or artichoke heads or leaves (0.5, 1 g) for 25 days displayed a significant amelioration of DEN-induced changes in the biochemical parameters.
In the depth analysis, the administration of fish oil (5%, 10%) or artichoke heads or leaves (0.5, 1 g) fish oil (5%, 10%) or artichoke heads or leaves (0.5, 1 g) almost restored the liver functioning in treated groups, compared to the controls.
Dr. Metwally NS and colleagues in the final report wrote, "The results pointed out that 10% fish oil and 1 g% leaves of artichoke succeeded to protect from hepatocellular carcinoma to a certain degree. In addition, they may be considered as protective foods against angiogenesis".
In order to reveal more information about the artichoke anti-liver cancer activity, researchers examined the polyphenolic extracts from an edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells.
On hepatocytes exposed to H2O2generated in situ by glucose oxidase, injection of AE not only restored the levels of antioxidant enzymes from the host but also decreased the oxidative stress marker in the liver.
In other words, AE protected the liver against lipid peroxidation and cell death and prevented the loss of total GSH and the accumulation of MDA.
Additionally, AE also reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells in 24 h.
In liver cancer cell lines, AE induced liver protective activity by activating the proteins associated with cell apoptosis, according to the flow cytometric analysis of annexin.
Dr. Miccadei S, the lead scientist said, "AE had a marked antioxidative potential that protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress. Furthermore, AE reduced cell viability and had an apoptotic activity on a human liver cancer cell line".
Taken altogether, artichoke may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer, pending to the confirmation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(2) The protective effects of fish oil and artichoke on hepatocellular carcinoma in rats by Metwally NS1, Kholeif TE, Ghanem KZ, Farrag AR, Ammar NM, Abdel-Hamid AH. (PubMed)
(2) Antioxidative and apoptotic properties of polyphenolic extracts from edible part of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) on cultured rat hepatocytes and on human hepatoma cells by Miccadei S1, Di Venere D, Cardinali A, Romano F, Durazzo A, Foddai MS, Fraioli R, Mobarhan S, Maiani G. (PubMed)
(3) Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999-2016: observational study by Elliot B Tapper, and Neehar D Parikh. (the BMJ)
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