Prostate cancer found mostly in the older men is a chronic condition characterized by irregular cell growth in the prostate tissues caused by the alternation of cell DNA.
Most cases of prostate cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining tissue before penetrating into deeper layers to induce a malignant tumor.
Believe it or not, prostate cancer can be classified into many different types, depending on the type of cell that causes the onset of primary cancer.
* Adenocarcinomas, the most common type of prostate cancer that develops in the gland cells that line the prostate gland.
* Ductal adenocarcinoma, the type of cancer starts in the cells that line the ducts (tubes) of the prostate gland. r
* Transitional cell cancer is cancer that starts in the cells that line the tube carrying urine to the outside of the body (the urethra).
* Squamous cell cancer is found to develop from flat cells that cover the prostate.
* Small cell prostate cancer is found in tissue made up of small round cells.
Prostate cancer can also be classified into different stages
1. Stage 0
If the cancerous cell has not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface of the prostate lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep the prostate lining, but still completely inside the prostate.
a. Stage IA1
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1: The spreading is < 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB:
Cancer in this stage has invaded the connective tissue, & less than 5cm (2 inches).
b.1. Stage IB1: Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).b.2. Stage IB2: Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but & less than 5cm (2 inches)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues but are still within the prostate.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancerous cells have spread to the tissues immediately surrounding the prostate.
5. Stage IV
In this stage, cancerous cells have spread to the tissues immediately outside of the prostate, into other distant parts of the body
Cucumber plant is a species of Cucumis Sativus, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia. It is a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames.
With an aim to find a natural and potential ingredient for the treatment of prostate cancer with no side effects, researchers investigated Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural compound isolated from cucumber and other vegetables.
In PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines, CuB significantly and specifically inhibited prostate cancer cell growth with low IC50 at a concentration of 0.3 μM.
CuB induced cancer cell apoptosis by modulating the proteins associated with program cell death and pro-apoptotic pathways.
Furthermore, the bioactive compound also increased the accumulation of Sub-G0/G1 population before exhibiting cell cycle arrest.
According to the results of a chemopreventive model, pre-treatment of mice with CuB(2 weeks before PC-3 prostate cancer cell implantation significantly reduced the rate in vivo tumor-formation.
Moreover, CuB resulted in a 79% reduction in tumor size (accompanied by marked in situ apoptosis) of the treated group without causing noticeable toxicity compared to controls at day 31.
In vitro and in the CuB-chemopreventive mouse model, CuB at a dose-dependent inhibited enzyme ATP citrate lyase phosphorylation associated with cancer cell metabolism.
The findings suggested that CuB harbors potent chemopreventive activity against prostate cancer via a number of mechanisms, without inducing harmful side effects.
Taken altogether, cucumber processed a high amount of CuB may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of CuB in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Inactivation of ATP citrate lyase by Cucurbitacin B: A bioactive compound from cucumber, inhibits prostate cancer growth by Gao Y1, Islam MS1, Tian J1, Lui VW2, Xiao D. (PubMed)
Thursday, May 16, 2019
Bilberry Processed Anti Alzheimer's disease Potency in Vitro and Vivo
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disease caused by the gradual loss of neuron functioning that usually starts with the early symptom of the difficulty of remembering recent events and worsens over time.
The disease is most prevalent in the elderly and causes over 60% of all cases of dementia.
According to the statistics, approximately 5.7 million Americans of all ages have Alzheimer's. 15.9 million family caregivers provided an estimated 18.2 billion hours and $230 billion to people with dementia worldwide.
Epidemiological studies suggested that Alzheimer's disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the neurons of the brain over time.
Although, less 10% of patients with AD are associated with a genetic preposition. Patients with such a mutated gene are virtually guaranteed to develop the disease.
More precisely, any one of a number of different single-gene mutations on chromosomes 21, 14, and 1 was found to induce the onset of AD.
Bilberry is a species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern Europe.
The plant has been used as herbs in traditional medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, anemia, cystitis, kidney disease, and psoriasis, diabetes, etc.
Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) investigated the effects of anthocyanoside extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanoside (VMA)) obtained from bilberry on the in vitro progression of Aβ fibril formation and in vivo effects of this compound on AD pathogenesis.
In Neuro2a cells, injection of VMA inhibited the in vitro formation of Aβ peptide fibrils in the induction of neurons toxicity.
Furthermore, A diet containing 1% VMA prevented the cognitive degeneration was found in the tested AD mice.
Interestingly, this diet in the retention of cognitive ability was not accompanied by a reduction in the aggregate deposition in brains but rather, an increase in insoluble deposits, compared to control mice.
The results suggested that VMA shows a strong effect on Alzheimer's disease by altering the Aβ aggregation to a non-toxic form.
In order to reveal more information about bilberry anti AD activity, researchers elucidated the effects of different polyphenols on neuroprotection and APP processing under different in vitro stress conditions.
Injection of myricetin, quercetin or anthocyanin-rich extracts in a dose-dependent manner significantly inhibited the overexpression of free radicals caused by the application of Menadione.
APdE9 mice fed with anthocyanin-rich bilberry or blackcurrant extracts showed decreased APP C-terminal fragment levels, the amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral cortex, compared to APdE9 mice on the control diet.
Levels of soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were found to significantly decrease in bilberry-fed mice, compared to blackcurrant-fed mice.
Additionally, bilberry diet also improved the spatial working memory of aged APdE9 mice, compared to mice on the control diet.
Based on the findings, Dr. Vepsäläinen S, the lead scientist wrote in the final report, "These data suggest that anthocyanin-rich bilberry and blackcurrant diets favorably modulate APP processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of AD".
Taken altogether, bilberry rich of anthocyanin may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anthocyanin suppresses the toxicity of Aβ deposits through diversion of molecular forms in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease by Yamakawa MY, Uchino K, Watanabe Y, Adachi T, Nakanishi M, Ichino H, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kobayashi S, Nakashima K, Kawata Y. (PubMed)
(2) Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by Vepsäläinen S1, Koivisto H, Pekkarinen E, Mäkinen P, Dobson G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Haapasalo A, Karjalainen RO, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. (PubMed)
The disease is most prevalent in the elderly and causes over 60% of all cases of dementia.
According to the statistics, approximately 5.7 million Americans of all ages have Alzheimer's. 15.9 million family caregivers provided an estimated 18.2 billion hours and $230 billion to people with dementia worldwide.
Epidemiological studies suggested that Alzheimer's disease is caused by a combination of genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors that affect the neurons of the brain over time.
Although, less 10% of patients with AD are associated with a genetic preposition. Patients with such a mutated gene are virtually guaranteed to develop the disease.
More precisely, any one of a number of different single-gene mutations on chromosomes 21, 14, and 1 was found to induce the onset of AD.
Bilberry is a species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern Europe.
The plant has been used as herbs in traditional medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, anemia, cystitis, kidney disease, and psoriasis, diabetes, etc.
Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) investigated the effects of anthocyanoside extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanoside (VMA)) obtained from bilberry on the in vitro progression of Aβ fibril formation and in vivo effects of this compound on AD pathogenesis.
In Neuro2a cells, injection of VMA inhibited the in vitro formation of Aβ peptide fibrils in the induction of neurons toxicity.
Furthermore, A diet containing 1% VMA prevented the cognitive degeneration was found in the tested AD mice.
Interestingly, this diet in the retention of cognitive ability was not accompanied by a reduction in the aggregate deposition in brains but rather, an increase in insoluble deposits, compared to control mice.
The results suggested that VMA shows a strong effect on Alzheimer's disease by altering the Aβ aggregation to a non-toxic form.
In order to reveal more information about bilberry anti AD activity, researchers elucidated the effects of different polyphenols on neuroprotection and APP processing under different in vitro stress conditions.
Injection of myricetin, quercetin or anthocyanin-rich extracts in a dose-dependent manner significantly inhibited the overexpression of free radicals caused by the application of Menadione.
APdE9 mice fed with anthocyanin-rich bilberry or blackcurrant extracts showed decreased APP C-terminal fragment levels, the amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral cortex, compared to APdE9 mice on the control diet.
Levels of soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were found to significantly decrease in bilberry-fed mice, compared to blackcurrant-fed mice.
Additionally, bilberry diet also improved the spatial working memory of aged APdE9 mice, compared to mice on the control diet.
Based on the findings, Dr. Vepsäläinen S, the lead scientist wrote in the final report, "These data suggest that anthocyanin-rich bilberry and blackcurrant diets favorably modulate APP processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of AD".
Taken altogether, bilberry rich of anthocyanin may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anthocyanin suppresses the toxicity of Aβ deposits through diversion of molecular forms in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease by Yamakawa MY, Uchino K, Watanabe Y, Adachi T, Nakanishi M, Ichino H, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kobayashi S, Nakashima K, Kawata Y. (PubMed)
(2) Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by Vepsäläinen S1, Koivisto H, Pekkarinen E, Mäkinen P, Dobson G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Haapasalo A, Karjalainen RO, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. (PubMed)
Wednesday, May 15, 2019
Herbal Bilberry, A Natural Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with No Side Effects
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease found mostly in the aging population characterized impaired memory, thinking, and behavior. caused by the gradual loss or death of neurons. These symptoms are slowly getting worse over time and becoming severe enough to interfere with daily activity.
60 percent to 80 percent of dementia found in the US are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
According to the statistics, the numbers of patients living with AD is growing fast, affecting over 5.5 million people age 65 and older. AD is a sith leading cause of death in the US. Most patients AD lives four to eight years after diagnosis. However, the years of survival rate is totally depending on other factors.
Contrast to general belief, getting old is a risk factor of AD but AD is not a disease of aging. Approximately 200,000 Americans under the age of 65 have younger-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
As of today, there is no cure for AD, the aim of treatment is to slow down the severity of the symptoms and delay the progression of the disease.
In other words, treatment is to improve the quality of life for both patients and their caregivers.
Besides aging, physically active, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, medical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, stress are some of the prevalent risks of AD.
Some researchers in the investigation of the correlation between obesity and AD wrote, "There is ample scientific as well as empirical evidence that obesity and its metabolic and vascular comorbidities are related to AD and likely in the causative pathway".
And, "Obesity prevention and treatment could prove to be an efficacious and safe approach to preventing AD, a serious and daunting epidemic disease".
Bilberry is a species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern Europe.
The plant berry has been used as herbs in traditional medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, anemia, cystitis, kidney disease, and psoriasis, diabetes, etc.
In the searching a natural ingredient for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with no side effects, researchers at the effects of different polyphenols on neuroprotection and APP processing under different stress conditions in transgenic AD mice (APdE9).
Selected mice induced free radical toxicity and apoptosis in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells overexpressing APP751.
APdE9 mice fed with anthocyanin-rich bilberry showed the decreased Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)APP C-terminal fragment levels, the indication of reduced death of neurons in the cerebral cortex compared to APdE9 mice fed with control diet.
Furthermore, soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels, the plaque in the brain associated with increased risk for AD, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline were significantly decreased in bilberry-fed mice, compared to blackcurrant-fed mice.
Moreover, bilberry diet protected the spatial working memory of aged APdE9 mice, compared to mice on the control diet, thus reducing the risk of deficits.
The results clearly suggested bilberry diet protects the integrity and viability of the neuron in the brain against the risk of AD.
Dr. Vepsäläinen S, the lead scientist said, "These data suggest that anthocyanin-rich bilberry and blackcurrant diets favorably modulate APP processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of AD".
In order to reveal more information of bilberry anti AD activity, researchers examined the anthocyanoside extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanoside (VMA)) obtained from bilberry on the aggregation and deposition of the amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) peptide in fibrillar form.
According to the tested assays, injection of VMA protected Neuro2a cells by inhibiting the formation of Aβ peptide fibrils and reducing the toxicity of these aggregates in vitro.
A diet containing 1% VMA was found to exhibit the significant activity in the prevention of the cognitive degeneration in AD tested mice.
Interestingly, VMA promoted the cognitive ability accompanied not by a reduction in an aggregate deposition in brains, rather an increase in insoluble deposits compared to control diet mice.
In other words, bilberry protected the brain neuro against the risk AD by diverting Aβ aggregation to insoluble deposits, an alternate, non-toxic form.
Taken altogether, bilberry processed abundantly bioactive compound anthocyanoside may be considered a function remedy for the prevention and treatment of AD, pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anthocyanin suppresses the toxicity of Aβ deposits through diversion of molecular forms in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease by Yamakawa MY, Uchino K, Watanabe Y, Adachi T, Nakanishi M, Ichino H, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kobayashi S, Nakashima K, Kawata, (PubMed)
(2) Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by Vepsäläinen S1, Koivisto H, Pekkarinen E, Mäkinen P, Dobson G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Haapasalo A, Karjalainen RO, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. (PubMed)
(3) Obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: weighing the evidence by Alford S1, Patel D2,3, Perakakis N4, Mantzoros CS. (PubMed)
60 percent to 80 percent of dementia found in the US are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
According to the statistics, the numbers of patients living with AD is growing fast, affecting over 5.5 million people age 65 and older. AD is a sith leading cause of death in the US. Most patients AD lives four to eight years after diagnosis. However, the years of survival rate is totally depending on other factors.
Contrast to general belief, getting old is a risk factor of AD but AD is not a disease of aging. Approximately 200,000 Americans under the age of 65 have younger-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
As of today, there is no cure for AD, the aim of treatment is to slow down the severity of the symptoms and delay the progression of the disease.
In other words, treatment is to improve the quality of life for both patients and their caregivers.
Besides aging, physically active, smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, medical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, stress are some of the prevalent risks of AD.
Some researchers in the investigation of the correlation between obesity and AD wrote, "There is ample scientific as well as empirical evidence that obesity and its metabolic and vascular comorbidities are related to AD and likely in the causative pathway".
And, "Obesity prevention and treatment could prove to be an efficacious and safe approach to preventing AD, a serious and daunting epidemic disease".
Bilberry is a species of low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern Europe.
The plant berry has been used as herbs in traditional medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer, enterocolitis, ulcerative colitis, anemia, cystitis, kidney disease, and psoriasis, diabetes, etc.
In the searching a natural ingredient for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with no side effects, researchers at the effects of different polyphenols on neuroprotection and APP processing under different stress conditions in transgenic AD mice (APdE9).
Selected mice induced free radical toxicity and apoptosis in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells overexpressing APP751.
APdE9 mice fed with anthocyanin-rich bilberry showed the decreased Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)APP C-terminal fragment levels, the indication of reduced death of neurons in the cerebral cortex compared to APdE9 mice fed with control diet.
Furthermore, soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels, the plaque in the brain associated with increased risk for AD, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline were significantly decreased in bilberry-fed mice, compared to blackcurrant-fed mice.
Moreover, bilberry diet protected the spatial working memory of aged APdE9 mice, compared to mice on the control diet, thus reducing the risk of deficits.
The results clearly suggested bilberry diet protects the integrity and viability of the neuron in the brain against the risk of AD.
Dr. Vepsäläinen S, the lead scientist said, "These data suggest that anthocyanin-rich bilberry and blackcurrant diets favorably modulate APP processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in a mouse model of AD".
In order to reveal more information of bilberry anti AD activity, researchers examined the anthocyanoside extracts (Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanoside (VMA)) obtained from bilberry on the aggregation and deposition of the amyloid beta (Aβ1-42) peptide in fibrillar form.
According to the tested assays, injection of VMA protected Neuro2a cells by inhibiting the formation of Aβ peptide fibrils and reducing the toxicity of these aggregates in vitro.
A diet containing 1% VMA was found to exhibit the significant activity in the prevention of the cognitive degeneration in AD tested mice.
Interestingly, VMA promoted the cognitive ability accompanied not by a reduction in an aggregate deposition in brains, rather an increase in insoluble deposits compared to control diet mice.
In other words, bilberry protected the brain neuro against the risk AD by diverting Aβ aggregation to insoluble deposits, an alternate, non-toxic form.
Taken altogether, bilberry processed abundantly bioactive compound anthocyanoside may be considered a function remedy for the prevention and treatment of AD, pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Anthocyanin suppresses the toxicity of Aβ deposits through diversion of molecular forms in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease by Yamakawa MY, Uchino K, Watanabe Y, Adachi T, Nakanishi M, Ichino H, Hongo K, Mizobata T, Kobayashi S, Nakashima K, Kawata, (PubMed)
(2) Anthocyanin-enriched bilberry and blackcurrant extracts modulate amyloid precursor protein processing and alleviate behavioral abnormalities in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by Vepsäläinen S1, Koivisto H, Pekkarinen E, Mäkinen P, Dobson G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Haapasalo A, Karjalainen RO, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. (PubMed)
(3) Obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: weighing the evidence by Alford S1, Patel D2,3, Perakakis N4, Mantzoros CS. (PubMed)
Herbal Ginger, the Potential and Natural Antihypothermia Functional Food, According to Scientists
Hypothermia is a medical emergency due to the loss of heat faster than the body can produce, leading to a temperature that lowers than the normal low body temperature.
In other words, if your body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C) with no signs of reverse, you may have hypothermia.
Most case of hypothermia in North American is associated with long-term exposure to cold temperature due to inadequate clothing. According to the statistics, from 1999 to 2011, hypothermia caused the death of a total of 16,911 people in the United States associated with exposure to excessive natural cold.
However, people with hypothyroidism, drug abuse, infection such as septic are also found to induce hypothermia.
Symptoms of hypothermia are depending on the stages of the condition.
In the mild stage (from 90°F to 95°F (32.2°C to 35°C)), patients may only have symptoms of high blood pressure, shivering, rapid breathing, and heart rate,... due to the constricted blood vessels.
In the moderate stage (from 82.4°F to 90°F (28°C to 32.2°C)), patients may experience symptoms of irregular heartbeat, a slower heart rate and breathing, lower level of consciousness, due to not enough supply to the organs needs.
In the severe case, (less than 82.4°F (28°C)), patients may have loss of consciousness, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and cardiac arrest, due to organs failure.
Regardless of the stage, hypothermia is a life-threatening condition, please call 911 right the way.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root, the second superfood used for thousands of years by mankind, is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil.
The root has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Scientists on finding a natural remedy for the protection of our body temperature against hypothermia investigated the ginger extract employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach, against hypothermia on a rat model.
In chemicals analysis, GE/SD exhibited improved dissolution behavior of the major active ingredients in GE and 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G), with levels of dissolution 12- and 31-fold higher than that of GE, respectively.
Orally administered GE/SD (30 mg of GE/kg) inhibited ethanol-evoked hypothermia by improving oral absorption of 6G and 8G.
Storages of ginger were found slightly reduced levels of 6G and 8G by degradation without affecting the functions of 6G and 8G against the hypothermic activity.
Oral administration of GE (300 mg/kg) and GE/SD (100 mg of GE/kg), significantly elevated the relative bioavailabilities of 6G and 8G in GE/SD by 5.0- and 5.8-fold compared those in GE against the hypothermia in tested subjects.
The results suggested that solid dispersion (SD) may be used to improve GE function of hypothermia by enhancing the levels of bioactive compounds.
Taken all together, ginger processed bioactive compound 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G) with or without employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment of hypothermia with no side effects, pending to the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Ginger Extract-Loaded Solid Dispersion System with Enhanced Oral Absorption and Antihypothermic Action by Sato H1, Ogino M1, Yakushiji K1, Suzuki H1, Shiokawa KI2, Kikuchi H2, Seto Y1, Onoue S1. (PubMed)
In other words, if your body temperature falls below 95 F (35 C) with no signs of reverse, you may have hypothermia.
Most case of hypothermia in North American is associated with long-term exposure to cold temperature due to inadequate clothing. According to the statistics, from 1999 to 2011, hypothermia caused the death of a total of 16,911 people in the United States associated with exposure to excessive natural cold.
However, people with hypothyroidism, drug abuse, infection such as septic are also found to induce hypothermia.
Symptoms of hypothermia are depending on the stages of the condition.
In the mild stage (from 90°F to 95°F (32.2°C to 35°C)), patients may only have symptoms of high blood pressure, shivering, rapid breathing, and heart rate,... due to the constricted blood vessels.
In the moderate stage (from 82.4°F to 90°F (28°C to 32.2°C)), patients may experience symptoms of irregular heartbeat, a slower heart rate and breathing, lower level of consciousness, due to not enough supply to the organs needs.
In the severe case, (less than 82.4°F (28°C)), patients may have loss of consciousness, heart failure, pulmonary edema, and cardiac arrest, due to organs failure.
Regardless of the stage, hypothermia is a life-threatening condition, please call 911 right the way.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root, the second superfood used for thousands of years by mankind, is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil.
The root has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Scientists on finding a natural remedy for the protection of our body temperature against hypothermia investigated the ginger extract employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach, against hypothermia on a rat model.
In chemicals analysis, GE/SD exhibited improved dissolution behavior of the major active ingredients in GE and 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G), with levels of dissolution 12- and 31-fold higher than that of GE, respectively.
Orally administered GE/SD (30 mg of GE/kg) inhibited ethanol-evoked hypothermia by improving oral absorption of 6G and 8G.
Storages of ginger were found slightly reduced levels of 6G and 8G by degradation without affecting the functions of 6G and 8G against the hypothermic activity.
Oral administration of GE (300 mg/kg) and GE/SD (100 mg of GE/kg), significantly elevated the relative bioavailabilities of 6G and 8G in GE/SD by 5.0- and 5.8-fold compared those in GE against the hypothermia in tested subjects.
The results suggested that solid dispersion (SD) may be used to improve GE function of hypothermia by enhancing the levels of bioactive compounds.
Taken all together, ginger processed bioactive compound 6-gingerol (6G) and 8-gingerol (8G) with or without employing a solid dispersion (SD) approach may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and treatment of hypothermia with no side effects, pending to the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Ginger Extract-Loaded Solid Dispersion System with Enhanced Oral Absorption and Antihypothermic Action by Sato H1, Ogino M1, Yakushiji K1, Suzuki H1, Shiokawa KI2, Kikuchi H2, Seto Y1, Onoue S1. (PubMed)
Tuesday, May 14, 2019
#Whole Food Honey Improved the Digestive Functioning
Digestion is a process of the digestive system by breaking out down food after intake for nutrients through mechanical and enzymatic action.
Indigestion, on the other hand, is symptoms of another digestive disease, including GERD. Most cases of indigestion not caused by underlying diseases can be resolved quickly.
People with indigestion experience symptoms differently. Some may feel the symptoms of occasionally while others may feel often and daily.
There are a number of risk factor associated with digestive disorders including bacterial and/or viral infection, inflammation, lactase deficiency, anti-inflammatory drugs and certain conditions such as ruptured or perforated organs, muscle dysfunction, gallstones.
However, some researchers suggested that there is a strong correlation between the risk of digestive disorders in obese patients.
Dr. Su Youn Nam, in the investigation of obesity-related digestive diseases, wrote, "Obesity-related digestive diseases include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, colon polyp and cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C-related disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallstone, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatic cancer".
And, "Although obesity-related esophageal diseases are associated with altered mechanical and humoral factors, other obesity-related digestive diseases seem to be associated with obesity-induced altered circulating levels of adipocytokines and insulin resistance".
The findings strongly indicated the risk of digestive disorder in obese is substantially higher compared to healthy weight individuals.
Honey, the rich golden liquid is the miraculous product made by bees using nectar from flowers.
The liquid is considered one of healthy sweet food for replacing the use of white sugar and artificial sweetener by many people.
Scientists on the finding a natural ingredient for the treatment of gastroduodenal (GDD) digestions examined the effect of Manuka honey antibacterial activity on tested strains.
In vitro, methylglyoxal (MGO), a bioactive found in Manuka honey injection showed a strong antibacterial activity at concentrations higher than those registered in digested MH samples.
The findings suggested that there must be some other compounds in the Manuka honey which also process the antibacterial property.
In fact, according to the tested assays in the modification of the chemicals occurring from digestion, the content of aromatic compounds, such as leptosin and methyl syringate which played a critical role in increasing the levels of acetic and lactic acids in gastroduodenal digestion.
The results suggested that Manuka honey promoted gastroduodenal digestion through a number of metabolites.
In order to provide more information about Manuka honey in the promotion of digestion, researchers investigated its effects on gastrointestinal infection diseases and upper gastrointestinal dyspepsia.
The study included several commercial MH samples, with different MGO concentrations.
According to the tested assays, after digestion, MGO concentration decreases because it reacts with digestive enzymes by carbonylating their free amino groups in stimulating the gastric phase of digestion.
And other compounds in Manuka honey such as pepsin and pancreatin does not influence the digestion process.
In other words, methylglyoxal (MGO) promotes gastrointestinal digestion through its pronounced antibacterial potency.
Taken altogether, Manuka honey processed a bioactive compound MGO may be considered a natural remedy for improvement of digestion, pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Antistaphylococcal activity and metabolite profiling of manuka honey(Leptospermum scoparium L.) after in vitro simulated digestion by Mannina L1, Sobolev AP2, Coppo E3, Di Lorenzo A4, Nabavi SM5, Marchese A3, Daglia M. (PubMed)
(2) Influence of in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion on methylglyoxal concentration of Manuka ( Lectospermum scoparium ) honey by Daglia M1, Ferrari D, Collina S, Curti V. (PubMed)
Indigestion, on the other hand, is symptoms of another digestive disease, including GERD. Most cases of indigestion not caused by underlying diseases can be resolved quickly.
People with indigestion experience symptoms differently. Some may feel the symptoms of occasionally while others may feel often and daily.
There are a number of risk factor associated with digestive disorders including bacterial and/or viral infection, inflammation, lactase deficiency, anti-inflammatory drugs and certain conditions such as ruptured or perforated organs, muscle dysfunction, gallstones.
However, some researchers suggested that there is a strong correlation between the risk of digestive disorders in obese patients.
Dr. Su Youn Nam, in the investigation of obesity-related digestive diseases, wrote, "Obesity-related digestive diseases include gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal cancer, colon polyp and cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C-related disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, gallstone, cholangiocarcinoma, and pancreatic cancer".
And, "Although obesity-related esophageal diseases are associated with altered mechanical and humoral factors, other obesity-related digestive diseases seem to be associated with obesity-induced altered circulating levels of adipocytokines and insulin resistance".
The findings strongly indicated the risk of digestive disorder in obese is substantially higher compared to healthy weight individuals.
Honey, the rich golden liquid is the miraculous product made by bees using nectar from flowers.
The liquid is considered one of healthy sweet food for replacing the use of white sugar and artificial sweetener by many people.
Scientists on the finding a natural ingredient for the treatment of gastroduodenal (GDD) digestions examined the effect of Manuka honey antibacterial activity on tested strains.
In vitro, methylglyoxal (MGO), a bioactive found in Manuka honey injection showed a strong antibacterial activity at concentrations higher than those registered in digested MH samples.
The findings suggested that there must be some other compounds in the Manuka honey which also process the antibacterial property.
In fact, according to the tested assays in the modification of the chemicals occurring from digestion, the content of aromatic compounds, such as leptosin and methyl syringate which played a critical role in increasing the levels of acetic and lactic acids in gastroduodenal digestion.
The results suggested that Manuka honey promoted gastroduodenal digestion through a number of metabolites.
In order to provide more information about Manuka honey in the promotion of digestion, researchers investigated its effects on gastrointestinal infection diseases and upper gastrointestinal dyspepsia.
The study included several commercial MH samples, with different MGO concentrations.
According to the tested assays, after digestion, MGO concentration decreases because it reacts with digestive enzymes by carbonylating their free amino groups in stimulating the gastric phase of digestion.
And other compounds in Manuka honey such as pepsin and pancreatin does not influence the digestion process.
In other words, methylglyoxal (MGO) promotes gastrointestinal digestion through its pronounced antibacterial potency.
Taken altogether, Manuka honey processed a bioactive compound MGO may be considered a natural remedy for improvement of digestion, pending to the validation of larger sample size and multicenter human study
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Antistaphylococcal activity and metabolite profiling of manuka honey(Leptospermum scoparium L.) after in vitro simulated digestion by Mannina L1, Sobolev AP2, Coppo E3, Di Lorenzo A4, Nabavi SM5, Marchese A3, Daglia M. (PubMed)
(2) Influence of in vitro simulated gastroduodenal digestion on methylglyoxal concentration of Manuka ( Lectospermum scoparium ) honey by Daglia M1, Ferrari D, Collina S, Curti V. (PubMed)
The Herbal Medicines Which Treat Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Naturally, According to Studies
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition caused by fat accumulated in the liver over time, in the absence of excessive alcohol use. The disease can be classified into the types of non-inflammatory fatty liver (NAFl) and inflammatory nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)(1).
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
According to world statistics, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is normally known as a disease of the Western world(2). However, due to the economic prosperity of Southeast Asian(3), the disease also was found in a large number of population in the cities, causing concerns of many scientists in the region(4)(6).
According to the joint assessment of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the US, led by the Stanford University School of Medicine, "The prevalence of NAFLD in the United States (U.S.) has risen from 18% in 1988–1991 to 31% in 2011–2012. Estimates of NAFLD prevalence for adults in Western countries is 20–30%, with much higher prevalence in adults with obesity (80–90%), diabetes (30–50%), and hyperlipidemia (90%)"(5).
Among the more affluent regions of China, the prevalence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%(6). The number may decrease substantially if the poor rural populations where obesity is non-existence are also taking into account(7).
The exact causes of NAFLD aren't well understood. Some researchers suggested that certain risk factors such as long-term use of certain medications(8), genetic preposition(8), insulin resistance(8), high cholesterol(8) and triglycerides(8) in the blood, polycystic ovary syndrome(8), metabolic syndrome(8), obesity(8), and type 2 diabetes(8) are associated with the onset of the disease.
Recent studies also found that people with obstructive sleep apnea(11), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism(10) and underactive pituitary gland (hypopituitarism) (9) also at an increased risk of the NALFD.
Some researchers suggested that unhealthy diet such as high-fat diet may also have a strong implication on NAFLD(12)(13).
Dr. Jensen VS, the lead scientist in the study high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, wrote, "In humans and animal models, excessive intake of dietary fat, fructose, and cholesterol has been linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"(13).
And, " Only HFr-fed rats developed dyslipidemia as characterized by higher levels of plasma triglycerides compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). Hepatic dysfunction and inflammation was confirmed in HFD-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.0001), and in NASH-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.01), increased hepatic macrophage infiltration (p < 0.001), and higher plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.0001) aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05), haptoglobin (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.01) compared to Control"(13).
According to the statistics, in the US, over 100 million people have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the condition is more double over the past 20 years(14). The disease also is the most prevalent liver disease in children(14).
The prevalence rate of NAFLD is varied among different ethnic groups in the US. Dr. Rich NE, the lead scientist in the investigation of the ethnicity and NAFLD, wrote, "NAFLD prevalence was highest in Hispanics, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Blacks, although differences between groups were smaller in high-risk cohorts (range 47.6%-55.5%) than population-based cohorts (range, 13.0%-22.9%)(15)".
And, "Among patients with NAFLD, the risk of NASH was higher in Hispanics (relative risk, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.98-1.21) and lower in Blacks (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.87) than Whites"(15).
The progression of NAFLD and NASH led to cirrhosis, the late stage of liver scarring are well defined, as the liver tries to heal itself by halting inflammation(16), leading to symptoms of ascites(16)(18), swell esophageal varices(16)(19), hepatic encephalopathy(16)(17) and complications of liver cancer(16)(17) and liver failure(16)(17).
Most people at the early stage NAFLD are asymptomatic, however, as the disease progression into the later stage, most patients experience symptoms of right upper abdominal discomfort(20), fatigue(20), and/or malaise(20), and jaundice(20) with yellowing of the skin and eyes(20).
Most patients with NAFLD have elevated levels of liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)(21) and/or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)(21) to platelet ratio index (APRI) score(21), and/or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (21) which are the markers used to predict the severity of liver disease including the fatty liver. A blood test is required if you suspected to have developing nonfatty liver disease.
Conventionally, as of today, there is no effective treatment of NAFLD(22)(23). Weight loss for overweight and obese patients(22) has been recommended through our the industry accompanied by the change of lifestyles(22) such as moderate exercise and reduced intake of alcohol, depending on individuals.
Patients who are hepatitis virus B and C carriers are also recommended to be vaccinated(22).
Given the nature of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the search for effective treatment for NAFLD from the natural sources used over thousands of years in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disease has been intensified(23). Many secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine have been found to be effective in vivo, vitro and small human trials(24). However, most of them were stopped due to a simple reason. Who will spend billions to prove the thing which has no commercial values? Secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine cannot be patented.
Herbal medicines
Herbal medicines have been used as medicines over thousands of year in human history.
1. Herbal Anise
Herbal anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic (61).
In animal NAFLD induced by choline-deficient diet for 90 days, 30 days treatment with hydroethanolic extract (AE) at 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day and essential oil (AO) at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg/day, reversed plasma levels of total cholesterol962), low-density lipoprotein(62), and triacylglycerol(62) and decrease in high-density lipoprotein level(62) caused by choline-deficient diet in dose-dependent manner.
AE and AO also reduced the elevated levels of enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST)(62) and alanine transaminase (ALT)(62) which are considered as an indication of either liver injury or damage caused by the acute inflammation.
Additionally, anise AE and AO demonstrated a strong effect in ameliorated lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress(62) indicated by elevation of plasma level of 8-isoprostane(62) which is correlated to the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2. Hawthorn Fruit
Hawthorn is shrubs and trees of the genus Crataegus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America(63) used in traditional medicine to treat heart disease and symptoms of heart diseases(63) such as irregular heartbeat(63), high blood pressure(63), chest pain(63), hardening of the arteries(63), circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses(63).
Researchers at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, in the concerns that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a widespread condition worldwide, and reaffirm the natural treatments of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), launched an investigation to find natural medicines for the treatment of NAFLD without prominent side effects, suggested that hawthorn fruit was one the favorite herb used in TCM for the treatment of NAFLD compared to other herbs(64).
Furthermore, the search of the database of PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010 for RCTs comparing either traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations alone or in combination with placebo, a formula containing hawthorn normalized alanine aminotransferase(65) and disappearance of radiological steatosis(65) in patients with NAFLD, without inducing any side effects(65).
3. Sida rhomboidea Roxb
Sida rhomboidea Roxb is a shrubby weed found growing throughout India belonging to the Malvaceae family, used in North-East India for the treatment of hypolipidemia and diabetes properties(66).
In a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice, Sida rhomboidea ROXB. (S. rhomboidea ROXB., SR) compared to mice fed with rosiglitazone (ROS) lowered the plasma(67) and hepatic TC(67), TG(67) and FFA(67) were also significantly lowered (p<0.05) in HFD+SR groups.
According to the efficient clearance of glucose in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), Sida rhomboidea ROXB also lowered the plasma insulin(67) and fasting insulin resistance(67) levels in HFD+SR groups.
Furthermore, In vivo, sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) supplementation with SRLE significantly prevented HFD induced increment in body weight(68), plasma lipids(68) and leptin(68), visceral adiposity(68)and adipocyte hypertrophy(68) by modulation of related genes expression(68).
In vitro, Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) decreased triglyceride accumulation(68), leptin release(68) and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase activity(68) along with higher glycerol release(68) without significant alteration of the viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes(68).
4. Teucrium polium (Golden Germander)
Teucrium polium, known popularly as felty germander, is a sub-shrub and herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, native to the western Mediterranean, found abundantly in South-Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, indigestion, common cold, and type 2 diabetes(69).
In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in male N‐Mary rats by a methionine/choline‐deficient (MCD) diet, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Teucrium polium, inhibited inflammation(70) and ballooning degeneration by 80%(70) of the rats treated by MCD diet.
Furthermore, EtOAc extract also lowered the lipoprotein profiles(70) and levels of liver oxidative stress(70) markers such as alkaline phosphatase(70), aspartate aminotransferase(70), and alanine aminotransferase(70) by improving the liver superoxide dismutase(70), glutathione peroxidase(70), and glutathione reductase enzymes(70).
Moreover, in N-Mary rats induced NASH by methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks, injection of ethyl acetate fraction of T. polium orally for 3 weeks, lowered the elevated levels of proteins(71) associated with inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA)(71) in the liver.
The extract increased the levels of antioxidants enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)(71), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(71) and hepatic glutathione (GSH)(71).
In other words, the ethyl acetate fraction of T. poium effectively protected the liver by reversing NASH(71), through its strong antioxidant(71) and anti-inflammatory properties(71).
5. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), and used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol(72)
In rats fed a high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), resveratrol (RSV) administration reversed the abdominal obesity(73), NAFLD(73), and insulin resistance (IR)(73) by 10 weeks.
In vitro, RSV treatment inhibited the triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation(73) in HepG2 cells incubated with a high concentration of glucose(73) and insulin(73).
In other words, resveratrol (RSV) improved NAFLD(73) and IR(73) by suppressing the 2 lipogenesis genes(73) associated with the elevation of NAFLD(73) and IR expression (73).
Additionally, injection of resveratrol (RSV) also found to induced production of hepatic low-density lipoprotein(74) which has been found to process similarly activity as high-density lipoprotein that returns cholesterol to the liver.
6. Milk thistles
Milk Thistle is a flowering plant, in the genus Silybum Adans, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean. The herb has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver, kidney, and gall bladder problems(75).
According to the study lead by First Hospital of Jilin University in the review of eight RCTs involving 587 patients with NAFLD, Silymarin (SIL), an active extraction of milk thistle, significantly reduced liver oxidative stress(76) associated with the AST(76) and ALT levels(76).
In other words, SIL improved the liver parameters(76) by reducing transaminases levels(76) in NAFLD patients.
Furthermore, on hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress during the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), administration of SMO decreased the histological injury of the liver(77) and the levels of hepatic triglyceride(77), cholesterol(77) and free fatty acid(77) in HFD-fed mice.
Moreover, SMO administration elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)(77) and catalase (CAT)(77) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(77) and lowered the levels of proteins(77) involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines(77) in the liver, thus preventing the onset of NAFLD.
7. Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
Acanthopanax senticosus or Siberian Ginseng is an oriental herb belonging to the Araliaceae family commonly distributed throughout the North Eastern parts of Asia, used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, gastric ulcers, and tumors(78).
In obesity in 10 C57BL/6J mice of 10 fed either a normal diet (10 kcal fat%) or high fat diet (60 kcal fat%) given with or without oral administration of A. senticosus extract (ASE; 0.5 g/kg of body weight) for 12 weeks, restored the significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in serum(79) and higher triglyceride accumulation in liver(79), of mice high fat diet without altering the levels of carnitine status(79).
Collectively, oral administration of ASE lowered the weight gain(79), serum LDL-cholesterol concentration(79), and liver triglycerides accumulation(79) in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diets.
In insulin-resistant ob/ob mice with fatty livers, 50% ethanol extract ofAcanthopanax senticosus stem bark (ASSB) reversed the hepatomegaly(80), bt reducing the % liver weight/body weight ratio(80) in 8 weeks.
The ASSB ethanol extract also specifically lowered circulating glucose(80) and lipids(80) and enhanced insulin(80) action in the liver and triglyceride synthesis(80) in non-adipose tissues including liver and skeletal muscle(80).
Genes expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes associated with the development of hepatic steatosis(80) also were reduced by the injection of ASSB ethanol extract.
8. Alisma Orientalis (Alismatis rhizome) or Ze Xie in traditional Chinese Medicine
Ze Xie is also known as Alisma. The sweet, bland and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-pyretic, as anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antitumor, and anti-allergic medicine(81).
On rats fed with high‐fat diet for six weeks induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), followed by AOME for another six weeks, administration of AOME (150,300 and 600 mg kg−1) markedly decreased the serum and liver lipids(82), fasting serum glucose(82) and improved insulin resistance(82).
AOME lessened the lipid peroxidation(82) and activated antioxidant enzymes(82) through inhibiting the oxidative stress in the liver(82).
Furthermore, according to the tested assays, AOME also protected the liver against injury(82) by reducing the aminotransferase abnormalities(82) and enhanced the hepatomegaly(82).
9. Cissus quadrangularis (Asthisamharaka)
Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial plant, belonging to the grape family, native to India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Africa used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome(83)
On oxidant-antioxidant balance and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high fat–high fructose diet (HFFD) and free-radical scavenging property in vitro, CQEt addition for for 45 days restored insulin sensitivity (84), liver damage(84), and oxidative changes(84), on (HFFD) rats by and bring back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal(84).
Furthermore, CQEt protected the liver by improving the histopathology(84)of the liver.
In vivo, CQEtin also exerted liver protective effect(84) comparable with that of standard drug, metformin.
In vitro, CQEt exhibited radical scavenging ability(84) in a dose-dependent manner.
In other words, dietary supplementation of CQ extract (10%) for 45 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity(84), reduced liver damage(84), prevented oxidative changes(84).
10. Clerodendron glandulosum
Clerodendron glandulosum is comprised of small trees, shrub sand herbs belonging to the Verbenaceae family, native the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world us in the traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension, fever, diabetes, and abdominal pain(85).
On hyperlipidemic chronically rat fed by a high-fat diet (HL), administration of aqueous extract of Clerodendron glandulosum. Caleb (CG) (400 mg/kg/day) for 90 days, showed to improve the levels of LDL-C (81.36%) (86)and VLDL-C (43%)(86) along with an increase in HDL-C (52.84%)(86).
On alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, compared to hypolipidemic drug Lovastatin (LVS), injection of ECG exerted a strong effect in experimental hyperlipidemia(86) by a significant alteration in plasma and tissue lipid profiles(86).
Further differentiation of the efficacy of researchers found that ECG reduced absorption(86), improved elimination(86) and augmented catabolism(86) of lipids and cholesterol.
11. Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Turmeric, principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia used in traditional medicine for the treatment of varies illness, including metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions(87).
On C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, daily oral administration (os) of the NDS restored the steatosis(88), aortic lesions(88) or carotid artery thickening(88) induced by the HFD.
Furthermore, NDS inhibited dyslipidemia(88) compared to untreated animals.
In other words, NDS prevented the onset of NAFLD and atherogenesis(88) by modulating the expression of different genes(88) involved in NAFLD.
According to the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 46 patients with NAFLD (21males and 25 females) aged 20-60 years old and body mass index (BMI) between 24.9 and 40 kg/m2, turmeric group (n = 23) given six turmeric capsules daily for 12 weeks with each capsule contained 500 mg turmeric powder (6×500 mg) showed the decreased serum levels of glucose(89), insulin(89), HOMA-IR(89), and leptin(89) compared to the placebo group without affecting the weight, BMI and liver enzymes.
Collectively, turmeric supplementation inhibited NAFLD complications by improving glucose indexes(89) and serum leptin levels(89).
12. Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair Tree)
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from the temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of North America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting(90).
In vivo, on Male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high-fat diet [HFD] group, and HFD + GBE group) researchers examined the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
According to the experimental results, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents(91) and the increased hepatic fatty acids(91) in rat livers caused by HFD.
Furthermore, GBE also enhanced the expression palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and total activity of the fatty acid β-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme, in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, inflammatory vigor, and pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(91).
The effects of GBE was attributed to its chemical compounds GBE and its ingredients, quercetin, kaempfero, and isorhamnetin worked synergistically to decrease the cellular triglyceride content(91) and promote the expression and total activity of CPT1A(91) in converting fat to energy.
Based on the finding, researchers wrote, "The triglyceride-lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE".
13. Linum usitatissimum (Linseed/Flaxseed)
Flaxseed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of constipation(92).
A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men suggested that oral administration of SDG (20 or 100 mg) decreases the level of blood cholesterol(93) and liver disease risk factors(93) induced by hypercholesterolemia in humans.
In a study of 30 men with total cholesterol levels of 4.65 to 6.21 mmol/L (180-240 mg/dL), SDG exhibited a significant reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(93) compared to baseline at week 12.
Furthermore, injection of SDG also showed a significant percentage decrease in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase(93) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(93) associated with liver injury markers relative to the levels at baseline.
In other words, daily administration of 100 mg SDG may be effective in reducing the levels of blood cholesterol(93) and hepatic diseases risk(93) in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
In the testing of 7-d diets including a low-fiber control diet (Control), a diet with flaxseed fiber drink (3/day) (Flax drink), and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread (3/day) (Flax bread), researchers found that compared to control, Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15%(94), respectively.
Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23% with Flax drink consumption compared to control(94).
In other words, Flax drink decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol(94) and increased fat excretion(94).
14. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus)
Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) is a perennial plant belonging to the Nymphaeaceae family produced individual leaves and flowers directly from the root system and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory, hepatic, digestive, and reproductive diseases(95).
In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese SD rats, injection of N. nucifera leaves extract. N. nucifera alkaloid (NNA) decreased cell population growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes(96) and increased the apoptotic cells(96) in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduced the body weight(96), the lee's index(96), adipose tissue weight(96), and plasma lipid levels((96) in HFD-induced obese rats.
In vivo, C57BL/6 mice induced obesity by a high-fat diet (HFD), oral administration of NLFE reduced the body weight(97), body lipid accumulation(97), and activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS)(97), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(97), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(97) associated with the risk of NAFLD.
Additionally, NLFE efficacy in the attenuation of body lipid accumulation(97) and prevention of obesity(97) was associated with the inhibition of lipid-regulated enzymes involved in synthesizing lipids right in the cell(97).
Summary
Taken altogether, phytochemicals, herbal medicines, healthy foods found in the research paper may be considered remedies for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pending to large sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
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(2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015 by Monjur Ahmed. (PMC)
(3) The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades by Mingxing Chen, Hua Zhang, 2 Weidong Liu, 1 and Wenzhong Zhang. (PMC)
(4) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in South Asians: A Review of the Literature by Sital Singh,1 Gabriela N. Kuftinec,2 and Souvik Sarkar. (PMC)
(5) Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the United States by Michael H. Le,1 Pardha Devaki,2 Nghiem B. Ha,3,4 Dae Won Jun,5 Helen S. Te,6Ramsey C. Cheung,4,7 and Mindie H. Nguyen. (PMC)
(6) Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China by Fan JG1, Farrell GC. (PubMed)
(7) Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in the burden of disease by Chris Estes,
1 Homie Razavi, 1 Rohit Loomba, 2 Zobair Younossi, 3 and Arun J. Sanyal. (PMC)
(8) Symptoms & Causes of NAFLD & NASH by NIH
(9) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy. by Nishizawa H1, Iguchi G, Murawaki A, Fukuoka H, Hayashi Y, Kaji H, Yamamoto M, Suda K, Takahashi M, Seo Y, Yano Y, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Koga M, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Takahashi Y. (PubMed)
(10) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review by Ahad Eshraghian and Alireza Hamidian Jahromi. (PMC)
(11) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and fatty liver: Association or causal link? by Mohamed H Ahmed and Christopher D Byrne, (PMC)
(12) Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad by Mohamed Asrih, François R. Jornayvaz. (El Sevier)
(13) Dietary fat stimulates the development of NAFLD more potently than dietary fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats by Jensen VS1,2, Hvid H2, Damgaard J2, Nygaard H2, Ingvorsen C3, Wulff EM4, Lykkesfeldt J1, Fledelius C. (PubMed)
(14) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by NICK G. (The American Liver Foundation)
(15) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Rich NE1, Oji S1, Mufti AR1, Browning JD1, Parikh ND2, Odewole M1, Mayo H3, Singal AG. (PubMed)
(16) Emerging Trends Conference: EMERGING TRENDS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE by AASLD
(17) Hepatic Encephalopathy by the Canadian Liver Foundation
(18) LIVER DISEASE AND ASCITES by Sequana Medical
(19) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease manifesting esophageal variceal bleeding by Tang CP1, Huang YS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. (PubMed)
(20) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Genetic Home Reference. (NIH)
(21) Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by J K Dowman,*† J W Tomlinson,‡ and P N Newsome. (PMC)
(22) Current treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Melanie D Beaton, MD FRCPC. (PMC)
(23) Herbal medicines and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Hong Yao, Yu-Jie Qiao, Ya-Li Zhao, Xu-Feng Tao, Li-Na Xu, Lian-Hong Yin, Yan Qi, and Jin-Yong Peng. (PMC)
(24) An Overview of Herbal Products and Secondary Metabolites Used for Management of Type Two Diabetes by Ajda Ota and Nataša P. Ulrich. (PubMed)
(61) Popular #Herbs - Anise Kyle J. Norton
(62) Pimpinella anisum L. fruit: Chemical composition and effect on a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Asadollahpoor A1, Abdollahi M2, Rahimi R3,(PubMed)
(63) Popular Herbs - Hawthorn (Crataegus)
(64) Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Shi KQ, Fan YC, Liu WY, Li LF, Chen YP, Zheng MH. (PubMed)
(65) The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis by Lu FB1, Hu ED1, Xu LM1, Chen L1, Wu JL1, Li H1, Chen DZ2, Chen YP. (PubMed)
(66) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards in Vitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation by Menaka C. Thounaojam,1 Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja,1 Umed V. Ramani,2 Ranjitsinh V. Devkar,1,*and A. V. Ramachandran. (PMC)
(67) Prevention of High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice by Sida rhomboidea ROXB. Extract by Menaka Chanu Thounaojam, Ravirajsinh Navalsinh Jadeja, Ansarullah, Ranjitsinh Vijaysinh Devkar, A. V. Ramachandran. (Journal of Health Science)
(68) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards inVitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation
Menaka C. Thounaojam 1, Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja 1, Umed V. Ramani 2, Ranjitsinh V. Devkar 1,* and. V. Ramachandran. ( International Journal of Molecular Science)
(69) Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) by Bahramikia S1, Yazdanparast R. (PubMed)
(70) Teucrium polium in the prevention of steatohepatitis in rats by Rahim Amini, Narges Nosrati, Razieh Yazdanparast, Mahsa Molaei. ( Liver International)
(71) Teucrium polium reversed the MCD diet-induced liver injury in rats by Rahim Amini, Razieh Yazdanparast and Safiyeh Aghazadeh. (Sage Journal)
(72) Popular Herbs - Grapefruit Seed Extract by Kyle J. Norton
(73) Resveratrol improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Shang J1, Chen LL, Xiao FX, Sun H, Ding HC, Xiao H. (PubMed)
(74) SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Colak Y1, Ozturk O, Senates E, Tuncer I, Yorulmaz E, Adali G, Doganay L, Enc FY. (PubMed)
(75) Popular #Herbs - Milk Thistle by Kyle J. Norton
(76) The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials by Zhong S1, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu J. (PubMed)
(77) Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice by Zhu SY1, Jiang N2, Yang J3, Tu J4, Zhou Y3, Xiao X3, Dong Y. (PubMed)
(78) Popular #Herbs - #Ginseng, Asian (Panax ginseng) and Ginseng, North America by Kyle J. Norton
(79) Acanthopanax senticosus Extract Prepared from Cultured Cells Decreases Adiposity and Obesity Indices in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High Fat Diet by Youn-Soo Cha, Soon-Jae Rhee, and Young-Ran Heo. (Journal of Medicinal Food)
(80) Acanthopanax senticosus reverses fatty liver disease and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by Sang, Hyun Park, Sang Gil Lee, Sung Keel Kang, and Sung Hyun Chung. (Springer Link)
(81) Chinese Herbs – Ze Xie by Kyle J. Norton
(82) Protective effects of the Alisma Orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease byXuezhi Hong, Huiqing Tang, Limao Wu, and Lianda Li. (Wiley Online Library)
(83) Cissus quadrangularis by Wikipedia
(84) Cissus quadrangularis stem alleviates insulin resistance, oxidative injury and fatty liver disease by Chidambaram, Jaya, Carani Venkatraman, and Anuradha. (Science Direct)
(85) Cissus quadrangularis - Wikipedia
(86) Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb., Verbenaceae, ameliorates high fat diet-induced alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats by Jadeja RN; Thounaojam MC; Ansarullah; Devkar RV*; Ramachandran AV. (Scielo)
(87) Popular #Herbs - Turmeric (Curcuma longa) by Kyle J. Norton
(88) NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Amato A1, Caldara GF2, Nuzzo D3, Baldassano S4, Picone P5, Rizzo M6, Mulè F7, Di Carlo M. (PubMed)
(89) Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases by Navekar R1, Rafraf M1, Ghaffari A1, Asghari-Jafarabadi M2, Khoshbaten M. (PubMed)
(90) Popular Herbs - Ginkgo biloba by Kyle J. Norton
(91) Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism by Shi Dong Wang, Zuoquan Xie, Jia Chen and Ke Wang. (Research Gate)
(92) Superfoods - Flaxseed oil by Kyle J. Norton
(93) Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men by Fukumitsu S1, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K. (PubMed)
(94) Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but the magnitude of the effect depends on food type by Kristensen M1, Jensen MG, Aarestrup J, Petersen KE, Søndergaard L, Mikkelsen MS, Astrup A. (PubMed)
(95) A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter by M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, and S. H. Mishra. (PMC)
(96) Nelumbo nucifera alkaloid inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation in rats by Xie Bin, Wan Jin, Wang Wenqing, and Shi Chunyang. (Research Gate)
(97) Improvement in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Body Fat Accumulation by a Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Flavonoid-Rich Extract in Mice by Cheng-Hsun Wu, Mon-Yuan Yang, Kuei-Chuan Chan, and Pei-Jun Chung. (Research Gate)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and liver cancer.
According to world statistics, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is normally known as a disease of the Western world(2). However, due to the economic prosperity of Southeast Asian(3), the disease also was found in a large number of population in the cities, causing concerns of many scientists in the region(4)(6).
According to the joint assessment of the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the US, led by the Stanford University School of Medicine, "The prevalence of NAFLD in the United States (U.S.) has risen from 18% in 1988–1991 to 31% in 2011–2012. Estimates of NAFLD prevalence for adults in Western countries is 20–30%, with much higher prevalence in adults with obesity (80–90%), diabetes (30–50%), and hyperlipidemia (90%)"(5).
Among the more affluent regions of China, the prevalence rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 15%(6). The number may decrease substantially if the poor rural populations where obesity is non-existence are also taking into account(7).
The exact causes of NAFLD aren't well understood. Some researchers suggested that certain risk factors such as long-term use of certain medications(8), genetic preposition(8), insulin resistance(8), high cholesterol(8) and triglycerides(8) in the blood, polycystic ovary syndrome(8), metabolic syndrome(8), obesity(8), and type 2 diabetes(8) are associated with the onset of the disease.
Recent studies also found that people with obstructive sleep apnea(11), underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism(10) and underactive pituitary gland (hypopituitarism) (9) also at an increased risk of the NALFD.
Some researchers suggested that unhealthy diet such as high-fat diet may also have a strong implication on NAFLD(12)(13).
Dr. Jensen VS, the lead scientist in the study high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, wrote, "In humans and animal models, excessive intake of dietary fat, fructose, and cholesterol has been linked to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"(13).
And, " Only HFr-fed rats developed dyslipidemia as characterized by higher levels of plasma triglycerides compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). Hepatic dysfunction and inflammation was confirmed in HFD-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.0001), TNF-alpha (p < 0.001) and plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.0001), and in NASH-fed rats by elevated levels of hepatic MCP-1 (p < 0.01), increased hepatic macrophage infiltration (p < 0.001), and higher plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (p < 0.0001) aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.05), haptoglobin (p < 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.01) compared to Control"(13).
According to the statistics, in the US, over 100 million people have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the condition is more double over the past 20 years(14). The disease also is the most prevalent liver disease in children(14).
The prevalence rate of NAFLD is varied among different ethnic groups in the US. Dr. Rich NE, the lead scientist in the investigation of the ethnicity and NAFLD, wrote, "NAFLD prevalence was highest in Hispanics, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Blacks, although differences between groups were smaller in high-risk cohorts (range 47.6%-55.5%) than population-based cohorts (range, 13.0%-22.9%)(15)".
And, "Among patients with NAFLD, the risk of NASH was higher in Hispanics (relative risk, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.98-1.21) and lower in Blacks (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.87) than Whites"(15).
The progression of NAFLD and NASH led to cirrhosis, the late stage of liver scarring are well defined, as the liver tries to heal itself by halting inflammation(16), leading to symptoms of ascites(16)(18), swell esophageal varices(16)(19), hepatic encephalopathy(16)(17) and complications of liver cancer(16)(17) and liver failure(16)(17).
Most people at the early stage NAFLD are asymptomatic, however, as the disease progression into the later stage, most patients experience symptoms of right upper abdominal discomfort(20), fatigue(20), and/or malaise(20), and jaundice(20) with yellowing of the skin and eyes(20).
Most patients with NAFLD have elevated levels of liver enzymes gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)(21) and/or Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)(21) to platelet ratio index (APRI) score(21), and/or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) (21) which are the markers used to predict the severity of liver disease including the fatty liver. A blood test is required if you suspected to have developing nonfatty liver disease.
Conventionally, as of today, there is no effective treatment of NAFLD(22)(23). Weight loss for overweight and obese patients(22) has been recommended through our the industry accompanied by the change of lifestyles(22) such as moderate exercise and reduced intake of alcohol, depending on individuals.
Patients who are hepatitis virus B and C carriers are also recommended to be vaccinated(22).
Given the nature of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the search for effective treatment for NAFLD from the natural sources used over thousands of years in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver disease has been intensified(23). Many secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine have been found to be effective in vivo, vitro and small human trials(24). However, most of them were stopped due to a simple reason. Who will spend billions to prove the thing which has no commercial values? Secondary metabolites, whole foods, and herbal medicine cannot be patented.
Herbal medicines
Herbal medicines have been used as medicines over thousands of year in human history.
1. Herbal Anise
Herbal anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic (61).
In animal NAFLD induced by choline-deficient diet for 90 days, 30 days treatment with hydroethanolic extract (AE) at 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day and essential oil (AO) at 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg/day, reversed plasma levels of total cholesterol962), low-density lipoprotein(62), and triacylglycerol(62) and decrease in high-density lipoprotein level(62) caused by choline-deficient diet in dose-dependent manner.
AE and AO also reduced the elevated levels of enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST)(62) and alanine transaminase (ALT)(62) which are considered as an indication of either liver injury or damage caused by the acute inflammation.
Additionally, anise AE and AO demonstrated a strong effect in ameliorated lipid peroxidation induced by oxidative stress(62) indicated by elevation of plasma level of 8-isoprostane(62) which is correlated to the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
2. Hawthorn Fruit
Hawthorn is shrubs and trees of the genus Crataegus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America(63) used in traditional medicine to treat heart disease and symptoms of heart diseases(63) such as irregular heartbeat(63), high blood pressure(63), chest pain(63), hardening of the arteries(63), circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses(63).
Researchers at The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, in the concerns that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a widespread condition worldwide, and reaffirm the natural treatments of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), launched an investigation to find natural medicines for the treatment of NAFLD without prominent side effects, suggested that hawthorn fruit was one the favorite herb used in TCM for the treatment of NAFLD compared to other herbs(64).
Furthermore, the search of the database of PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 1995 to June 2010 for RCTs comparing either traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulations alone or in combination with placebo, a formula containing hawthorn normalized alanine aminotransferase(65) and disappearance of radiological steatosis(65) in patients with NAFLD, without inducing any side effects(65).
3. Sida rhomboidea Roxb
Sida rhomboidea Roxb is a shrubby weed found growing throughout India belonging to the Malvaceae family, used in North-East India for the treatment of hypolipidemia and diabetes properties(66).
In a high-fat diet (HFD) induced insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice, Sida rhomboidea ROXB. (S. rhomboidea ROXB., SR) compared to mice fed with rosiglitazone (ROS) lowered the plasma(67) and hepatic TC(67), TG(67) and FFA(67) were also significantly lowered (p<0.05) in HFD+SR groups.
According to the efficient clearance of glucose in intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), Sida rhomboidea ROXB also lowered the plasma insulin(67) and fasting insulin resistance(67) levels in HFD+SR groups.
Furthermore, In vivo, sida rhomboidea. Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) supplementation with SRLE significantly prevented HFD induced increment in body weight(68), plasma lipids(68) and leptin(68), visceral adiposity(68)and adipocyte hypertrophy(68) by modulation of related genes expression(68).
In vitro, Roxb leaf extract (SRLE) decreased triglyceride accumulation(68), leptin release(68) and glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate dehydrogenase activity(68) along with higher glycerol release(68) without significant alteration of the viability of 3T3L1 pre-adipocytes(68).
4. Teucrium polium (Golden Germander)
Teucrium polium, known popularly as felty germander, is a sub-shrub and herb, belonging to the Lamiaceae family, native to the western Mediterranean, found abundantly in South-Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, indigestion, common cold, and type 2 diabetes(69).
In nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced in male N‐Mary rats by a methionine/choline‐deficient (MCD) diet, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Teucrium polium, inhibited inflammation(70) and ballooning degeneration by 80%(70) of the rats treated by MCD diet.
Furthermore, EtOAc extract also lowered the lipoprotein profiles(70) and levels of liver oxidative stress(70) markers such as alkaline phosphatase(70), aspartate aminotransferase(70), and alanine aminotransferase(70) by improving the liver superoxide dismutase(70), glutathione peroxidase(70), and glutathione reductase enzymes(70).
Moreover, in N-Mary rats induced NASH by methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks, injection of ethyl acetate fraction of T. polium orally for 3 weeks, lowered the elevated levels of proteins(71) associated with inflammation and malondialdehyde (MDA)(71) in the liver.
The extract increased the levels of antioxidants enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)(71), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(71) and hepatic glutathione (GSH)(71).
In other words, the ethyl acetate fraction of T. poium effectively protected the liver by reversing NASH(71), through its strong antioxidant(71) and anti-inflammatory properties(71).
5. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), and used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol(72)
In rats fed a high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), resveratrol (RSV) administration reversed the abdominal obesity(73), NAFLD(73), and insulin resistance (IR)(73) by 10 weeks.
In vitro, RSV treatment inhibited the triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation(73) in HepG2 cells incubated with a high concentration of glucose(73) and insulin(73).
In other words, resveratrol (RSV) improved NAFLD(73) and IR(73) by suppressing the 2 lipogenesis genes(73) associated with the elevation of NAFLD(73) and IR expression (73).
Additionally, injection of resveratrol (RSV) also found to induced production of hepatic low-density lipoprotein(74) which has been found to process similarly activity as high-density lipoprotein that returns cholesterol to the liver.
6. Milk thistles
Milk Thistle is a flowering plant, in the genus Silybum Adans, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean. The herb has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of liver, kidney, and gall bladder problems(75).
According to the study lead by First Hospital of Jilin University in the review of eight RCTs involving 587 patients with NAFLD, Silymarin (SIL), an active extraction of milk thistle, significantly reduced liver oxidative stress(76) associated with the AST(76) and ALT levels(76).
In other words, SIL improved the liver parameters(76) by reducing transaminases levels(76) in NAFLD patients.
Furthermore, on hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress during the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), administration of SMO decreased the histological injury of the liver(77) and the levels of hepatic triglyceride(77), cholesterol(77) and free fatty acid(77) in HFD-fed mice.
Moreover, SMO administration elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)(77) and catalase (CAT)(77) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(77) and lowered the levels of proteins(77) involved in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines(77) in the liver, thus preventing the onset of NAFLD.
7. Acanthopanax senticosus (Siberian Ginseng)
Acanthopanax senticosus or Siberian Ginseng is an oriental herb belonging to the Araliaceae family commonly distributed throughout the North Eastern parts of Asia, used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, gastric ulcers, and tumors(78).
In obesity in 10 C57BL/6J mice of 10 fed either a normal diet (10 kcal fat%) or high fat diet (60 kcal fat%) given with or without oral administration of A. senticosus extract (ASE; 0.5 g/kg of body weight) for 12 weeks, restored the significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in serum(79) and higher triglyceride accumulation in liver(79), of mice high fat diet without altering the levels of carnitine status(79).
Collectively, oral administration of ASE lowered the weight gain(79), serum LDL-cholesterol concentration(79), and liver triglycerides accumulation(79) in mice with obesity induced by high-fat diets.
In insulin-resistant ob/ob mice with fatty livers, 50% ethanol extract ofAcanthopanax senticosus stem bark (ASSB) reversed the hepatomegaly(80), bt reducing the % liver weight/body weight ratio(80) in 8 weeks.
The ASSB ethanol extract also specifically lowered circulating glucose(80) and lipids(80) and enhanced insulin(80) action in the liver and triglyceride synthesis(80) in non-adipose tissues including liver and skeletal muscle(80).
Genes expression of glucose 6-phosphatase and lipogenic enzymes associated with the development of hepatic steatosis(80) also were reduced by the injection of ASSB ethanol extract.
8. Alisma Orientalis (Alismatis rhizome) or Ze Xie in traditional Chinese Medicine
Ze Xie is also known as Alisma. The sweet, bland and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-pyretic, as anti-bacterial, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antitumor, and anti-allergic medicine(81).
On rats fed with high‐fat diet for six weeks induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), followed by AOME for another six weeks, administration of AOME (150,300 and 600 mg kg−1) markedly decreased the serum and liver lipids(82), fasting serum glucose(82) and improved insulin resistance(82).
AOME lessened the lipid peroxidation(82) and activated antioxidant enzymes(82) through inhibiting the oxidative stress in the liver(82).
Furthermore, according to the tested assays, AOME also protected the liver against injury(82) by reducing the aminotransferase abnormalities(82) and enhanced the hepatomegaly(82).
9. Cissus quadrangularis (Asthisamharaka)
Cissus quadrangularis is a perennial plant, belonging to the grape family, native to India, Srilanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Africa used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome(83)
On oxidant-antioxidant balance and insulin resistance (IR) in rats fed high fat–high fructose diet (HFFD) and free-radical scavenging property in vitro, CQEt addition for for 45 days restored insulin sensitivity (84), liver damage(84), and oxidative changes(84), on (HFFD) rats by and bring back the antioxidants and lipids towards normal(84).
Furthermore, CQEt protected the liver by improving the histopathology(84)of the liver.
In vivo, CQEtin also exerted liver protective effect(84) comparable with that of standard drug, metformin.
In vitro, CQEt exhibited radical scavenging ability(84) in a dose-dependent manner.
In other words, dietary supplementation of CQ extract (10%) for 45 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity(84), reduced liver damage(84), prevented oxidative changes(84).
10. Clerodendron glandulosum
Clerodendron glandulosum is comprised of small trees, shrub sand herbs belonging to the Verbenaceae family, native the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world us in the traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension, fever, diabetes, and abdominal pain(85).
On hyperlipidemic chronically rat fed by a high-fat diet (HL), administration of aqueous extract of Clerodendron glandulosum. Caleb (CG) (400 mg/kg/day) for 90 days, showed to improve the levels of LDL-C (81.36%) (86)and VLDL-C (43%)(86) along with an increase in HDL-C (52.84%)(86).
On alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in high-fat diet fed hyperlipidemic rats, compared to hypolipidemic drug Lovastatin (LVS), injection of ECG exerted a strong effect in experimental hyperlipidemia(86) by a significant alteration in plasma and tissue lipid profiles(86).
Further differentiation of the efficacy of researchers found that ECG reduced absorption(86), improved elimination(86) and augmented catabolism(86) of lipids and cholesterol.
11. Curcuma longa (Turmeric)
Turmeric, principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia used in traditional medicine for the treatment of varies illness, including metabolic syndrome and inflammatory conditions(87).
On C57BL/6 mice fed an HFD for 16 weeks, daily oral administration (os) of the NDS restored the steatosis(88), aortic lesions(88) or carotid artery thickening(88) induced by the HFD.
Furthermore, NDS inhibited dyslipidemia(88) compared to untreated animals.
In other words, NDS prevented the onset of NAFLD and atherogenesis(88) by modulating the expression of different genes(88) involved in NAFLD.
According to the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial conducted on 46 patients with NAFLD (21males and 25 females) aged 20-60 years old and body mass index (BMI) between 24.9 and 40 kg/m2, turmeric group (n = 23) given six turmeric capsules daily for 12 weeks with each capsule contained 500 mg turmeric powder (6×500 mg) showed the decreased serum levels of glucose(89), insulin(89), HOMA-IR(89), and leptin(89) compared to the placebo group without affecting the weight, BMI and liver enzymes.
Collectively, turmeric supplementation inhibited NAFLD complications by improving glucose indexes(89) and serum leptin levels(89).
12. Ginkgo biloba (Maidenhair Tree)
Ginkgo biloba is the oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from the temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of North America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders, and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting(90).
In vivo, on Male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (the control group, GBE group, high-fat diet [HFD] group, and HFD + GBE group) researchers examined the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
According to the experimental results, GBE reduced the elevations of hepatic triglyceride contents(91) and the increased hepatic fatty acids(91) in rat livers caused by HFD.
Furthermore, GBE also enhanced the expression palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) and total activity of the fatty acid β-oxidation rate-limiting enzyme, in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, inflammatory vigor, and pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(91).
The effects of GBE was attributed to its chemical compounds GBE and its ingredients, quercetin, kaempfero, and isorhamnetin worked synergistically to decrease the cellular triglyceride content(91) and promote the expression and total activity of CPT1A(91) in converting fat to energy.
Based on the finding, researchers wrote, "The triglyceride-lowering effect of GBE on the HFD rat liver is closely associated with the increased expression and activity of CPT1A, and the flavonoid ingredients are the major contributors of GBE".
13. Linum usitatissimum (Linseed/Flaxseed)
Flaxseed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad, used in traditional medicine for the treatment of constipation(92).
A double-blinded, randomized, and placebo-controlled study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men suggested that oral administration of SDG (20 or 100 mg) decreases the level of blood cholesterol(93) and liver disease risk factors(93) induced by hypercholesterolemia in humans.
In a study of 30 men with total cholesterol levels of 4.65 to 6.21 mmol/L (180-240 mg/dL), SDG exhibited a significant reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(93) compared to baseline at week 12.
Furthermore, injection of SDG also showed a significant percentage decrease in the levels of glutamic pyruvic transaminase(93) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase(93) associated with liver injury markers relative to the levels at baseline.
In other words, daily administration of 100 mg SDG may be effective in reducing the levels of blood cholesterol(93) and hepatic diseases risk(93) in moderately hypercholesterolemic men.
In the testing of 7-d diets including a low-fiber control diet (Control), a diet with flaxseed fiber drink (3/day) (Flax drink), and a diet with flaxseed fiber bread (3/day) (Flax bread), researchers found that compared to control, Flax drink lowered fasting total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol by 12 and 15%(94), respectively.
Fecal fat and energy excretion increased by 50 and 23% with Flax drink consumption compared to control(94).
In other words, Flax drink decreased plasma total and LDL-cholesterol(94) and increased fat excretion(94).
14. Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus)
Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) is a perennial plant belonging to the Nymphaeaceae family produced individual leaves and flowers directly from the root system and used in traditional medicine for the treatment of respiratory, hepatic, digestive, and reproductive diseases(95).
In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese SD rats, injection of N. nucifera leaves extract. N. nucifera alkaloid (NNA) decreased cell population growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes(96) and increased the apoptotic cells(96) in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduced the body weight(96), the lee's index(96), adipose tissue weight(96), and plasma lipid levels((96) in HFD-induced obese rats.
In vivo, C57BL/6 mice induced obesity by a high-fat diet (HFD), oral administration of NLFE reduced the body weight(97), body lipid accumulation(97), and activities of fatty acid synthase (FAS)(97), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(97), and glutamic pyruvic transaminase(97) associated with the risk of NAFLD.
Additionally, NLFE efficacy in the attenuation of body lipid accumulation(97) and prevention of obesity(97) was associated with the inhibition of lipid-regulated enzymes involved in synthesizing lipids right in the cell(97).
Summary
Taken altogether, phytochemicals, herbal medicines, healthy foods found in the research paper may be considered remedies for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, pending to large sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Histopathology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by G. Thomas Brown, M.D., Ph.D., and David E. Kleiner, M.D., Ph.D. (PMC)
(2) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2015 by Monjur Ahmed. (PMC)
(3) The Global Pattern of Urbanization and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Three Decades by Mingxing Chen, Hua Zhang, 2 Weidong Liu, 1 and Wenzhong Zhang. (PMC)
(4) Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in South Asians: A Review of the Literature by Sital Singh,1 Gabriela N. Kuftinec,2 and Souvik Sarkar. (PMC)
(5) Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the United States by Michael H. Le,1 Pardha Devaki,2 Nghiem B. Ha,3,4 Dae Won Jun,5 Helen S. Te,6Ramsey C. Cheung,4,7 and Mindie H. Nguyen. (PMC)
(6) Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China by Fan JG1, Farrell GC. (PubMed)
(7) Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in the burden of disease by Chris Estes,
1 Homie Razavi, 1 Rohit Loomba, 2 Zobair Younossi, 3 and Arun J. Sanyal. (PMC)(8) Symptoms & Causes of NAFLD & NASH by NIH
(9) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy. by Nishizawa H1, Iguchi G, Murawaki A, Fukuoka H, Hayashi Y, Kaji H, Yamamoto M, Suda K, Takahashi M, Seo Y, Yano Y, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Koga M, Okimura Y, Chihara K, Takahashi Y. (PubMed)
(10) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review by Ahad Eshraghian and Alireza Hamidian Jahromi. (PMC)
(11) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and fatty liver: Association or causal link? by Mohamed H Ahmed and Christopher D Byrne, (PMC)
(12) Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad by Mohamed Asrih, François R. Jornayvaz. (El Sevier)
(13) Dietary fat stimulates the development of NAFLD more potently than dietary fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats by Jensen VS1,2, Hvid H2, Damgaard J2, Nygaard H2, Ingvorsen C3, Wulff EM4, Lykkesfeldt J1, Fledelius C. (PubMed)
(14) Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by NICK G. (The American Liver Foundation)
(15) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Rich NE1, Oji S1, Mufti AR1, Browning JD1, Parikh ND2, Odewole M1, Mayo H3, Singal AG. (PubMed)
(16) Emerging Trends Conference: EMERGING TRENDS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE by AASLD
(17) Hepatic Encephalopathy by the Canadian Liver Foundation
(18) LIVER DISEASE AND ASCITES by Sequana Medical
(19) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease manifesting esophageal variceal bleeding by Tang CP1, Huang YS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. (PubMed)
(20) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Genetic Home Reference. (NIH)
(21) Systematic review: the diagnosis and staging of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by J K Dowman,*† J W Tomlinson,‡ and P N Newsome. (PMC)
(22) Current treatment options for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Melanie D Beaton, MD FRCPC. (PMC)
(23) Herbal medicines and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Hong Yao, Yu-Jie Qiao, Ya-Li Zhao, Xu-Feng Tao, Li-Na Xu, Lian-Hong Yin, Yan Qi, and Jin-Yong Peng. (PMC)
(24) An Overview of Herbal Products and Secondary Metabolites Used for Management of Type Two Diabetes by Ajda Ota and Nataša P. Ulrich. (PubMed)
(61) Popular #Herbs - Anise Kyle J. Norton
(62) Pimpinella anisum L. fruit: Chemical composition and effect on a rat model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Asadollahpoor A1, Abdollahi M2, Rahimi R3,(PubMed)
(63) Popular Herbs - Hawthorn (Crataegus)
(64) Traditional Chinese medicines benefit to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Shi KQ, Fan YC, Liu WY, Li LF, Chen YP, Zheng MH. (PubMed)
(65) The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis by Lu FB1, Hu ED1, Xu LM1, Chen L1, Wu JL1, Li H1, Chen DZ2, Chen YP. (PubMed)
(66) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards in Vitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation by Menaka C. Thounaojam,1 Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja,1 Umed V. Ramani,2 Ranjitsinh V. Devkar,1,*and A. V. Ramachandran. (PMC)
(67) Prevention of High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice by Sida rhomboidea ROXB. Extract by Menaka Chanu Thounaojam, Ravirajsinh Navalsinh Jadeja, Ansarullah, Ranjitsinh Vijaysinh Devkar, A. V. Ramachandran. (Journal of Health Science)
(68) Sida rhomboidea. Roxb Leaf Extract Down-Regulates Expression of PPARγ2 and Leptin Genes in High Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6J Mice and Retards inVitro 3T3L1 Pre-Adipocyte Differentiation
Menaka C. Thounaojam 1, Ravirajsinh N. Jadeja 1, Umed V. Ramani 2, Ranjitsinh V. Devkar 1,* and. V. Ramachandran. ( International Journal of Molecular Science)
(69) Phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Teucrium polium L. (Lamiaceae) by Bahramikia S1, Yazdanparast R. (PubMed)
(70) Teucrium polium in the prevention of steatohepatitis in rats by Rahim Amini, Narges Nosrati, Razieh Yazdanparast, Mahsa Molaei. ( Liver International)
(71) Teucrium polium reversed the MCD diet-induced liver injury in rats by Rahim Amini, Razieh Yazdanparast and Safiyeh Aghazadeh. (Sage Journal)
(72) Popular Herbs - Grapefruit Seed Extract by Kyle J. Norton
(73) Resveratrol improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by activating AMP-activated protein kinase by Shang J1, Chen LL, Xiao FX, Sun H, Ding HC, Xiao H. (PubMed)
(74) SIRT1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by Colak Y1, Ozturk O, Senates E, Tuncer I, Yorulmaz E, Adali G, Doganay L, Enc FY. (PubMed)
(75) Popular #Herbs - Milk Thistle by Kyle J. Norton
(76) The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials by Zhong S1, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Niu J. (PubMed)
(77) Silybum marianum oil attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in high fat diet-fed mice by Zhu SY1, Jiang N2, Yang J3, Tu J4, Zhou Y3, Xiao X3, Dong Y. (PubMed)
(78) Popular #Herbs - #Ginseng, Asian (Panax ginseng) and Ginseng, North America by Kyle J. Norton
(79) Acanthopanax senticosus Extract Prepared from Cultured Cells Decreases Adiposity and Obesity Indices in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High Fat Diet by Youn-Soo Cha, Soon-Jae Rhee, and Young-Ran Heo. (Journal of Medicinal Food)
(80) Acanthopanax senticosus reverses fatty liver disease and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by Sang, Hyun Park, Sang Gil Lee, Sung Keel Kang, and Sung Hyun Chung. (Springer Link)
(81) Chinese Herbs – Ze Xie by Kyle J. Norton
(82) Protective effects of the Alisma Orientalis extract on the experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease byXuezhi Hong, Huiqing Tang, Limao Wu, and Lianda Li. (Wiley Online Library)
(83) Cissus quadrangularis by Wikipedia
(84) Cissus quadrangularis stem alleviates insulin resistance, oxidative injury and fatty liver disease by Chidambaram, Jaya, Carani Venkatraman, and Anuradha. (Science Direct)
(85) Cissus quadrangularis - Wikipedia
(86) Clerodendron glandulosum Coleb., Verbenaceae, ameliorates high fat diet-induced alteration in lipid and cholesterol metabolism in rats by Jadeja RN; Thounaojam MC; Ansarullah; Devkar RV*; Ramachandran AV. (Scielo)
(87) Popular #Herbs - Turmeric (Curcuma longa) by Kyle J. Norton
(88) NAFLD and Atherosclerosis Are Prevented by a Natural Dietary Supplement Containing Curcumin, Silymarin, Guggul, Chlorogenic Acid and Inulin in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet by Amato A1, Caldara GF2, Nuzzo D3, Baldassano S4, Picone P5, Rizzo M6, Mulè F7, Di Carlo M. (PubMed)
(89) Turmeric Supplementation Improves Serum Glucose Indices and Leptin Levels in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases by Navekar R1, Rafraf M1, Ghaffari A1, Asghari-Jafarabadi M2, Khoshbaten M. (PubMed)
(90) Popular Herbs - Ginkgo biloba by Kyle J. Norton
(91) Inhibitory effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on fatty liver: Regulation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a and fatty acid metabolism by Shi Dong Wang, Zuoquan Xie, Jia Chen and Ke Wang. (Research Gate)
(92) Superfoods - Flaxseed oil by Kyle J. Norton
(93) Flaxseed lignan lowers blood cholesterol and decreases liver disease risk factors in moderately hypercholesterolemic men by Fukumitsu S1, Aida K, Shimizu H, Toyoda K. (PubMed)
(94) Flaxseed dietary fibers lower cholesterol and increase fecal fat excretion, but the magnitude of the effect depends on food type by Kristensen M1, Jensen MG, Aarestrup J, Petersen KE, Søndergaard L, Mikkelsen MS, Astrup A. (PubMed)
(95) A comprehensive review on Nymphaea stellata: A traditionally used bitter by M. K. Mohan Maruga Raja, Neeraj Kumar Sethiya, and S. H. Mishra. (PMC)
(96) Nelumbo nucifera alkaloid inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and improves high-fat-diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation in rats by Xie Bin, Wan Jin, Wang Wenqing, and Shi Chunyang. (Research Gate)
(97) Improvement in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Body Fat Accumulation by a Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Flavonoid-Rich Extract in Mice by Cheng-Hsun Wu, Mon-Yuan Yang, Kuei-Chuan Chan, and Pei-Jun Chung. (Research Gate)
Monday, May 13, 2019
Ginger Protects the Joints Against Osteoarthritis In Human Trials
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a form of arthritis, found in the general term of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) characterized by the wear and tear on joints.
The chronic and medical condition affects over 25 million people in the United States alone.
The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain, stiffness, or difficulty of moving the joint or joints. Therefore one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), compared to other types of arthritis.
Furthermore, the pain usually gets worse ina change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, and the pain can occur even at rest.
If you have some of the aforementioned symptoms, please make sure that you check with your doctor to rule out the possibility of osteoarthritis
Conventionally, management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improves physical function through pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and surgical treatments if it is necessary.
If you are currently taking some of the medications for the treatment of osteoarthritis, please make sure you know all the side effect for preventive measure.
Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of osteoarthritis, some researchers suggested that the increase in age is one of the disease prevalent factor found in the aging population.
Dr. Richard F. Loeser, said, "Basic aging studies in non-articular cells suggest that cell stress or cell damage response contributes to chronic inflammation that promotes age-related diseases. This cellular response results in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype which has many of the characteristics of an OA chondrocyte in terms of the cytokines, chemokines, and proteases produced".
And, "Because OA occurs in older adults who also have age-related changes in muscle, bone, fat, and the nervous system, it is likely that a more general and systemic approach will be needed to better understand the link between aging and OA".
The result strongly indicated the increased risk of osteoarthritis in the elderly.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root, the second superfood used for thousands of years by mankind, is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil.
The root has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of osteoarthritis assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of oral ginger for the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).
The study included 68 participants with osteoarthritis were randomly assigned evenly to receive standard treatment with or without self-knee massage with ginger oil twice a week.
At the end of the first and fifth week, participants in both groups were assessed regarding pain and functional state.
According to the assessed results, the mean Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain scores of the intervention group were significantly lower at the end of the first and fifth weeks compared to control.
Furthermore, the mean total scores and mean Function subscale scores of the functionality in activities of daily living with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were significantly lower in the intervention group in the first- and fifth-week assessments, also compared to control.
The results strongly suggested that self-massage of the knee with ginger oil should be used combined with standard medical treatment for osteoarthritis patients.
Based on the findings, Dr.Tosun B, the lead scientist said, "Nurses can easily train patients and their caregivers on knee massage, and the intervention can be implemented by patients at home without any restrictions on location".
In order to reveal more information about the ginger effect on osteoarthritis, researchers launched a systematic literature search followed by meta-analyses on selected studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral ginger treatment with placebo in OA patients aged >18 years.
According to the Hedges' standardized mean difference (SMD), and safety by risk ratio (RR), out of 122 retrieved references, 117 were discarded, leaving five trials (593 patients) for meta-analyses.
Ginger intake showed a statistically significant pain reduction with a low degree of inconsistency among trials.
Quality of life from the selected trials also statistically and significantly improved in favor of the ginger group.
Interestingly, patients given ginger were more than twice as likely to discontinue treatment compared to placebo.
The results exerted a similar efficacy as seen in the aforementioned study.
Take all together, ginger may be used alone or combined primary therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis, pending to the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.
Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight
How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professionals Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Kyle J. Norton Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Efficacy and safety of ginger in osteoarthritis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials by Bartels EM1, Folmer VN2, Bliddal H2, Altman RD3, Juhl C4, Tarp S2, Zhang W5, Christensen R. (PubMed)
(2) Effects of Self-Knee Massage With Ginger Oil in Patients With Osteoarthritis: An Experimental Study by Tosun B, Unal N, Yigit D, Can N, Aslan O, Tunay S.(PubMed)
(3) Aging and Osteoarthritis by Richard F. Loeser. (PMC)
The chronic and medical condition affects over 25 million people in the United States alone.
The characteristics of osteoarthritis are aching pain, stiffness, or difficulty of moving the joint or joints. Therefore one must understand the differences in prevalence and incidence estimates of osteoarthritis (OA), compared to other types of arthritis.
Furthermore, the pain usually gets worse ina change of weather, at night and in the advanced diseases, and the pain can occur even at rest.
If you have some of the aforementioned symptoms, please make sure that you check with your doctor to rule out the possibility of osteoarthritis
Conventionally, management of osteoarthritis (OA) focuses on pain relief and improves physical function through pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and surgical treatments if it is necessary.
If you are currently taking some of the medications for the treatment of osteoarthritis, please make sure you know all the side effect for preventive measure.
Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of osteoarthritis, some researchers suggested that the increase in age is one of the disease prevalent factor found in the aging population.
Dr. Richard F. Loeser, said, "Basic aging studies in non-articular cells suggest that cell stress or cell damage response contributes to chronic inflammation that promotes age-related diseases. This cellular response results in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype which has many of the characteristics of an OA chondrocyte in terms of the cytokines, chemokines, and proteases produced".
And, "Because OA occurs in older adults who also have age-related changes in muscle, bone, fat, and the nervous system, it is likely that a more general and systemic approach will be needed to better understand the link between aging and OA".
The result strongly indicated the increased risk of osteoarthritis in the elderly.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root, the second superfood used for thousands of years by mankind, is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil.
The root has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of osteoarthritis assessed the clinical efficacy and safety of oral ginger for the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).
The study included 68 participants with osteoarthritis were randomly assigned evenly to receive standard treatment with or without self-knee massage with ginger oil twice a week.
At the end of the first and fifth week, participants in both groups were assessed regarding pain and functional state.
According to the assessed results, the mean Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Pain scores of the intervention group were significantly lower at the end of the first and fifth weeks compared to control.
Furthermore, the mean total scores and mean Function subscale scores of the functionality in activities of daily living with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) were significantly lower in the intervention group in the first- and fifth-week assessments, also compared to control.
The results strongly suggested that self-massage of the knee with ginger oil should be used combined with standard medical treatment for osteoarthritis patients.
Based on the findings, Dr.Tosun B, the lead scientist said, "Nurses can easily train patients and their caregivers on knee massage, and the intervention can be implemented by patients at home without any restrictions on location".
In order to reveal more information about the ginger effect on osteoarthritis, researchers launched a systematic literature search followed by meta-analyses on selected studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing oral ginger treatment with placebo in OA patients aged >18 years.
According to the Hedges' standardized mean difference (SMD), and safety by risk ratio (RR), out of 122 retrieved references, 117 were discarded, leaving five trials (593 patients) for meta-analyses.
Ginger intake showed a statistically significant pain reduction with a low degree of inconsistency among trials.
Quality of life from the selected trials also statistically and significantly improved in favor of the ginger group.
Interestingly, patients given ginger were more than twice as likely to discontinue treatment compared to placebo.
The results exerted a similar efficacy as seen in the aforementioned study.
Take all together, ginger may be used alone or combined primary therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis, pending to the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Efficacy and safety of ginger in osteoarthritis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials by Bartels EM1, Folmer VN2, Bliddal H2, Altman RD3, Juhl C4, Tarp S2, Zhang W5, Christensen R. (PubMed)
(2) Effects of Self-Knee Massage With Ginger Oil in Patients With Osteoarthritis: An Experimental Study by Tosun B, Unal N, Yigit D, Can N, Aslan O, Tunay S.(PubMed)
(3) Aging and Osteoarthritis by Richard F. Loeser. (PMC)
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