Medical Advisor Journals

Thursday, March 3, 2016

Most Common Diseases of elder: Lower respiratory tract infection (Respiratory Disease) – Pneumonia - Bacterial causes of Pneumonia

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Respiratory Disease

Respiratory Disease is defined as medical conditions, affecting the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung disease, Obstructive lung diseases, Restrictive lung diseases, Respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves and muscles breathing , etc,.

Lower respiratory tract infection

The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and 6.9% of all deaths that year.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a condition of the inflammation of the lung as a result of infection, caused by bacteria, such as bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza viruses in most cases. Fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci, certain medication such as PPI Stomach Acid Drugs and other conditions such as impaired immune systems can also induced the disease.

The Causes
Bacterial causes of Pneumonia
1. Atypical Bacteria
‘Atypical’ bacteria, especially C. pneumoniae (Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, C. pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii (phase-2 antigen) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgG and IgM)), are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in South Africa. In the study to assess the proportion of cases of community-acquired pneumonia caused by ‘atypical’ bacteria, including the recently discovered Chlamydia pneumoniae, and to compare the clinical, radiographic and laboratory features of patients with and without ‘atypical’ bacteria, showed that in the he records of 4 patients could not be traced and 17 patients did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. Thirty-two of these 92 patients (35.9%) were found to be infected with ‘atypical’ bacteria. The two most common organisms were C. pneumoniae (20.7%) and L. pneumophila (8.7%)(14).
2. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by microbial pathogens. Two such pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, are the most common causes of community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia respectively(15).
3. Bacillus anthraxis
There is a report of a case of rapidly progressive, fatal, anthrax-like pneumonia and the overwhelming infection caused by a Bacillus species of uncertain provenance in a patient residing in rural Texas, according to teh study by Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Methodist Hospital System(16).
4. Coxiella burnetii
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever is an intracellular bacterium and a potential weapon for bioterrorism. The widespread throughout the world zoonosis is manifested clinically as a self-limited febrile illness, as pneumonia (acute Q fever) or as a chronic illness with endocarditis being its major complication(17).
5. Legionella pneumophila
Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease is a facultative intracellular bacterium, which in the course of human infection multiplies in lung macrophages predominantly manifesting as pneumonia(18).
6. Etc.

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The Curable Smoothie of Green Tea and Strawberry for Reduced Risk and Treatment of Pulmonary fibrosis

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for reduced risk and Treatment of pulmonary fibrosis
Yield: 2 servings (about 8 ounces each)
1 1/2 cups strawberry
1 cup green tea drink (Make from 4 grams of green tea, and a cup of hot water lipped for 5 minutes. Set aside for cooling to room temperature)

1. Place all ingredients in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed. Add more green tea drink if needed
3. Serve immediately

The finding the natural ingredients for treatment of pulmonary fibrosis is considered as a dream of many scientist to replace the long usage adverse effect of conventional medicine to other organs in the body. Unfortunately, many compounds found effective in initial studying failed to confirm the potential in large sample size and multi center.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease caused by damaged and scarred.in lung tissues, leading to serious breathing problems. According to statistic, the most common risk factors of risk factors of pulmonary fibrosis include occupational and environmental exposures, tobacco smoking, gastroesophageal reflux, and genetic factors(1), effecting 200,000 people in the US with 48,000 new cases are diagnosed each year.

According to scientist in some respectable institutions, phytochemicals epigallocatechin-3-gallate

in green tea extract(2) and gallic acid isolated from strawberry may process an effectively potential as therapeutic agents for reduced risk and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Due to its commercial values and health effects, green tea now has been cultivated all over the world in suitable climate. According to the joint study lead by the Wuhan University, epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibited pulmonary fibrosis through its antioxidant effects in reduced the expression numerous proinflammatory cytokines(2).

According to Dr. Sriram N and colleagues at the University of Madras, the green tea phytochemical
also protected against the early onset of pulmonary fibrosis through ameliorated bleomycin-induced glycoconjugates, lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural changes in the lungs of Wistar rats(3).

Furthermore, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol and a major component of green tea reduced the expression of oxidative stress causes of imbalance between radical-generating and radical scavenging systems in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis(4).

Gallic acid, a phytochemical in the class of Phenolic acids, found abundantly in strawberries, also exhibited anti pulmonary fibrosis through demonstartion of its antioxidant properties in attenuated oxidative damage and fibrosis induced by Bleomycin (BLM)(5).

According to the Nanhua University study, garlic acid induce apoptosis in tumor cell lines and lung fibroblasts, through anti ROS as a result of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) inflammatory signals and cell cycle division of p53 activation, and cell death pathways(6)(7).

Dr. Chuang CY and colleagues at the Chung Shan Medical University said, "Targeting fibroblasts with apoptotic agents represents a major therapeutic intervention for debilitating IPF" and " Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a naturally occurring plant phenol, has been reported to induce apoptosis in tumor cell lines and renal fibroblasts"(8).

The combined epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallic acid, found in green tea, and strawberry may contribute to further investigation of therapeutic natural ingredients for reduced risk and treatment of Pulmonary fibrosis.
People who are at increased risk of Pulmonary fibrosis due to family history, genetic mutation,... should drink at least one serving daily and people with Pulmonary fibrosis. should drink as much as they can, depending to digestive toleration.

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References
(1) Epidemiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosi by Brett Ley and Harold R Collard(PubMed)

(2) The green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits irradiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in adult rats by You H1, Wei L2, Sun WL1, Wang L3, Yang ZL4, Liu Y4, Zheng K5, Wang Y6, Zhang WJ1.(PubMed)

(3) Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits anti-fibrotic effect by attenuating bleomycin-induced glycoconjugates, lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural changes in rat model pulmonary fibrosis by Sriram N1, Kalayarasan S, Sudhandiran G.(PubMed)

(4) Enhancement of antioxidant defense system by epigallocatechin-3-gallate during bleomycin induced experimental pulmonary fibrosis by Sriram N1, Kalayarasan S, Sudhandiran G.(PubMed)
(5) Protective effect of gallic acid against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats by Nikbakht J1, Hemmati AA1, Arzi A1, Mansouri MT2, Rezaie A3, Ghafourian M4.(PubMed)
(6) Gallic Acid Induces a Reactive Oxygen Species-Provoked c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Dependent Apoptosis in Lung Fibroblasts by Chen CY1, Chen KC, Yang TY, Liu HC, Hsu SL.(PubMed)
(7) Gallic acid induces apoptosis of lung fibroblasts via a reactive oxygen species-dependent ataxia telangiectasia mutated-p53 activation pathway. by Chuang CY1, Liu HC, Wu LC, Chen CY, Chang JT, Hsu SL.(PubMed)
(8) Gallic acid induces apoptosis of lung fibroblasts via a reactive oxygen species-dependent ataxia telangiectasia mutated-p53 activation pathway by Chuang CY1, Liu HC, Wu LC, Chen CY, Chang JT, Hsu SL.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: Lower respiratory tract infection (Respiratory Disease) – Pneumonia - The Risk Factors

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a condition of the inflammation of the lung as a result of infection, caused by bacteria, such as bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza viruses in most cases. Fungi, such as Pneumocystis jiroveci, certain medication such as PPI Stomach Acid Drugs and other conditions such as impaired immune systems can also induced the disease.

The Risk factors

1. In Hospitalization
If you are being hospitalized, you are at increased risk to acquire the diseases. According to the study by Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, Klebsiella pneumoniae is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, opportunistic pathogens that are among the eight most prevalent infectious agents in hospitals. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae has became a public health problem globally(21).

2. Certain chronical conditions
a. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at inscreased risk of Chlamydia pneumoniae.
There is a correlation between Chlamydia pneumonia (Cpn) infection and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the study by Department of Respiratory Medicine of People’s Hospital of Jiangyin(22).
b. Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. Of 18 controlled epidemiologic studies (over 4000 cases/controls), 15 found significant associations between Cpn infection and asthma using organism detection (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing (n = 2 studies) or fluorescent antigen testing (n = 1)), Cpn-specific secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody testing (n = 1), and/or specific serum IgE (n = 2), IgA (n = 4), IgG (n = 3) or other antibody criteria (n = 7). According to the studyby Dean Medical Center, Madison(23).
c. Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (SIS-tik fi-BRO-sis), or CF, is an inherited disease of the secretory (
see-KREH-tor-ee) glands. Pulmonary infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and neutrophilic lung inflammation significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF), according to the study by St. John’s University College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions(24). d. Congestive heart failure (CHF) and diabetes
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is defined as a condition of that the heart’s function can enough oxgen to the body. According to the study of the estimation of the economic impact of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) for adults with asthma, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) by Dr. Polsky D, and research team, in adults with certain comorbid conditions have a higher risk of pneumonia than the overall population. If treatment of pneumonia is more costly in certain predictable situations, this would affect the value proposition of populations for pneumonia prevention(25).
e. Sickle cell anemia
Sickle cell anemia is defined as a codition of which the body produces abnormally shaped like a crescent or sickle red blood cells. Patient with sickle cell disease are at high risk of developing an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma called community-acquired pneumonia(26).
g. Bronchiectasis
There is a report of a case of a 76-year-old man with a community-acquired pneumonia, in whom both sputum samples and bronchial secretions obtained with bronchoscopic protected catheter brush grew pure culture of N. sicca with abundant polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Bronchiectasis underlying lesions were disclosed by computed tomography. N. sicca should be added to the list of commensal organisms able to cause pulmonary infection(27).
h. Inmune deficiency
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) is a potentially fatal fungal infection occurring in immunocompromised patients. There are a number of case reports in the literature, the only collagen vascular disease with an increased incidence of PJP is Wegener granulomatosis.(28).
g. Etc.

3. Smoking
Smoking increases the risk of hospitalization for pneumonia. Tobacco cessation is likely important in reducing hospital admissions for pneumonia, but its benefit depends on duration of smoking cessation and is likely attenuated in the presence of COPD., according to the study of 25,235 participants, whom are identified 6720 current, 13,625 former, and 4890 never smokers(29).

4. Heavy alcohol drinking
Regular moderate alcohol intake is not associated with increased risk of hospitalisation for pneumonia. High weekly alcohol consumption in males and infrequent heavy drinking in both sexes may increase pneumonia risk(30).
5. Enhanced drug users
Epidemic of severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections in injecting drug users in the UK, 2003-2004 were reported and injecting drug users (IDUs) presented with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pneumonia(31).
6. Older age

Older ages are at the increased risk to develop as a result of weakened immune system.

7. New born and young children
New and under age children are at the increased risk to develop as a result of immature immune system.

8. Season related
According to the study included 243 patients, 64.6% men and 54.7% over the age of 65. The highest incidence of CAP was in the winter. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common causative agent for all seasons except in summer when the main agent was Legionella pneumophila. We observed a significant correlation between the lowest seasonal average temperature and pneumococcal etiology of CAP; inversely, with higher temperatures, Legionella pneumophila was more common. No etiological differences were found by season when related with environmental humidity(32).

9. Certain chemicals exposure
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an interstitial lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic substances and certain inorganic chemicals(33).

10. Travellers
According to the investigation of travel-associated morbidity in European travellers in 2009 in comparison with 2008, with a particular emphasis on emerging infectious diseases with the potential for introduction into Europe, respiratory illnesses, in particular pandemic A(H1N1) influenza, influenza-like syndromes, and tuberculosis, were also observed more frequently. A significant increase in reported dengue cases in 2009 as compared with 2008 was observed (n = 172, 2.7% vs. n = 131, 1.90%) (p 0.002). The numbers of malaria and chikungunya cases were also increasing, although not significantly. Two deaths were recorded: visceral leishmaniasis and sepsis in a Sudanese migrant, and Acinetobacter sp. pneumonia in a patient who had visited Spain(34).

11. Etc.

Wednesday, March 2, 2016

The Tasty Smoothie of Green Tea, Grape and Flax Seed for Reduced Risk and Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

The smoothie for reduced risk and Treatment of cystic fibrosis
Yield: 2 serving (about 8 ounce each)
13/8 grape
1/8 cup flax seed
1 cup green tea drink (Make from 4 grams of green tea, and a cup of hot water lipped for 5 minutes. Set aside for cooling to room temperature)

1. Place all ingredients in a blender and puree about 1 minute
2. Blend on high speed about 1 minute or until the mixture is thick and the ice is well crushed. Add more green tea drink if needed
3. Serve immediately

The finding the natural ingredients for treatment of cystic fibrosis is considered as a dream of many scientist to replace the long usage adverse effect of conventional medicine to other organs in the body. Unfortunately, many compounds found effective in initial studying failed to confirm the potential in large sample size and multi center.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease passing through the family affecting the body's epithelial cells. The genetic disease cause the building up of mucus of that may block the lungs and ducts and passageway, causing infection and breathing problem.
Recent discoveries from respectable institutions suggested that green tea(1), grape(4) and flax seed(7) exert theirs antioxidant effects through numerous mechanisms in reduced risk and treatment of cystic fibrosis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCg), a green tea component exhibited against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (Sm) isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, through significantly reduced Sm bacterial counts in an acute infection model(1) back by its anti microbial activities(2).

Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of various diseases, including cancers and heart diseases.

Dr. Namkung W and the research team at the University of California, in the evaluated CaCC modulators showed that epicatechin, catechin, and malvidin-3-glucoside from green tea inhibited calcium-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) for treatment of cystic fibrosis(3).

Resveratrol, a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in grape wine also exhibited anti Cystic fibrosis effects through ameliorate and modulated CFTR expression and localization for reduced risk of gene mutation causes of development of cystic fibrosis(4).

According to the Liaoning Normal University, two resveratrol oligomers found in from Chinese wild grapevine mimicked the function of transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) for treatment of cystic fibrosis(5).

Dr. Yu B and colleagues at the Liaoning Normal University, said, "resveratrol (RES) could potentiate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel activity(of) two most common forms of CF-related mutation (deltaF508 and G551D-CFTR)"(6).

Omega 3 fatty acids, phytochemincals in the class of Lipids, found abundantly flax seed have shown to associate for reduced risk and treatment of Cystic fibrosis(7).
According to the Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, fatty acid alterations have been found in the blood and tissues of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients(10).

Dr. Oliver anmd Dr., Watson H. in the study of Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis,
said, " regular omega-3 supplements may provide some benefits for people with cystic fibrosis with relatively few adverse effects."(8) through restoration of abnormal fatty acid profiles in patients with in cystic fibrosis(9).

The combined epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol and omega 3 fatty acids, found in green tea, grape and flax seed respectively may contribute to further investigation of therapeutic natural ingredients for reduced risk and treatment of cystic fibrosis.

People who are at increased risk of cystic fibrosis.due to family history, genetic mutation,... should drink at least one serving daily and people with cystic fibrosis. should drink as much as they can, depending to digestive toleration.

References

(1) Effects of green tea compound epigallocatechin-3-gallate against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection and biofilm by Vidigal PG1, Müsken M2, Becker KA3, Häussler S2, Wingender J4, Steinmann E5, Kehrmann J1, Gulbins E3, Buer J1, Rath PM1, Steinmann J1.(PubMed)

(2) Antimicrobial activity of the green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against clinical isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by Gordon NC1, Wareham DW.(PubMed)

(3) Inhibition of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels by gallotannins as a possible molecular basis for health benefits of red wine and green tea by Namkung W1, Thiagarajah JR, Phuan PW, Verkman AS.(PubMed)

(4) Resveratrol rescues cAMP-dependent anionic transport in the cystic fibrosis pancreatic cell line CFPAC1 by Hamdaoui N1, Baudoin-Legros M, Kelly M, Aissat A, Moriceau S, Vieu DL, Colas J, Fritsch J, Edelman A, Planelles G.(PubMed)

(5) Identification of resveratrol oligomers as inhibitors of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator by high-throughput screening of natural products from Chinese medicinal plants by Zhang Y1, Yu B1, Sui Y2, Gao X3, Yang H1, Ma T2.(PubMed)

(6) Potentiation of mutant CFTR Cl- channel currents by the naturally occurring stilbene compound resveratrol by Yu B1, Zhang Y1, Sui Y2, Yang S1, Luan J1, Wang X1, Ma T1, Yang H1.(PubMed)

(7) Is there a case for n-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis? by Cawood AL1, Carroll MP, Wootton SA, Calder PC.(PubMed)

(8) Omega-3 fatty acids for cystic fibrosis by Oliver C1, Watson H.(PubMed)

(9) Is there a case for n-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis? by Cawood AL1, Carroll MP, Wootton SA, Calder PC.(PubMed)

(10) Fatty acid alterations and n-3 fatty acid supplementation in cystic fibrosis by Al-Turkmani MR1, Freedman SD, Laposata M.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: Lower respiratory tract infection (Respiratory Disease) – Bronchitis Treatments In TCM perspective

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is defined as a condition of an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the larger and medium-sized airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lung parenchyma(7). Most cases of Bronchitis are as a result of recurrent injure to the airways caused by inhaled irritants and cigarette smoking(6).

Treatments

In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
Chronic bronchitis is chronic non-specific inflammation of bronchial mucosa and its surrounding tissues due to infected or non-infected factors. Except other reasons causing chronic cough, it can be diagnosed from cough and expectoration for 3 months with a history over 2 years. It can be classified as”cough”, “dyspnea” and “asthma” in TCM(59).
Application of herbal medicine to acupoints is to regulate the meridians, yin-yang, and qi and blood for preventing and treating diseases through the pharmacological action of herbal medicines and with their stimulation to the acupoints, including the treatment of hypertension, asthma, chronic bronchitis and allergic rhinitis(60).
1. Jiawei yupingfeng powder
In the study to explore the effect of Jiawei Yupingfeng Powder (JYP) on T-lymphocyte subsets in patients with senile chronic bronchitis in acute onset stage (SCB-AOS), found that Increase of CD3, CD4 and CD4/CD8 (P < 0.05) and decrease of CD8 (P < 0.01) were significantly shown in the treated group after treatment, but no change in the control group. Besides, comparison of the total effective rate in the two groups also showed significant difference (P < 0.05)(61).
2. Kesuning granule
In the study to prove the effect of Kesuning Granule (KSNG) in treating chronic bronchitis in exacerbation (Phlegm-Heat syndrome) and objectively evaluate its safety with a double-blinded, double-dummy and randomized controlled method adopted to observe 120 patients, who were divided into the treated group (n = 60, treated with KSNG 8 g, three times a day) and the control group (n = 60, treated with Jinbei Tankeqing Granule (JBTKQ) 7 g, three times a day). The therapeutic course for both groups was 6 days found that in the treated group, the markedly effective rate was 58.33% and effective rate was 93.33%, while in the control group, they were 51.67% and 91.67% respectively, no significant difference was found between the two groups(62).
3. Jinshui liujun decoction
In the study to assess the effect of Jinshui Liujun decoction (JSL) in treating chronic bronchitis. found that JSL was proved to be efficacious in improving immune function of the body and pulmonary ventilatory function (P < 0.01). JSL could not only increase the secretion of rats’ trachea mucosa and dilute sputum, but also increase the motion speed of the pigeons’ trachea cilia, thus facilitate the removal of sputum. Compared with the normal saline control group, both animal experiments displayed significant statistical difference (P < 0.01), but without significant difference when compared the JSL group with the positive drug Juhong Tanke Ye control group(63).
4. Yu ping feng powder
In the study to observe the influence of modified Yu Ping Feng San (MYPFS) on bacterial adhesion of tracheal mucosa, four experiments of bacterial adhesion in pneumatic tract were conducted, in which mice of chronic bronchitis model (CBM) induced by SO2 stimulation and another health control group breathed in aerosol contained Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the same condition, found that theories of traditional Chinese medicine in “strengthening body resistance to eliminate the pathogenic factor”, so that they provided experimental evidence for TCM tonics to prevent and treat infection of respiratory tract(64).
5. Etc.

Sources
(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/
(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015439
(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12572381
(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9863106
(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1301851

The Effective Smoothie of Green Tea, Peanut and Artichoke for Reduced Risk and Treatment of Leukemia

According to the joint study lead by the The University of Western Australia, the inverse association between green tea consumption and adult leukemia risk probably due to expression of people in the GSTT1-null genotype (OR 0.24; 95 % CI 0.11-0.53) other than GSTT1-normal carriers(2). In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-O-gallate exerted the cellular protective effect against progression of cancers through induced apoptosis via the anticholinergic and ASM inhibitor desipramine cGMP/ASM pathway(3).

Resveratrol is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in peanuts, also expressed anti leukemia effects through induced apoptosis of human K562 cell line via the regulation of mitochondrial, in converting the energy from food signaling pathways(4).

In human in CCRF-CEM cell lines, resveratrol induced apoptosis in a time and dose- dependent manner through the expression of miR 15a and miR16-1 as tumor suppressors(5).

Dr. Han SY and researchers at the Department of Food Science and Nutrition Hallym University, resveratrol inhibited the cultured rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells through suppressed the production of inflammatory Th2 cytokines and in regulate cell functions of paxillin-linked allergic responses dependent upon MAPK signaling(6).

Silibinin, a major phytochemical found in artichoke displayed anti-cancer activity against various types of cancers and cell lines including Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in dose-depend manner(7), through cytotoxic effects.

In vitro models, K562 and KCL22 cell lines, silibinin also expressed inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, induced apoptosis through reduced mRNA expression levels of some transporter genesincluding the family MRP (8).

In the study of the combinatorial effects of plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic acid, and silibinin on acute myeloid leukemia cells, Dr. Pesakhov S and colleagues at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev said, " dietary plant polyphenols--curcumin and carnosic acid--at noncytotoxic concentrations of each agent, produced a synergistic antiproliferative effect and a massive apoptotic cell death in HL-60 and KG-1a human AML cells" and "the potential use of dietary plant polyphenol combinations in the treatment and prevention of AML."(9).

The establishment of combined ingredients of green tea, peanut and artichoke in reduced risk and treatment of leukemia may act as a cornerstone for in deep, large sample size and multi centers study to confirm its effectiveness.

People who are at increased risk of leukemia due to family history, gene mutation, obesity.....should drink at least one serving daily and people with leukemia should drink no more than 4 servings a day, depending to digestive toleration.
Change of life style and diet pattern are also recommended.

References

(1) Lifestyle factors and risk of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-control study by Parodi S1, Santi I2, Marani E3, Casella C3, Puppo A3, Garrone E4, Fontana V5, Stagnaro E6,7.(PubMed)

(2) Green tea consumption and glutathione S-transferases genetic polymorphisms on the risk of adult leukemia by Liu P1, Zhang M2,3, Xie X4, Jin J5, Holman CD2.(PubMed)

(3) Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-O-gallate induces cell death by acid sphingomyelinase activation in chronic myeloid leukemia cells by Huang Y1, Kumazoe M1, Bae J1, Yamada S1, Takai M1, Hidaka S1, Yamashita S1, Kim Y1, Won Y1, Murata M1, Tsukamoto S1, Tachibana H1.(PubMed)
(4) Resveratrol induces apoptosis in K562 cells via the regulation of mitochondrial signaling pathways by Wang B1, Liu J1, Gong Z1.(PubMed)
(5) Time--and Concentration--Dependent Effects of Resveratrol on miR 15a and miR16-1 Expression and Apoptosis in the CCRF-CEM Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line by Azimi A1, Hagh MF, Talebi M, Yousefi B, Hossein pour feizi AA, Baradaran B, Movassaghpour AA, Shamsasenjan K, Khanzedeh T, Ghaderi AH, Heydarabad MZ.(PubMed)
(6) Resveratrol Suppresses Cytokine Production Linked to Fc[Formula: see text]RI-MAPK Activation in IgE-Antigen Complex-Exposed Basophilic Mast Cells and Mice by Han SY1, Choi YJ1, Kang MK1, Park JH1, Kang YH1.(PubMed)
(7) Enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of Cytarabine in synergism with Hesperidine and Silibinin in Acute MyeloidLeukemia: An in-vitro approach by Desai UN, Shah KP, Mirza SH, Panchal DK, Parikh SK, Rawal RM1.(PubMed)
(8) The multidrug resistance pumps are inhibited by silibinin and apoptosis induced in K562 and KCL22 leukemiacell lines by Noori-Daloii MR1, Saffari M2, Raoofian R3, Yekaninejad M4, Dinehkabodi OS2, Noori-Daloii AR2.(PubMed)
(9) Distinct combinatorial effects of the plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic acid, and silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells by Pesakhov S1, Khanin M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M.(PubMed)

Most Common Diseases of elder: Lower respiratory tract infection (Respiratory Disease) – Bronchitis Treatments In Herbal medicine perspective(2)

Bronchitis

Treatments

In Herbal medicine perspective(2)

1. Jatropha

A number of herbs belonging to the genus Jatropha of Euphorbiaceae family are noted for their medicinal benefits. The genus Jatropha is one of the prospective biodiesel yielding crops. The plants which have been so far explored include J. curcas, J. gossypifolia, J. glandulifera, J. multifida and J. podagrica. Although, the plants of this genus are widely distributed, there is an exiguity of scientific literature proclaiming the medicinal benefits of the plants belonging to genus Jatropha. The present paper is a pragmatic approach to accrue the findings on this very significant genus, according to the study by the Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology-Pharmaceutical Sciences(35).

2. Leucas

Plants of genus Leucas (Lamiaceae) are widely distributed throughout Asia, Africa, and India. The plant is used in traditional medicine to cure many diseases such as cough, cold, diarrhea, and inflammatory skin disorder. A variety of phytoconstituents have been isolated from the Leucas species, which include lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, steroids, terpenes, fatty acids, and aliphatic long-chain compounds. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diarrheal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities have been reported in the extracts of these plants and their phytoconstituents, according to the study by the Gayatri College of Pharmacy(36).

3. Ochna L

The genus Ochna L. (Gr, Ochne; wild pear), belonging to the Ochnaceae family, includes ca. 85 species of evergreen trees, shrubs, and shrublets, distributed in tropical Asia, Africa, and America. Several members of this genus have long been used in folk medicine for treatment of various ailments, such as asthma, dysentery, epilepsy, gastric disorders, menstrual complaints, lumbago, ulcers, as an abortifacient, and as antidote against snake bites, According to the study by the Institute of Bioconvergence Technology, Dongguk University, crude extracts and isolated compounds have been found to exhibit analgesic, anti-HIV-1, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities, lending support to the rationale behind several of its traditional uses(37).

4. Etc.

Sources

(1) http://www.who.int/whr/2004/en/

(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC130746/

(7) http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/bronchitis-chronic/understanding-chronic-bronchitis.html

(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23086490

(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23055635

(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344903