Medical Advisor Journals

Tuesday, December 29, 2015

The Smoothie of Broccoli, Cranberry and Green Tea for reduced Risk and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for people with higher risk of Ovarian Cancer and Ovarian Cancer

Yield: 2 serving (about 8 ounce each)
1/2 Broccoli
1 cup Cranberry
1 cup green tea drink (Make from 4 grams(2 tea bags) of green tea, a slice of ginger and a cup of hot water lipped for 5 minutes, and set aside for cooling to room temperature)

1. Place whole food papaya, cinnamon and green tea drink in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed.
3. Serve immediately

The finding of a natural source for reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer has encountered many obstacles, many ingredients showed initially the promising result in animal studies have not produced same potentials in either large sample size and mutli centers human trials.

Recent study suggested that broccoli(1), cranberry(5) and green tea(8) may process phytochemicals and ingredients effectively in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cells growth of ovarian cells as that have become cancerous. It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belong to the family Brassicaceae. It has large flower heads, usually green in color and the mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe. According to the review of data base studies of Medline (Pubmed), Embase and Web of Science databases intake of cruciferous vegetables is associated to reduce risk of cancer.(4).

Sulforaphane, a major chemical constituent found in cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, has exerted its anti ovarian cancer effects through induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in various mechanism which induced cancer cells growth(1). According to the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, the phytocemical inhibited cancer cell cycle phase progression through a decrease in the cell division in S and G2M phases with 18% of the cells underwent apoptosis after 2 days, 42% of the cells apoptosis after 3 days of incubation(2).

In ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3, C3, and T3 cells, sulforaphane exhibited antiproliferative effects in all 3 ovarian cancer cell lines through tageting the signal transduction pathway Akt which promotes survival and growth of ovarian cells(3).

Cranberry is a species of Vaccinium oxycoccos, belong9ngs to the family Ericaceae, found in the cooler part of Northern America. The fruit has been found to process certain phytochemicals including flavonols and flavan-3-ols for SKOV-3 and OVCAR-8 in inhibiting reduction ovarian cancer cells, through cytotoxic and anti-proliferative properties(5).

According to the Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island study, proanthocyanidins isolated from cranberry, exerted significant potent anti ovarian cancer and anti-angiogenic properties, through blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in blood circulation(6).

Furthermore, the fruit's polyphenolic extracts, also exhibited cell-line specific cytotoxicity, induced apoptosis of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells, SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells(7).

Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.

Functional mutations in BRCA (breast cancer-gene) 1 or 2 is found to associated to 60 % risk of ovarian cancer. The Curtin University of Technology, drinking tea daily and drinking tea for >30 years exhibited a greatest risk declined in the development of ovarian cancer, in a study of a total of 652 controls comprised 340 hospital visitors, 261 non-neoplasm hospital outpatients conducted in China during 1999-2000(9).

According to the review of data based of Medline, EMBASE and SciVerse (last researched: July 2011), green tea inhibited the epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines, by downregulating the expression of inflammation, cell signalization, cell motility and angiogenesis proteins(8).

In a cohort study included 254 patients recruited during 1999-2000 with histopathologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer, after followed up for a minimum of 3 years, drinking green tea enhances survival of epithelial ovarian cancer in does dependent-manner(10).

Taking all together, women with high risk of ovarian cancer due to family history and gene mutation should drink at least a serving daily and those with ovarian cancer should drink as much as possible depending to the digestive toleration.

All Forms of Arthritis are Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References

(1) Sulforaphane induces cell cycle arrest by protecting RB-E2F-1 complex in epithelial ovarian cancer cells by Bryant CS1, Kumar S, Chamala S, Shah J, Pal J, Haider M, Seward S, Qazi AM, Morris R, Semaan A, Shammas MA, Steffes C, Potti RB, Prasad M, Weaver DW,Batchu RB.(PubMed)

(2) Sulforaphane induces growth arrest and apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells by Chuang LT1, Moqattash ST, Gretz HF, Nezhat F, Rahaman J, Chiao JW.(PubMed)

(3) Antiproliferative activity of sulforaphane in Akt-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells by Chaudhuri D1, Orsulic S, Ashok BT.(PubMed)

(4) Intake of cruciferous vegetables is associated with reduced risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis by Hu J1, Hu Y1, Hu Y1, Zheng S2.(PubMed)
(5) The cranberry flavonoids PAC DP-9 and quercetin aglycone induce cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest and increase cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer cells by Wang Y1, Han A2, Chen E2, Singh RK2, Chichester CO3, Moore RG2, Singh AP1, Vorsa N1.(PubMed)
(6) Anti-angiogenic activity of cranberry proanthocyanidins and cytotoxic properties in ovarian cancer cells by Kim KK1, Singh AP, Singh RK, Demartino A, Brard L, Vorsa N, Lange TS, Moore RG.(PubMed)
(7) Cranberry proanthocyanidins are cytotoxic to human cancer cells and sensitize platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to paraplatin by Singh AP1, Singh RK, Kim KK, Satyan KS, Nussbaum R, Torres M, Brard L, Vorsa N.(PubMed)
(8) Green tea for ovarian cancer prevention and treatment: a systematic review of the in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies by Trudel D1, Labbé DP, Bairati I, Fradet V, Bazinet L, Têtu B.(PubMed)
(9) Tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in China by Zhang M1, Binns CW, Lee AH.(PubMed)
(10) Green tea consumption enhances survival of epithelial ovarian cancer by Zhang M1, Lee AH, Binns CW, Xie X.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: Respiratory Disease: Asthma - The Risk factors

Respiratory Disease is defined as medical conditions which affect the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung disease, Obstructive lung diseases, Restrictive lung diseases, Respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves and muscles breathing , etc,.
Asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. In the study of 463,801 children aged 13-14 years in 155 collaborating centres in 56 countries. Children self-reported, through one-page questionnaires, symptoms of these three atopic disorders. In 99 centres in 42 countries, a video asthma questionnaire was also used for 304,796 children, found that for asthma symptoms, the highest 12-month prevalences were from centres in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Republic of Ireland, followed by most centres in North, Central, and South America; the lowest prevalences were from centres in several Eastern European countries, Indonesia, Greece, China, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, India, and Ethiopia(1). In the United States, approximately, asthma affects 25 million people, 7 million of them are children.

The Risk factors

1. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses
Virus-induced wheezing episodes in infancy often precede the development of asthma. Researchers at the the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, showed that Nearly 90% (26 of 30) of children who wheezed with RV in Year 3 had asthma at 6 years of age.From birth to age 3 years, wheezing with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (odds ratio [OR], 2.6), rhinovirus (RV) (OR, 9.8), or both RV and RSV (OR , 10) was associated with increased asthma risk at age 6 years. In Year 1, both RV wheezing (OR, 2.8) and aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.6) independently increased asthma risk at age 6 years. By age 3 years, wheezing with RV (OR, 25.6) was more strongly associated with asthma at age 6 years than aeroallergen sensitization (OR, 3.4)(17).

2. Airflow obstruction
Asthma and family history of allergic rhinitis are important risk factors associated with airflow. according to the Department of Pediatrics, Lerdsin General Hospitalobstruction(18).

3. Gender
If you are women, you are at increased risk to develop asthma. According to the study by the Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, in adolescence, the pattern changes and onset of wheeze is more prevalent in females than males. Asthma, after childhood, is more severe in females than in males, and is underdiagnosed and undertreated in female adolescents(19).

4. Stress
Researchers at the Departments of Family Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, suggested that stress, whether at the individual(i.e. epigenetics, perceived stress), family (i.e. prenatal maternal stress, early-life exposure, or intimate partner violence) or community (i.e.neighborhood violence; neighborhood disadvantage) level, influences asthma and asthma morbidity(20).

5. Gene
a study by National Taiwan University, showed that GSTP1, INSIG2 and IL4Ra may influence the lifetime asthma susceptibility through gene-gene interactions in schoolchildren. Home dampness combined with each one of the genes STAT6, IL13 and ADRB2 could raise the asthma risk(21). Other suggested that rs17880588 showed a significant association with asthma in the Saudi population due to the association of between asthma and 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the interleukin 17 (IL17) gene. Levels of IL17A and IL17F were significantly upregulated in the asthma patients(22).

6. Airway inflammation and hyperreactivity
People with Air way hyperreactivity are at increased risk to develop asthma as a result of the immune system over response to allergan. Some study suggested that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, especially in the airway epithelium, plays an important role in mediating AHR and remodeling in a chronic allergic asthma model(23).

5. Atopy and viral infection
Atopy – such as eczema, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and virual infection are associated with higher risk to asthma development. According to the study by The University of Western Australia, suggested that underlying this bipartite process (Viral infections occurring against a background of allergic sensitization to aeroallergens as a uniquely potent risk factor for the expression of acute severe asthma-like symptoms and for the ensuing development of asthma that can persist through childhood and into adulthood) are a series of interactions between antiviral and atopic inflammatory pathways that are mediated by local activation of myeloid cell populations in the airway mucosa and the parallel programming and recruitment of their replacements from bone marrow(24).

6. Family history
Family history of asthma in one or more first-degree relatives was consistently identified as a risk factor for asthma. But although a positive family history predicts an increased risk of asthma, it identifies a minority of children at risk. Positive family history may have utility in targeting some individual prevention efforts, but the low positive predictive value limits its value as a means to direct environmental remediation efforts, according to the study the Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington(25).

7. Smoke during Pregnancy
Smoking and severe asthma exacerbations in pregnancy are risk factors for low birth weight babies.
During pregnancy, asthma exacerbations are more common and more severe in current smokers than never smokers. The risk of effects of maternal asthma on the fetus may be greater among smokers(26).

8. Low birth weight
There is a strong independent association between low birth weight and asthma. For 1988 national birth cohort, an estimated 4000 excess asthma cases were attributable to birth weight less than 2500 g(27).

9. Etc.

Arthritis Is Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca p/general-health.html

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Monday, December 28, 2015

The Delicious Carrot and Cucumber for reduced risk and treatment of Choriocarcinoma and Hydatidiform Mole(Tumors and Placenta)

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for people with high risk Choriocarcinoma and Choriocarcinoma
Yield: 2 serving (about 8 ounce each)
3/4 cup carrot
3/4 cup cucumber

1 cup of rice milk

1. Place all ingredients in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed. Add more green tea drink if needed
3. Serve immediately

The finding the natural ingredients for treatment of fibromyalgia is considered as a dream of many scientist to replace the long usage adverse effect of conventional medicine to other organs in the body.
Unfortunately, many compounds found effective in initial studying failed to confirm the potential in large sample size and multi center.

Cancer of Choriocarinma is a malignant and aggressive cancer, started from the abnormal and uncontrollable cells growth in the trophoblatistic tissue, that is part of embryo and normally become the placenta as a result of something going wrong during pregnancy due to random chance.
Placenta is the organ by which the fetus received nutrients and oxygen from the mother.

Molar pregnancy or Hydatidiffrom molebeginning from the trophoblastic tissue, normally is non cancerous but sometimes, but it may invade the uterine wall (invasive mole) as a result of a sperm fusing with an with nucleus or something going wrong during pregnancy causing forming of a mass resembling the bunch of grape.
Recent studies suggested that carrot(1) may be the combination ingredient with pharmateitic values for reduced risk and treatment of Choriocarinma. According to the University of Indonesia, retinoic acid, the derivative of vitamin A, in a a randomized clinical trial, double blind protocol attenuated cell proliferation and stimulate apoptosis in hydatidiform mole patients(1).

In a 72 women study of 24 healthy women in the first trimester of pregnancy (HP), 24 healthy non-pregnant women (NP) and 24 with complete hydatidiform mole (CHM), serum of vitamin A is found to lower in patients with complete hydatidiform mole (CHM)(2).
Dr. Berkowitz RS and colleagues in the study of risk factors for complete molar pregnancy, found that the development of complete molar pregnancy is found in women with diets deficient in the vitamin A precursor carotene. They also emphasized a significant trend for decreasing risk for molar pregnancy with increasing consumption of carotene(3).

Cucumber plant, a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames is a species of Cucumis Sativus, belongings to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia.

According to Dr. Lu PX and Dr. Jin YC. phytochemical trichosanthin found in Chinese cucumber reduced amount of bleeding and malignant rate in changes some patients with hydatidiform mole(4).

Recently, the phytochemical is ls effectively used in the treatment of trophoblastic tumours, including hydatidiform mole, invasive mole and choriocarcinoma by exhibiting the selective cytotoxic effects(5).

In fact, trichosanthin has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for inducing abortion against trophoblastic neoplasms, a rare diseases with abnormal trophoblast cells growed inside the uterus after conception(6).

Taking altogether, intake of combination of carrot and cucumber showed to reduced risk and prevention of Choriocarcinoma and Hydatidiform Mole(Tumors and Placenta)

People who are at risk of Choriocarcinoma and Hydatidiform Mole(Tumors and Placenta) due to genetic reason, .......may drink one or 2 servings a day, people with

Choriocarcinoma and Hydatidiform Mole(Tumors and Placenta) should drink as much as they can depending to the digestive alternation.

All Forms of Arthritis are Curable
You Can Eliminate Osteoarthritis
By addressing the Underlying Causes through Clinical Trials and Studies

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References
(1) Prevention of post-mole malignant trophoblastic disease with vitamin A by Andrijono A1, Muhilal M.(PubMed)
(2) Catalase activity, serum trace element and heavy metal concentrations, vitamin A, vitamin D and vitamin E levels in hydatidiform mole by Kolusari A1, Adali E, Kurdoglu M, Yildizhan R, Cebi A, Edirne T, Demir H, Yoruk IH.(PubMed)
(3) Risk factors for complete molar pregnancy from a case-control study by Berkowitz RS, Cramer DW, Bernstein MR, Cassells S, Driscoll SG, Goldstein DP.(PubMed)
(4) Trichosanthin in the treatment of hydatidiform mole. Clinical analysis of 52 cases by Lu PX1, Jin YC.(PubMed)
(5) Selective killing of choriocarcinoma cells in vitro by trichosanthin, a plant protein purified from root tubers of the Chinese medicinal herb Trichosanthes kirilowii by Tsao SW, Yan KT, Yeung HW.(PubMed)
(6) Studies on the mechanisms of abortion induction by Trichosanthin by [No authors listed](PubMed)

The Smoothie of Blue berry, Carrot and Green tea for reduced risk and treatment of Cervical Cancer

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for reduced risk and treatment of cervical cancer

Yield: 2 serving (about 8 ounce each)
3/4 cup blueberry
3/4 cup carrot
1 cup green tea drink (Make from 4 grams of green tea and a cup of hot water lipped for 5 minutes, and set aside for cooling to room temperature)

1. Place all ingradietns in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed. Add more green tea drink if needed
3. Serve immediately

The dream of finding the natural ingredient for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer without adverse effects in replacement of conventional medication has not been abated. Some ingredients have to discard due to it can achieve the same potent results in human trials.
Recent studies suggested that green tea(1), blueberry(5) and carrot(8) may have a potential and therapeutic value for reduced risk and treatment of cervical cancer probably due to theirs' phytochemicals effect in ameliorated proliferation of cancer cell expression.

Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area caused by abnormal cells growth with alternation of cells DNA.
Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of variety of diseases, including cancers and heart diseases.(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of green tea, in human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 associated cervical cancer cell line, upregulated the genes expression in inhibition of cervical cancer cell growth through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest(1).

The in the study of green tea effect in cervical cancer suggested that EGCG reactivate known tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) in HeLa cells by by targeting epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation(2).

Green tea extract, strongly inhibited the growth of HeLa xenografts(a cancer cell line) in animal model when used conjunction with lysine, ascorbic acid, proline and other nutrients(3).

Dr. Shan HM and the research team at the Peking University said,"..., catechins interfere with the proper subcellular localization of PLK1, lead to cell-cycle arrest in the S and G2M phases, and induce growth inhibition of several human cancer cell types, such as breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), and cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa)"(4).

Blueberry, a flower plant, belong to the family Eriaceae and native to Northern America, was also found to process anti cancer properties, through its powerful antioxidant anthocyanin(5)

epidemiological studies suggested.

In the comparison of blueberry and blackcurrant juices on three tumor cell lines; B16F10 (murine melanoma), A2780 (ovarian cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer), anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARFs) found in the juice exhibited antiproliferative effects through its antioxidant bioactive molecules(5).

According to the University of Mississippi research, ethanol extracts blueberry cultivars strongly inhibited CaSki and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines and MCF-7 and T47-D breast cancer cell line, through interfering to the direct-acting and metabolically activated carcinogens(6).
In fact, researchers at the Clemson University, in the evaluation of juice from strawberry, blueberry, and raspberry fruit showed that fresh juices and organic solvent extracts from the fruits exhibited the the formation of cancer is damage to the genome of a somatic cell producing a mutation in an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor genes(7).

Carrots with abundant carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherol may also be considered for reducing risk and treatment of cervical cancer, according to the Xinjiang Medical Universit(8). As higher serum concentrations of some carotenoids and tocopherols are found to associate to lower risk cervical cancer among Chinese women(8).

Frequent intakes of carrot decreased the risk of cervical cancer(11).

In a total of 391 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1-2 lesions, high serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and medium level of serum beta-carotene were associate to the regression and progression of the diseases respectively(9).

The 32 women with incident cervical dysplasia, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, CIN II, and CIN III/carcinoma in situ, and 113 control women with normal cervical cytology in case-control study suggested ," among black women, lycopene and perhaps vitamin A may play a protective role in the early stages of cervical carcinogenesis"(10).

The combination of Blue berry, Carrot and Green tea smoothie may hold a key to reduce risk for women who are at higher risk of cervical cancer as well as for treatment of patient who have already developed the disease. Women with cervical cancer in any stage should drink as much as they can depending to the digestive toleration.

References

(1) A major constituent of green tea, EGCG, inhibits the growth of a human cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells, through apoptosis, G(1) arrest, and regulation of gene expression by Ahn WS1, Huh SW, Bae SM, Lee IP, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Kim CK, Sin JI.(PubMed)

(2) (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate reverses the expression of various tumor-suppressor genes by inhibiting DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases in human cervical cancer cells by Khan MA1, Hussain A2, Sundaram MK2, Alalami U1, Gunasekera D2, Ramesh L2, Hamza A2, Quraishi U2.(PubMed)
(3)
(4) Identification of green tea catechins as potent inhibitors of the polo-box domain of polo-like kinase 1 by Shan HM1, Shi Y, Quan J.(PubMed)
(5) Antiproliferative and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin rich extracts from blueberry and blackcurrant juice by Diaconeasa Z1, Leopold L2, Rugină D3, Ayvaz H4, Socaciu C5.(PubMed)
(6) Anticarcinogenic Activity of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry Extracts to Breast and Cervical Cancer Cells by Wedge DE1, Meepagala KM, Magee JB, Smith SH, Huang G, Larcom LL.(PubMed)
(7) Antimutagenic activity of berry extracts by Hope Smith S1, Tate PL, Huang G, Magee JB, Meepagala KM, Wedge DE, Larcom LL.(PubMed)
(8) Serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women by Zhang YY1, Lu L, Abliz G, Mijit F.(PubMed)
(9) Association between carotenoids and outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study by Fujii T1, Takatsuka N, Nagata C, Matsumoto K, Oki A, Furuta R, Maeda H, Yasugi T, Kawana K, Mitsuhashi A, Hirai Y, Iwasaka T, Yaegashi N, Watanabe Y,Nagai Y, Kitagawa T, Yoshikawa H.(PubMed)
(10) Dietary intake and blood levels of lycopene: association with cervical dysplasia among non-Hispanic, black women by Kanetsky PA1, Gammon MD, Mandelblatt J, Zhang ZF, Ramsey E, Dnistrian A, Norkus EP, Wright TC Jr.(PubMed)
(11) [Hospital epidemiology--a comparative case control study of breast and cervical cancers].[Article in Japanese] by Tajima K1, Hirose K, Ogawa H, Yoshida M, Ohta M.(PubMed)

Most common diseases of 50 plus: Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Chronic Low back pain - Treatment in Herbal and Traditional Chinese medicine perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. A community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home. Musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).

Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)

1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia

Low back pain is a Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs, affecting over 80% of the population in US alone some points in their life. Chronic LBP (pain has persisted for longer than 3 months(1) prevalence in older adults was significantly higher than the 21-to-44-year age group (12.3% vs. 6.5%, p < .001). Older adults were more disabled, had longer symptom duration, and were less depressed(2)..Many older adults remain quite functional despite CLBP, and because age-related comorbidities often exist independently of pain (e.g., medical illnesses, sleep disturbance, mobility difficulty), the unique impact of CLBP is unknown. We conducted this research to identify the multidimensional factors that distinguish independent community dwelling older adults with CLBP from those that are pain-free(3).

Treatment in Herbal and Traditional Chinese medicine perspective

B. In herbal medicine perspective
In a systematic review of randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of herbal medicine compared with placebo, no intervention, or “standard/accepted/conventional treatments” for nonspecific low back pain, found that Two high-quality trials utilizing Harpagophytum procumbens (Devil’s claw) found strong evidence for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication for daily doses standardized to 50 mg or 100 mg harpagoside with another high-quality trial demonstrating relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib. Two moderate-quality trials utilizing Salix alba (White willow bark) found moderate evidence for short-term improvements in pain and rescue medication for daily doses standardized to 120 mg or 240 mg salicin with an additional trial demonstrating relative equivalence to 12.5 mg per day of rofecoxib. Three low-quality trials using Capsicum frutescens (Cayenne) using various topical preparations found moderate evidence for favorable results against placebo and one trial foundequivalence to a homeopathic ointment(58).
C. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Acupuncture
In the study to investigate the efficacy of acupuncture for chronic low back pain of a
total of 640 participants (160 in each of four arms) between the ages of 18 and 70 years of age who have low back pain lasting at least 3 months recruited from integrated health care delivery systems in Seattle and Oakland, clarified that the value of acupuncture needling as a treatment for chronic low back pain(59). Others found that found there is little evidence for the existence of subgroups of patients with chronic back pain that would be especially likely to benefit from acupuncture. However, persons with chronic low back pain who had more severe baseline dysfunction had the most short-term benefit from acupuncture, according to the study of Characteristics of patients with chronic back pain who benefit from acupuncture(60).
2. Herbs
2.1. In a cross-sectional study carried out among 513 patients with CLBP in four hospitals affiliated with Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China, showed that they were eventually interpreted as (1) “Qi and/or Blood Stagnation,” which includes eight items such as piercing pain; activity limited by feeling of local heaviness, lumbar and flank stiffness with bending limitation and purple tongue, etc.; (2) “Cold/Damp,” which has seven items (for example, Cold/Damp pain, pallid face and greasy coating, etc.); (3) a part of “Kidney Deficiency,” which includes two items: “dull pain and recurrent vague pain”; (4) “Warmth/Heat,” which is related to three items (namely, purple tongue, yellow tongue coating, and burning pain). The four factors accounted for 12.7%, 8.2%, 8.2%, and 7.8% of the total variance, respectively. There are seven items with uniqueness over 0.8(61).
2.2. Herbal formula (Please consult with your traditional Chinese medicine practitioner before applying)
1. Shen Tong Zhu Yu Wan (Shen Tong Zhu Yu Pian)
a. promotes blood circulation and Qi, removes blood stasis and obstruction in the channels, alleviates blood-arthralgia and pain. It is used for shoulder pain, pain in the arm, lumbago, pain in the leg or pain in the entire body due to obstruction of the flow of Qi and blood in channels.
b. Ingredients
Ingredients: Radix Gentianae Macrophyllae (Qin Jiao), Rhizoma Chuanxiong (Chuan Xiong), Semen Persicae (Tao Ren), Flos Carthami (Hong Hua), Radix Glycyrrhizae (Gan Cao), Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii (Qiang Huo), Resina Commiphorae (Mei Yao), Radix Angelica Sinensis (Dang Gui), Rhizoma Cyperi (Xiang Fu), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (Niu Xi), Phertima (Di Long), Rhizoma Wenyujin Concisa (Jiang Huang), Rhizoma Corydalis (Yan Hu Suo)(61a).
2. Liu Wei Di Huang Wan (Kidney Yin deficiency)
a. Liu Wei Di Huang Wan can replenish Yin due to the Yin insufficiency of the kidney. The kidney is the innate foundation of all organs with respect to the Yin-Yang principles, Qi essence etc.
b. Ingredients
Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Shu Di Huang), Fructus Corni Officinalis (Shan Zhu Yu), Cortex Moutan Radicis (Mu Dan Pi), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Oppositae (Shan Yao), Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (Fu Ling), Rhizoma Alismatis Orientalis (Ze Xie)(61b).
3. Jin Kui Shen Qi Wan (Kidney Yang deficiency)
a. Jin Kui Shen Qi Wan can replenish Yang due to the Yang insufficiency of the kidney. The kidney is the innate foundation of all organs with respect to the Yin-Yang principles, Qi essence etc.
b. Ingredients
Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Shu Di Huang), Fructus Corni officinalis (Shan Zhu Yu), Rhizoma Dioscoreae Oppositae ((Shan Yao), Cortex Moutan Radicis (Mu Dan Pi), Sclerotium Poriae Cocos (Fu Ling), Rhizoma Alismatis Orientalis (Ze Xie), Cortex Cinnamomi Cassiae (Rou Gui), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Zhi Fu Zi), Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae (Niu Xi), Radix Polygoni Multiflori (He Shou Wu), Fructus Lycii Chinensis (Gou Qi Zi), Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis (Wu Wei Zi(61c).
D. TCM and conventional medicine baclofen
According to the study of Reduction of chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomised controlled clinical trial on acupuncture and baclofen, after treatment, the baclofen, acupuncture and acupuncture + baclofen groups all had lower VAS and RDQ scores. Significantly higher reduction and improvement in VAS and RDQ scores were found in the acupuncture and acupuncture + baclofen groups compared to the baclofen group(62)
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Sources
Red flags*
Recent significant trauma, Milder trauma if age is greater than 50 years, Unexplained weight loss, Unexplained fever, Immunosuppression, Previous or current cancer, Intravenous drug use, Osteoporosis, Chronic corticosteroid use, Age greater than 70 years, Focal neurological deficit, Duration greater than 6 week(a)
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_back_pain
(1) https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2004/180/2/management-chronic-low-back-pain
(2) http://jah.sagepub.com/content/22/8/1213.refs
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2065872/
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20714283
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202897
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307808
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19772583
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21204636
(61a) http://www.yinyanghouse.com/store/catalog/herbal-supplements/shen-tong-zhu-yu-wan-shoulder-leg-back-pain-herbal-formula
(61b) http://www.activeherb.com/yinvive/
(61c) http://www.activeherb.com/yanvive/
(62) http://www.cmjournal.org/content/5/1/15

Sunday, December 27, 2015

The Best Smoothie of Cooked Tomato, Grape and Green Tea for Protection against Cognitive Dysfunction

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for people with high risk of Cognitive Dysfunction and Cognitive Dysfunction
Yield: 2 serving (about 8 ounce each)
3/4 cup cooked tomato
3/4 cup of grape
1 cup green tea drink (Make from 4 grams of green tea, a slice of ginger and a cup of hot water lipped for 5 minutes, and let cool to room temperature)

1. Place all ingredients in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed. Add more green tea drink if needed
3. Serve immediately

Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belongings to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose
and often in green house. The fruit containing large amount of lycopene found in the skin has shown to protect our body against carious diseases, such as prostate cancer, enlarge prostate. For the release of lycopene and easy digestive absorption from the skin, tomato must be cooked.

In cognitive impairment in fructose-drinking insulin resistant rats, lycopene found in tomato is a phytochemicals in carotenoid family, exhibited anti cognitive impairment effects, through ameliorated anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory reaction(1).

Dr. Prakash A and Dr. Kumar A. in the study of memory impairment and mito-oxidative damage induced by colchicine, showed that long term administration of lycopene significantly improved memory retention and attenuated mito-oxidative damage parameters, inflammatory markers of that induced cognitive function in colchicine damage animals(2).

Furthermore, according to the the joint study lead by the Sorbonne Paris Cité Université, dietary rich with carotenoid and providing sufficient quantity and variety of coloured fruits and vegetables may reduce risk of early onset of aging related cognitive function(3).

Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey. Recent study suggested that its antioxidant resveratrol may be the next generation natural food source used for reduced risk and treatment in patinet with cognitive dysfunction(4).

Dr. Nooyens AC and the research team at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) and Maastricht University said, "red wine(processed high amount of antioxidant resveratrol) was inversely associated with the decline of cognitive function", in the study of 2613 men and women of the Doetinchem Cohort Study, aged 43-70 years at baseline (1995-2002)(5). In prenatal stress-induced cognitive dysfunction animal model, oral administration of resveratrol in early and late gestational stress significantly reduced spatial learning and memory and cognitive deficit, through numbers of activity in brain homogenate(6)and against oxidative damage(7).

Green tea containing more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. according to epidemiological studies, chronic consumption of green tea is also associated to reduce risk of cognitive dysfunction due to aging.A double-blind placebo-controlled study conducted by LG Household and Health Care Co, green tea extract ant its antioxidant l-theanine exhibited cognitive alertness in cognitive impairment patients in brain theta waves expression(8).

In the cross-sectional data from a community-based Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) conducted in 2002, high consumption of green tea was associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment, the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, insisted(9).

Dr Shimbo M and the research team at the Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, said," ...., consumption of brewed green tea was not statistically associated with any decrease in risk of mental ill-health among either males or females"(10).

The finding of the effectiveness of Cooked Tomato, Grape and Green Tea for Protection against Cognitive Dysfunction, through theirs phytochemicals may serve as cornerstones of pharmaceutical target for further studies as well as a potential medication for treatment of Cognitive Impairment.

People who are at high risk of Cognitive Impairment. such as aging, genetic mutation genes,.....should drink at least one cup daily and people with Cognitive Dysfunction should drink the juices as much as they can depending to digestive toleration.

Reference
(1) Lycopene attenuates insulin signaling deficits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment in fructose-drinking insulin resistant rats by Yin Q1, Ma Y1, Hong Y1, Hou X1, Chen J1, Shen C2, Sun M1, Shang Y1, Dong S1, Zeng Z3, Pei JJ4, Liu X5(PubMed)

(2) Lycopene protects against memory impairment and mito-oxidative damage induced by colchicine in rats: an evidence of nitric oxide signaling by Prakash A1, Kumar A.(PubMed)

(3) Carotenoid-rich dietary patterns during midlife and subsequent cognitive function by Kesse-Guyot E1, Andreeva VA1, Ducros V2, Jeandel C3, Julia C1, Hercberg S1, Galan P1.(PubMed)

(4) Resveratrol and Alzheimer's disease: message in a bottle on red wine and cognition by Granzotto A1, Zatta P2.(PubMed)

(5) Consumption of alcoholic beverages and cognitive decline at middle age: the Doetinchem Cohort Study by Nooyens AC1, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB1, van Gelder BM1, van Boxtel MP2, Verschuren WM1(PubMed)

(6) Neuroprotective effect of resveratrol against prenatal stress induced cognitive impairment and possible involvement of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity by Sahu SS1, Madhyastha S, Rao GM.(PubMed)

(7) Resveratrol for prenatal-stress-induced oxidative damage in growing brain and its consequences on survival of neurons by Madhyastha S, Sahu SS, Rao G.(PubMed)

(8) A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitiveimpairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study by Park SK1, Jung IC, Lee WK, Lee YS, Park HK, Go HJ, Kim K, Lim NK, Hong JT, Ly SY, Rho SS.(PubMed)

(9) Green tea consumption and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1. by Kuriyama S1, Hozawa A, Ohmori K, Shimazu T, Matsui T, Ebihara S, Awata S, Nagatomi R, Arai H, Tsuji I.(PubMed)

(10) Green tea consumption in everyday life and mental health by Shimbo M1, Nakamura K, Jing Shi H, Kizuki M, Seino K, Inose T, Takano T.(PubMed)

Most common diseases of 50 plus: Musculo-Skeletal disorders: Chronic Low back pain Treatment in conventional medicine perspective

A.1. Non surgical treatment
1. Exercise therapy
Exercise therapy is the most widely used type of conservative treatment for low back pain. Systematic reviews have shown that exercise therapy is effective for chronic but not for acute low back pain. In a study of Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain, suggested that compared to usual care, exercise therapy improved post-treatment pain intensity and disability, and long-term function. It is effective at reducing pain and function in the treatment of chronic low back pain. There is no evidence that one particular type of exercise therapy is clearly more effective than others. However, effects are small and it remains unclear which subgroups of patients benefit most from a specific type of treatment(37).
Other showed that Exercise therapy that consists of individually designed programs, including stretching or strengthening, and is delivered with supervision may improve pain and function in chronic nonspecific low back pain(38).
1.1. Hip mobilizations and exercise
In the study to to investigate the short-term outcomes in patients with CLBP managed with impairment-based manual therapy and exercise directed at the hip joints, found that an impairment-based approach directed at the hip joints may lead to improvements in pain, function, and disability in patients with CLBP(39).
2. Cognitive behavioral therapy
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a beneficial treatment for chronic nonspecific back pain, leading to improvements in a wide range of relevant cognitive, behavioral and physical variables. This is especially evident when CBT is compared to treatment as usual or wait-list controls, but mixed and inconclusive when compared with various other treatments, according to the study by Uni Health, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway(40).
Other researchers suggested that the self-rated treatment effectiveness and satisfaction appeared to be higher in the three active treatments. Several physical performance tasks improved in Active Physical Treatment (APT) and Combined Treatment of APT and CBT (CT) but not in Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment (CBT). No clinically relevant differences were found between the CT and APT, or between CT and CBT(41).
3. Medication
The range of regularly prescribed pharmacological agents to treat Chronic Low back pain extends from nonopioids (paracetamol, NSAIDs, and COX-2 inhibitors) to opioids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants(42).

3.1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Transdermal fentanyl significantly improved visual analog scale scores and Oswestry Disability Index scores in 73% of patients, especially those with specific low back pain awaiting surgery; however, it did not decrease pain in 27% of patients, including patients with non-specific low back pain or multiple back operations(43).
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, decreased appetite, rash, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, etc.
3.2. Opioids
tapentadol’s μ-opioid agonism makes a greater contribution to analgesia in acute pain, while noradrenaline reuptake inhibition makes a greater contribution in chronic neuropathic pain models. Tapentadol also produces fewer adverse events than oxycodone at equianalgesic doses, and thus may have a ‘μ-sparing effect’, according to the study by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine(44)
Side effects include Nausea, dizziness, constipation, CNS sedation, etc.
3.3. Antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of medication used as antidepressants in the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, and some other disorders. In a study of a total of 575 patients enrolled, 45 of 89 (50.6%) taking SSRIs/SNRIs and 303 of 486 (62.3%) not taking SSRIs/SNRIs successfully titrated to oxymorphone ER, showed that during the double-blind treatment phase, there was no significant difference in the frequency of serious AEs in patients treated with oxymorphone ER taking (1/29; 3.4%) versus those not taking (3/146; 2.0%) SSRIs/SNRIs. Visual analog scale scores were similar in patients taking versus those not taking SSRIs/SNRIs throughout the study(45).
Side effects include nausea/vomiting, drowsiness, headache, bruxism, tinnitus, extremely vivid or strange dreams, dizziness, fatigue, etc.
3.4. Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants benzodiazepines, the medication used in the treatment of epileptic seizures and has been used as adjunctive medications for acute low back pain, but have a high incidence of sedation(46).
Side effects are not limited to dependency, rebound anxiety, memory impairment, discontinuation syndrome, muscle weakness, dizziness, mental confusion, depression, etc.
3.5. Antispasmodic drug
Eperisone had an analgesic and muscle relaxant effect in patients with LBP. It should be noted that while it is common practice in rheumatology to combine a pain killer with a muscle relaxant in order to achieve a satisfactory result on both symptoms, the present results with eperisone were achieved with a single drug. With an improved tolerability profile compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and a lack of significant adverse effects on the CNS, eperisone hydrochloride represents a valuable alternative to traditional analgesics and muscle relaxants for the treatment of LBP, according to the study by Service of Rehabilitation and Functional Reeducation, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna(47).
Side effects are not limited to redness, itching, urticaria, edema, rash, pruritus, sleepiness, insomnia, headache, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, etc.
4. Injection
In the comparison of the clinical effectiveness of FJ injections (FJI) and FJ radiofrequency (FJRF) denervation in patients with chronic low back pain, found that the first choice should be the FJI and if pain reoccurs after a period of time or injection is not effective, RF procedure should be used for the treatment of chronic lumbar pain(47a).
5. Others
In the study to evaluate the use and direct medical costs of pharmacologic and alternative treatments for patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and chronic low back pain (CLBP), researchers at the Avalon Health Solutions, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, indicated that Opioids were the most frequently prescribed medication (>70%) in both groups, followed by nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (>50%). Over 30% received antidepressants, >20% received benzodiazepines, and 15% in each group received sedative hypnotics. Use of alternative treatments was as follows: chiropractor, OA 11%, CLBP 34%; physical therapy, 20% in both groups; transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulations (TENS), OA 14%, CLBP 22%; acupuncture, hydrotherapy, massage therapy, and biofeedback, <3% in both groups. Mean (SD) total healthcare costs among these patients were, OA: $15,638 ($22,595); CLBP: $11,829 ($20,035). Pharmacologic therapies accounted for approximately 20% of these costs, whereas alternative treatments accounted for only 3% to 4% of the total costs(48).
According to the study of group-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program and oral drug treatment versus oral drug treatment alone, the group-based multidisciplinary program could improve most domains of quality of life in chronic low back pain patients in the 6-month period. However, there were no significant differences between two groups in sub scales such as general health, social function and role emotional(49).
Also in a clinical trial comparing group-based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation and intensive individual therapist-assisted back muscle strengthening exercises, showed that both groups showed long-term improvements in pain and disability scores, with only minor statistically significant differences between the 2 groups. The minor outcome difference in favor of the group-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation program is hardly of clinical interest for individual patients(50).
A.2. Surgical treatments
Most patients with back pain will not benefit from surgery and is performed when conservative treatment is not effective in reducing pain or if anatomic abnormalities consistent with the distribution of pain are identified. The most common types of low back surgery include
1. Microdiscectomy
In retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent LMD in 2004-2005 were invited to participate and were re-evaluated clinically and radiologically after a three to five year follow-up, found that although many patients may be symptomatic following LMD, significant disability and dissatisfaction are uncommon. Female sex, young age, lack of exercise, and chronic preoperative LBP may predict a worse outcome. Disc collapse is a universal finding, particularly at L4-L5. Neither DSC nor Modic changes seem to affect patient outcome(51).
2. Discectomy(SD)
Recurrent or persistent low back pain (LBP) after surgical discectomy (SD) for intervertebral disc herniation has been well documented(52)
3. Laminectomy
In the study of Twenty age-matched Sprague-Dawley male rats divided into operative and non-operative (control) groups, operative animals underwent a bilateral L5-L6 laminectomy with right-side L5-6 disc injury, a post-laminectomy pain model previously published by this lab, showed that the post-laminectomy condition creates quantifiable fibrosis of the spinal nerve to surrounding structures and supports the conclusion that this fibrosis may play a role in the post-laminectomy pain syndrome(53).
4. Spinal fusion
In the study to determine the prognostic accuracy of tests for patient selection that are currently used in clinical practice to identify those patients with chronic LBP who will benefit from spinal fusion, showed that no subset of patients with chronic LBP could be identified for whom spinal fusion is a predictable and effective treatment. Best evidence does not support the use of current tests for patient selection in clinical practice(54).
5. Etc.
In a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to investigate the effectiveness of surgical fusion for the treatment of chronic low back pain compared to non-surgical intervention, by searching the Several electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Science Citation Index) from 1966 to 2005, found that the pooled mean difference in ODI between the surgical and non-surgical groups was in favour of surgery (mean difference of ODI: 4.13, 95%CI: −0.82 to 9.08, p

0.10, I2

44.4%). Surgical treatment was associated with a 16% pooled rate of early complication (95%CI: 12–20, I2

0%). Surgical fusion for chronic low back pain favoured a marginal improvement in the ODI compared to non-surgical intervention. This difference in ODI was not statistically significant and is of minimal clinical importance. Surgery was found to be associated with a significant risk of complications. Therefore, the cumulative evidence at the present time does not support routine surgical fusion for the treatment of chronic low back pain(55). Others suggested that Fusion surgery is more effective than standard rehabilitation for improving pain in people with chronic non-radicular low back pain, but it is no better than intensive rehabilitation with a cognitive behavioural component(56).
Surgery can be considered in persons who have experienced significant functional disabilities and in those with unremitting pain, especially pain lasting longer than 12 months despite multiple nonsurgical treatments. Good evidence supports the use of spinal fusion for treating back pain caused by fractures, infections, progressive deformity, or instability with spondylolisthesis(57).