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Candida albicans are members of a large group of micro organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within the membranes, including yeast(2)(3), fungi(4)(5)(6), and mold(6) that live among the gut flora in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. In fact, under normal circumstances, Candida albicans that do not cause harmful effects, but overgrowth results in candidiasis. Non-albicansCandida (NAC) species cause 35-65% of all candidaemias in the general patient population(1). According to joint study, in many cases, biofilm(microorganisms with cells stick to each other on a surface) formation(7) gene mutations(8) and overexpression of genes(9)(10) are often associated with increased Candidaresistance toward antifungal agents.
1. Amalgam filling
Amalgam filling is the use of amalgam as a filling material containing mainly mercury to treat cavity of your teeth by dentist. As a highly toxic chemical(59)(60), mercury causes damage to the kidneys(61) and central nervous system(62). Chelation therapy can be effective in removing all forms of mercury from the body(63), but cannot reverse the damage of central nervous system. As it weakens the immune system(64)(65), it can cause the over growth of bad microorganisms, candidiasis(66)(67).
2. Anti fungus drugs
Antifungal drug is a medication used to treat fungal infections and serious systemic infections(68) by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells(69), to kill the fungal organism without dangerous effects on the host(70). Unfortunately, people successfully treated with antifungal drugs, 5 to 15% develop another infection in the next year(71)(72). The use of the medication may also cause serious side effects associated with their use, including liver damage(73), weakened immune system(74) and heart failure(75)(76).
3. Genetic due to blood types and secretors status
3.1. Genetic mutations
a. People with autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome, due to mutations in signal transducer and activator of transcription1(STAT1)(78)(79), 3 (STAT3), a protein responded to cytokines and growth factors, are at increased risk of mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by percentage of STAT1, STAT3 mutant neutrophils migrating into blisters and in peripheral blood(77)(80).
b. Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene
Patient with Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, may susceptible to risk of Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, due to Increased IL-17A secretion, mediators of cellular inflammatory responses, in response(81).
3.2. Blood types and secretors status
Secretors status and blood types are defined as a person who secretes their blood type antigens into body fluids and secretions such as the saliva, mucus, etc. People with certain blood type and secretor status are susceptible to mold allergies and molds. According to Rambam Medical Center, individuals with blood group O with non-secretors of antigens showed to have a higher carrier frequency of Candida(82)(83). In dispute of that result, the study by Seoul National University, Korea indicted of no significantly related to blood group or secretor status in oral Candida carriage(84)
4. Steroid in foods
Steroid has been used for commercial profits in order to produce larger food stock both in animals(85) and vegetation(86). Steroid in foods suppresses the immune response such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in inhibition of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms(87), thereby increasing colonization and promoting the spread of candida(88)(89).
5. Blood sugar imbalance
Blood sugar imbalance cause fluctuation of glucose in the blood stream in patients with diabetes, may lead to Candida albicans overgrowth, due to increased extracellular enzyme activity(90) and production of hydrolytic enzymes(91), as yeast organisms craving for sugar, their natural diet.
6. Immune system deficiency
Immune system deficiency allows candida over growth(92)(93) as it is not longer perform its function in regulating the balance of all microorganism(94) in the intestine track(95)(97).
7. Biochemical and metabolic individually
Slow metabolizers' bodies chemistry is often more alkaline due to lower production of lactic acid and low levels of gastric hydrochloric acid, leading to constipation(96). The combination of these factors can result in candida overgrowth(97).
8. Drugs due to suppress immune system during transplant
Drugs suppressing immune system disrupt function of immune system in rpoduction of T cells and phagocytic cells, and the cytokines that mediate the interactions with fungal pathogen(98) and regulation the balance of microorganism in the body(99)(100).
9. Stress
Stress can cause insulin imbalance(101)(102) and weaken the liver(103) and immune function(104), that allow unchecked of over growth candida albicans(105)(106).
10. Deficiency of nutrient
Deficiency of nutrient weakens the body systems in performing their function properly, including the immune system in regulating the balance of microorganism(107)(108).
11. Chronic use of antibiotics
Antibiotic therapy use are known to increase the tendency for chronic infection due its effect in killing bacteria indiscriminately, leading to bad microorganism over growth(109)(110).
12. The pill
The use of the pill can suppress the hormonal balance(111), causing fluctuation of sugar levels(112) and significantly increasing the risk for candida yeast overgrowth(113).
14. Sexual transmitting diseases
Sex with several partners without precautions increases the risk of candida, if your partner happens to have a candida infection at the time you have sex then you could get it too(114).
15. Acidity
Gastric hydrochloric acid deficiency is widespread and allows yeast to survive passage through the stomach, causing over growth of candidiasis(115)(116).
16. Etc.
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