Sunday, December 29, 2013

@Herbal Arnica

Arnica is a herbaceous species, genus perennial, belonging to the family Asteraceae, antive to Europe and Asia. It has been used in herbal medicine for centuries to treat strains, sprains, and bruises.

The ingredients
Beside containing contain helenalin as it main ingredient used as anti-inflammatory agent in herbal medicine, it also contains 11,13- dihydrohelenaline, chamissonolid, Sesquiterpene lactone, lignans of the furofuran, dibenzylbutyrolactone, dibenzylbutyrolactol types, pinoresinol, epipinoresinol, phillygenin, matairesinol, nortrachelogenin, and nortracheloside, six dibenzylbutyrolactol derivative, etc.


1. Herbal Arnica  and bruising
Bruising, also known as contusion, is defined as a condition of damage to capillaries and sometimes venules as a result of trauma of that allowing blood to seep, hemorrhage, or extravasate into the surrounding interstitial tissues.

The Benefits
Bruising happens quite often in our life and in most case it will resolve by itself. Pai ful brusing may be treated over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve). In some cases, it may be result of certain medical condition and attention of your doctor may be necessary, such as an infection of the valves of the heart (endocarditis) or abnormal function of the blood-clotting elements (platelets), bleeding within the abdomen, etc. Homeopathic arnica is widely believed to control bruising, reduce swelling and promote recovery after local trauma.  In a double (patient and rater) blinded randomized controlled study of dermatological procedures can result in disfiguring bruises that resolve slowly of healthy volunteers, age range 21-65 years, topical 20% arnica ointment may be able to reduce bruising more effectively than placebo and more effectively than low-concentration vitamin K formulations, such as 1% vitamin K with 0·3% retinol. In other in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial with three parallel arms. 64 adults undergoing elective surgery for carpal tunnel syndrome were randomized to take three tablets daily of homeopathic arnica 30C or 6C or placebo for seven days before surgery and fourteen days after surgery, showed that homeopathic arnica has an advantage over placebo in reducing postoperative pain, bruising and swelling in patients undergoing elective hand surgery.

References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)
(4). Arnica (Arnica montana) by Sigma Aldrich
(5) Accelerated resolution of laser-induced bruising with topical 20% arnica: a rater-blinded randomized controlled trial. by Leu S, Havey J, White LE, Martin N, Yoo SS, Rademaker AW, Alam M.(PubMed)
(6) Homeopathic arnica for prevention of pain and bruising: randomized placebo-controlled trial in hand surgery. by Stevinson C, Devaraj VS, Fountain-Barber A, Hawkins S, Ernst E.(Pubmed)

2. Herbal Arnica and Antibacterial and antifungal activity
Arnica is a herbaceous species, genus perennial, belonging to the family Asteraceae, antive to Europe and Asia. It has been used in herbal medicine for centuries to treat strains, sprains, and bruises.

The benefits
Arnica have been used for thousands of years in folk medicine for several purposes. Vegetal extracts from Arnica--Arnica montana has demonstrated antimicrobial activity preferentially directed against the planktonic fungal and bacterial growth, and to be suggested as are a significant source of natural alternatives to antimicrobial therapy, thus avoiding antibiotic therapy. On the other hand, it also  showed slight antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens.

 
References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)
(4) In vitro antimicrobial activity of Romanian medicinal plants hydroalcoholic extracts on planktonic and adhered cells by Stanciuc AM, Gaspar A, Moldovan L, Saviuc C, Popa M, Măruţescu L.(PubMed)
(5) In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and Arnica montana against oral pathogens by Koo H, Gomes BP, Rosalen PL, Ambrosano GM, Park YK, Cury JA.(PubMed)

3. Herbal Arnica and Antiinflammatory activity
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The benefits
Several species in the genus Arnica have been used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory-related disorders. Arnica montana 6cH has exerted its anti-inflammatory effect within 6 hours after applying as it blocked the action of histamine in increasing vascular permeability. Other in the study of the helenalin, a flavonoid responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of arnica montana extract, and aloin, an anthrone-C-glucosyls with antibacterial activity present in aloe vera extract, found that
a microemulsion can be a good vehicle to increase the permeation of helenalin, while the gel formulation, containing Sepigel 305, proved able to reduce the release and permeation of aloin, with a consequent activity limited to the surface of application, without any permeation.

 
References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)
(4) Anti-inflammatory activity of Arnica montana 6cH: preclinical study in animals by Macêdo SB, Ferreira LR, Perazzo FF, Carvalho JC.(PubMed)
(5) Effect of vehicles on topical application of aloe vera and arnica montana components by Bergamante V, Ceschel GC, Marazzita S, Ronchi C, Fini A.(PubMed)

4.  Herbal Arnica and Colon Cancers
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

The benefits
Lychnophora ericoides extracts from Brazilian arnica has protective influence on the process of colon carcinogenesis, suppressing both the initiation and the promotion of colonic carcinogenesis, as it significant decrease in the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and an attenuation of the increase in cell proliferation induced by DMH, in rat study. Other in the evaluation of Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones from Arnica species, showed that the most flavonoids showed moderate to low cytotoxicity, as compared with the reference compound cisplatin against COLO 320.

 
References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)

 (4) The protective role of Lychnophora ericoides Mart. (Brazilian arnica) in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis by Fernandes CR, Turatti A, Gouvea DR, Gobbo-Neto L, Diniz A, Ribeiro-Silva A, Lopes NP, Garcia SB.(PubMed)(5) Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones from Arnica species against the GLC4 and the COLO 320 cell lines by Woerdenbag HJ, Merfort I, Passreiter CM, Schmidt TJ, Willuhn G, van Uden W, Pras N, Kampinga HH, Konings AW.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Arnica and Alleviated pain
Arnica is a herbaceous species, genus perennial, belonging to the family Asteraceae, antive to Europe and Asia. It has been used in herbal medicine for centuries to treat strains, sprains, and bruises.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.
Pain is a feeling triggered in the nervous system as a result of often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.

The Benefits
Arnica has been used in folk medicine as a treatment for bruising and swelling. Arnica administration of the herb is significant reduction in pain experienced after 2 weeks in the Arnica-treated group. Other in the study to determine if topical Arnica is effective in reducing pain, showed although its application of topical Arnica did not affect any performance assessments or markers of muscle damage or inflammation, however it demonstrates the possibility of providing pain relief three days post-eccentric exercise and Pain scores on legs treated with arnica were also higher than scores on those receiving placebo 24 hours after exercise.
 
 
References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)

(4) Use of Arnica to relieve pain after carpal-tunnel release surgery by Jeffrey SL, Belcher HJ.(PubMed)
(5) The effects of topical Arnica on performance, pain and muscle damage after intense eccentric exercise by Pumpa KL, Fallon KE, Bensoussan A, Papalia S.(PubMed)
(6) The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed)

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6. Herbal Arnica and wound healing
Arnica is a herbaceous species, genus perennial, belonging to the family Asteraceae, antive to Europe and Asia. It has been used in herbal medicine for centuries to treat strains, sprains, and bruises.
Wound healing is process of repairing after damage of skin, tissues, organs, etc.


The ingredients
Beside containing contain helenalin as it main ingredient used as anti-inflammatory agent in herbal medicine, it also contains 11,13- dihydrohelenaline, chamissonolid, Sesquiterpene lactone, lignans of the furofuran, dibenzylbutyrolactone, dibenzylbutyrolactol types, pinoresinol, epipinoresinol, phillygenin, matairesinol, nortrachelogenin, and nortracheloside, six dibenzylbutyrolactol derivative.

The Benefits
Homeopathic remedy (0712-2) from Arnica montana exerted wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with low potency at a dilution of 1:100 promoted in vitro wound closure by 59.5%, but its homeopathic arnica preparation (D4), is found to be superior than diclofenac to reduce wound irritation. Topical Hypericum perforatum L. and Arnica montana L. in other study was found to be effective on experimental wound healing on skin surgical incision surgically induced on the back of Wistar rats.

 
References
1. The effect of topical arnica on muscle pain" by Adkison JD, Bauer DW, Chang T.(PubMed).
2. Cosmetics and herbal remedies with Compositae plant extracts - are they tolerated by Compositae-allergic patients?" by Paulsen E, Chistensen LP, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
(3) Contact allergy to Compositae plants in patients with atopic dermatitis. [Article in English, Serbian]" by Jovanović M, Poljacki M, Duran V, Vujanović L, Sente R, Stojanović S.,(PubMed)

(4) A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John's wort and comfrey accelerates in vitro wound scratch closure of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by Hostanska K, Rostock M, Melzer J, Baumgartner S, Saller R.(PubMed)
(5) Efficacy of Arnica montana D4 for healing of wounds after Hallux valgus surgery compared to diclofenac by Karow JH, Abt HP, Fröhling M, Ackermann H.(PubMed)
(6) Effects of microcurrent application alone or in combination with topical Hypericum perforatum L. and Arnica montana L. on surgically induced wound healing in Wistar rats by Castro FC, Magre A, Cherpinski R, Zelante PM, Neves LM, Esquisatto MA, Mendonça FA, Santos GM.(PubMed)

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Saturday, December 28, 2013

@Herbal Anise

Anise is a flowering plant ofthe species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belonging to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region. The popular herb has been used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, stimulant and tonic agent to treat head-lice and mites, increase blood pressure, prevent formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract and menstrual cramps, etc.

Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient Anethole, it also contains, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.

1. Herbal Anise  and Menstrual Cramps and pain in dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) is defined as a condition of severe uterine pain during 
menstruation. Some women may experience periodic pains during or prior to, or after menstrual periods in the lower abdomen as resulting of over production of certain hormones in the prostaglandins family. In traditional Chinese medicine, dysmenorrhea is defined as a pain in the lower abdomen, appearing with menstrual cycle that can spread over to the whole abdomen and lumbosacral region, depending to diagnosis.
The benefits
Anise contains certain chemical compounds in relieving the cramps and pain of primary dysmenorrhea, due to immature of the reproductive organs of young girls, according to the study of herbal drug group  given 500 mg of highly purified saffron, celery seed, and anise (SCA) extracts three times a day for three days. Other in the study of Herbal combination of Women were taken either mefenamic acid, an herbal combination of saffron/celery seed extract in combination with either anise or fennel from the onset of bleeding or pain for three days each cycle and followed for two to three cycles found that women taking the SCA herbal combination had a decrease in pain intensity and duration as did those in the mefenamic acid group  and both had statistically significant reductions in pain scores and pain duration compared with the women in the placebo group.

References
1. "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)
2. Aniseed-induced nocturnal tongue angioedema` by Gázquez García V, Gaig Jané P, Bartolomé Zavala B., (PubMed)
3. Herbal combination for primary dysmenorrhea  by Tori Hudson, ND
4.  The herb possess potent CNS depressant action and anxiolytic effect
4. The effect of an Iranian herbal drug on primary dysmenorrhea: a clinical controlled trial.
Nahid K, Fariborz M, Ataolah G, Solokian S.(PubMed)

2. Star anise (Illicium verum) and Central nervous system activity
Ba Jiao Hui Xiang also known Chinese Star Anise is a spice which has been used in traditional Chinese cooking for thousand of years from a small evergreen tree, native in southwest China. The acrid and warm herb has been used in TCM an Antibiotic agent and to treat hernia, chronic lower back pain, vomiting due to coldness in stomach, pain and coldness in stomach. etc. as it disperses cold moves qi and calms pain by enhancing the functions of liver, kidney, spleen, stomach channels.
Central nervous system include is the part of the nervous system of the brain and spinal cord with function of integrates information it receives from for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of your body.

Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient Anethole, it also contains, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.


The benefits
Many studies have reports toxicity of Anise in 2 000 mg/kg as toxicological dose. In the study of 1/10 of the toxicological dose taken, the extracts of I. verum possess potent CNS depressant action and anxiolytic effect without interfering with motor coordination. Other in the study of macranthol, a triphenyl lignan isolated from Illicium dunnianum, indicated that macranthol produced antidepressant-like effect, which may be mediated by serotonergic and neuroendocrine system. Unfortunately, certain components have been found to decreased the locomotion enhanced by methamphetamine and demonstrated the analgesia on acetic acid-induced writhing and tail pressure pain at doses dependent manner.
The Side Effects
1. If you have high blood pressure or pregnant please consult with your doctor or related field specialist before applying.
2. Star Anise is toxic.
3. Skin Irritation
4. Allergic reaction such as mouth and lip inflammation.
5. Etc.
References
(1) Central nervous system activity of Illicium verum fruit extracts by Chouksey D, Upmanyu N, Pawar RS.(PubMed)
(2) Antidepressant-like effect of macranthol isolated from Illicium dunnianum tutch in mice by Li J, Geng D, Xu J, Weng LJ, Liu Q, Yi LT.(PubMed)
(3) Neurotropic components from star anise (Illicium verum Hook. fil.) by Nakamura T, Okuyama E, Yamazaki M.(PubMed)
(4) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)

3. Herbal Anise and Breast cancer
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The benefits 
Genetic mutation of DNA play key roles in the development of human breast cancers. (NF-kappaB), the a protein responsible for cytokine production and cell survival, has been implicated in oncogenesis of breast cancers and is known to be associated with resistance to anticancer agents and apoptosis, there fore, Blocking NF-kappaB signaling may represent a therapeutic strategy in breast cancer therapy. epoxypseudoisoeugenol-2-methylbutyrate (EPB), a component of Anise, inhibited the proliferation of both MCF-7 and BT-549 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. EPB induced cell cycle arrest in G(1)/G(0) phase and apoptosis in both MCF-7 and BT 549 cells. Other in the study of aqueous extractsof Pimpinella anisum, indicated that extracts studied at a concentration range 10-100 microg/mL stimulate osteoblastic cell differentiation and exhibit antiestrogenic effect on breast cancer cells without proliferative effects on cervical adenocarcinoma cells.

References
(4) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)
(2)  Inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated transcription and induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by epoxypseudoisoeugenol-2-methyl butyrate by Ma G, Tabanca N, Husnu Can Baser K, Kirimer N, Pasco DS, Khan IA, Khan SI.(PubMed)
(3)Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)-like properties by Kassi E, Papoutsi Z, Fokialakis N, Messari I, Mitakou S, Moutsatsou P.(PubMed)

4. Herbal Anise and Constipation
Constipation is a condition of bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Statistic showed that constipation most often are women, adults ages 65 and older.

The benefits 
In the study of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Sambucus nigra L., and Cassia augustifoli, is found to be laxative efficacy and a safe alternative option for the treatment of constipation.

References
(4) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed) (2) Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation by Picon PD, Picon RV, Costa AF, Sander GB, Amaral KM, Aboy AL, Henriques AT.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Anise and anti-viral effects
Anti-viral effects is an act of certain substances to cause the destruction of an virus.

The benefits 
In three antiviral and immunostimulating substances (LC1, LC2 and LC3) Extract of seeds of Pimpinella anisum, lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCs) showed antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and -2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and measles virus. LCs were also found to interfere with virus adsorption to the host cell surface and directly inactivate viruses. Furthermore, they enhanced nitric oxide (NO) production by inducing iNOS mRNA and protein expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Other in the study showed essential oils of herbal Anise exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti.
 
References
(1) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)
(2) Antiviral and immunostimulating effects of lignin-carbohydrate-protein complexes from Pimpinella anisum. by Lee JB, Yamagishi C, Hayashi K, Hayashi T.(PubMed)
(3)Efficacy of anise oil, dwarf-pine oil and chamomile oil against thymidine-kinase-positive and thymidine-kinase-negative herpesviruses by Koch C, Reichling J, Kehm R, Sharaf MM, Zentgraf H, Schneele J, Schnitzler P.(PubMed)

6. Herbal Anise and Tongue squamous carcinoma
Anise is a flowering plant ofthe species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belonging to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region. The popular herb has been used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, stimulant and tonic agent to treat head-lice and mites, increase blood pressure, prevent formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract and menstrual cramps, etc.
Tongue cancers is defined as an abnormal cell growth in the tongue.

The benefits
Safrole, a chemical component found in anise, induced apoptosis in human tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-4 cells and the The induction of apoptosis is involved in mitochondria- and caspase-dependent signal pathways. Aloe-emodin one of anthraquinones, found in aniseed, has been shown to have anticancer activity in different kinds of human cancer cell lines. In tough cancers, it induced apoptosis in the SCC-4 cells through the Fas/death-receptor, mitochondria and caspase cascade and may be considered as a potent agent in treating the disease.

References
(1) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)

(2) Safrole induces cell death in human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells through mitochondria-dependent caspase activation cascade apoptotic signaling pathways by Yu FS, Huang AC, Yang JS, Yu CS, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Chiu CF, Chung JG. (PubMed)
(3) Aloe-emodin induces cell death through S-phase arrest and caspase-dependent pathways in human tongue squamous cancer SCC-4 cells by Chiu TH, Lai WW, Hsia TC, Yang JS, Lai TY, Wu PP, Ma CY, Yeh CC, Ho CC, Lu HF, Wood WG, Chung JG.(PubMed)


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7. Herbal Anise and Antifungal activity
Anise is a flowering plant ofthe species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belonging to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region. The popular herb has been used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, carminative, digestive, expectorant, stimulant and tonic agent to treat head-lice and mites, increase blood pressure, prevent formation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract and menstrual cramps, etc.
Candida albicans is a member of a large group of organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within the membranes, including yeast and mold that live among the gut flora in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. In fact, under normal circumstances, Candida albicans that does cause harmful effects, but overgrowth results in candidiasis.

Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient Anethole, it also contains, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.

The Benefits
P-anisaldehyde (1), o-anisaldehyde (2)  found in anise is found to process the anti fungal activity against Candida, including azole-resistant strains, advocating further investigation for clinical applications in the treatment of fungal infections. In other study, anise fruits Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae) extract showed antimycotic activity against Candida albicans and inhibited the growth of dermatophyte species (Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and M. gypseum). Anise essential oil also  exhibited stronger antifungal activities against yeasts and dermatophytes with MIC values between 0.10 and 1.56%.

The Side Effects 1. If you have high blood pressure or pregnant please consult with your doctor or related field specialist before applying.
2. Star Anise is toxic.
3. Skin Irritation
4. Allergic reaction such as mouth and lip inflammation.
5. Etc.

References
(1) "[Apparent life-threatening event in infants: think about star anise intoxication!].[Article in French] by Perret C, Tabin R, Marcoz JP, Llor J, Cheseaux JJ.,  (PubMed)
(2) Interesting anticandidal effects of anisic aldehydes on growth and proton-pumping-ATPase-targeted activity by Shreaz S, Bhatia R, Khan N, Ahmad SI, Muralidhar S, Basir SF, Manzoor N, Khan LA.(PubMed)
(3) Antifungal activity of fluid extract and essential oil from anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae) by Kosalec I, Pepeljnjak S, Kustrak D.(PubMed)








@Herbal Andrographis



Andrographis paniculata is also known as Andrographis is a herbaceous plant, genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic in treating the common cold, flu, upper respiratory infections, infectious diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, leprosy, bronchitis, sore throats, tuberculosis, chicken pox, etc.
The Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient andrographolides, giving the plant a bitter taste, other ingredients includediterpene lactones, such as: neoandrographolide, andrographiside, 14-doexy-11, 12-didehydro andrographolide, etc., flavonoinds viz., oroxylin, wogonin, andrographidines A, B, C, D, E, F.

1. The benefits of Andrographis paniculata on Rheumatoid Arthritis 
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined a chronic disorder as a result of inflammation, affecting mostly the flexible (synovial) joints and tissues and organs in the body. The disease affects more women than in men and generally occurs after the ages of 40 and diminishes the quality of life of many elders.

Andrographis paniculata (AP) possesses anti-inflammatory effects, as a result of its main constituent andrographolide proposed as alternative in the treatment of autoimmune disease, according to the study of Tablets (Paractin) made of an extract of A. paniculata (30% total andrographolides) were administered three times a day for 14 weeks, after a 2-week washout period to 60 patients with active RA. In the study of osteoclast formation, AP suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through attenuating NF-κB and ERK/MAPK signalling pathways in vitro, thus preventing bone loss in vivo. of which may be a potential therapeutic natural compound for the treatment of osteoclast-related bone diseases. Other in the study of he pseudo-tumoral expansion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), showed that andrographolide exerts anti-growth and pro-apoptotic effects on RAFLSs, thus may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of RA. by induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes.

References
1. Andrographis paniculata, http://essenherb.com/plant1.html
2. Efficacy of an Andrographis paniculata composition for the relief of rheumatoid arthritis symptoms: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial, by Burgos RA, Hancke JL, Bertoglio JC, Aguirre V, Arriagada S, Calvo M, Cáceres DD. (PubMed)
3. Andrographolide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. by Yan J, Chen Y, He C, Yang ZZ, Lü C, Chen XS.(PubMed)
4. Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)


2. Herbal Andrographis Hepatoprotective effect
Andrographis paniculata is also known as Andrographis is a herbaceous plant, genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic in treating the common cold, flu, upper respiratory infections, infectious diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, leprosy, bronchitis, sore throats, tuberculosis, chicken pox, etc.
Cirrhosis is defined as a condition of irreversible scarring liver as a result of liver tissue by fibrosis due to final phase of chronic liver diseases of that can lead to poor function of the liver and liver failure. According to the statistics, Number of discharges with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis as the first-listed diagnosis: 101,000 in 2009 and Deaths per 100,000 population: 10.3 in 2010(a). Hepatitis B infection cause of the disease is very prevalent in South-East Asia.

The Herbal Andrographis Hepatoprotective effect
Administration of containing spray-dried aqueous extracts of Andrographis paniculata Nees. (Acanthaceae) PHF found to be pepatoprotective effect by significantly inhibited paracetamol, CCl(4) and ethanol-induced elevation levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALP, DB and LDH with little side effect, according to the study. Other in the study to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Andrographis lineata (Acanthaceae) extracts in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in rats, showed that the extracts exhibited hepatoprotective action and may be be considered to be used as a hepatoprotective agent. Also the chemical constituent andrographolide (AN) found in Andrographis, significantly restores serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase  level.


References
(1) Hepatoprotective effect of poly herbal formulation against various hepatotoxic agents in rats.
(2) Hepatoprotective effect of leaf extracts of Andrographis lineata nees on liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride in rats. by Sangameswaran B, Reddy TC, Jayakar B.(PubMed
(3) Enhancement of absorption and hepatoprotective potential through soya-phosphatidylcholine-andrographolide vesicular system. by Jain PK, Khurana N, Pounikar Y, Gajbhiye A, Kharya MD.(PubMed
(4) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)

3. Herbal Andrographis and Cancers 
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death. 

The benefits of Herbal Andrographis in Cancers
Andrographolide (Andro) is a diterpenoid that is isolated from Andrographis paniculata, has exerted it anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects from sequenced combinations of andrographolide and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell lines. In other study, Andrographolide, a chemical constituent isolated from the Leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees, significantly reduced the expression of hVEGF-A165 compared with a mock group in the Clara cells of the lungs and its anticancer and immunomodulatory activities may be potential to provide a cure for pulmonary tumors and a cancer therapeutic agent in the future.
 
Reference
(1) Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects from sequenced combinations of andrographolide and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell lines. by Yunos NM, Mutalip SS, Jauri MH, Yu JQ, Huq F.(PubMed
(2) Therapeutic Potential of Andrographolide Isolated from the Leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees for Treating Lung Adenocarcinomas. by Tung YT, Chen HL, Tsai HC, Yang SH, Chang YC, Chen CM.(PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide, a potential cancer therapeutic agent isolated from Andrographis paniculata. by Rajagopal S, Kumar RA, Deevi DS, Satyanarayana C, Rajagopalan R.(PubMed)
(4) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
4. Herbal Andrographis and Gastric Ulcer
Gastric ulcers is defined as a condition of a localized tissue erosion in the lining the stomach. as a result of bacteria Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) in most cases. 

 4. Herbal Andrographis gastroprotective effects
Andrographolide, a chief component of the leaves of Andrographis paniculata has been found to be gastroprotective effects as its antioxidants and mucin levels were significantly maintained in the gastric tissue of drug-pretreated animals with toxic effects in normal rats. hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata (HAEAP), another chemical compound of Andrographis, has also exerted its overprotective effect by regulating effect on H(+)K(+)ATPase activity and /or mucin preserving effects and flavonoids presence in maintaining the antioxidants and thiol status in the gastrointestinal tract.
In some other studies pretreatment with ethonolic extract of A. paniculata ethanolic provided significant protection against gastric ulcer by regulating of pH, mucous production and antioxidant property.

References
(1) A biochemical study on the gastroprotective effect of andrographolide in rats induced with gastric ulcer. by Saranya P, Geetha A, Selvamathy SM.(PubMed)
(2) A biochemical study on the gastroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata in rats. by Panneerselvam S, Arumugam G.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant and gastroprotective activities of Andrographis paniculata (Hempedu Bumi) in Sprague Dawley rats. by Wasman SQ, Mahmood AA, Chua LS, Alshawsh MA, Hamdan S.(PubMed)
(4) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)

5. Herbal Andrographis and common cold
Cold and flu are the most commonly occurring illnesses in the entire world, with more than 1 billion colds per year reported in the United States alone. The common cold is a self-limiting illness caused by any 1 of more than 200 viruses. Influenza is no minor illness. If you are senior or have a serious heart and lung disease, you are at the greatest risk for coming down with a dangerous case of flu because your immune system might not be strong enough to fend off the infection.

The benefits
In United States,  common old causes 189 million lost school days and Influenza infection leads of morbidity and mortality, accounting for 20-25 million doctor visits and 36,000 deaths per year, Andrographis paniculata and nutritional considerations (vitamins A and C, zinc, high lactoferrin whey protein, N-acetylcysteine, and DHEA) that may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions. Andrographis paniculata SHA-10 extract, had found to be very effective supplement in reducing the prevalence and intensity of the symptoms in uncomplicated common cold beginning at day two of treatment. Andrographis paniculata dried extract found in Kan Jang tablets, attributable protective effect of Kan Jang of 33%, against common colds during the winter period.

References
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed
(2) Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations by Roxas M, Jurenka J.(PubMed)
(3) Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to asses the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study by Cáceres DD, Hancke JL, Burgos RA, Sandberg F, Wikman GK.(PubMed)
(4) Prevention of common colds with Andrographis paniculata dried extract. A Pilot double blind trial by Cáceres DD, Hancke JL, Burgos RA, Wikman GK. (PubMed)

6. Herbal Andrographis and Heart diseases
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart.
The benefits
Neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Herbal Andrographis showed the cardioprotective effects by the suppression of oxidative stress and preservation of histoarchitecture of myofibrils along with improvement of haemodynamic and ventricular functions. Thromboembolic disorder is the development of clots within a blood vessel,
Andrographolide, a novel nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibitor, with  the various medicinal properties of andrographolide may have a potential value in treating patients with thromboembolic disorders as andrographolide may involve an increase in cyclic GMP/PKG, followed by inhibition of the p38 MAPK/(·)HO-NF-κB-ERK2 cascade in activated platelets. Other study also indicated that andrographis paniculata protective effects of on post-infarction myocardium in experimental dogs, due to its acts on reversibly ischemic myocardium.

References
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
(2) Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Andrographis paniculata on ischaemia-reperfusion induced myocardial injury in rats by Ojha SK, Bharti S, Joshi S, Kumari S, Arya DS.(PubMed)
(3) Mechanisms of andrographolide-induced platelet apoptosis in human platelets: regulatory roles of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by Lien LM, Su CC, Hsu WH, Lu WJ, Chung CL, Yen TL, Chiu HC, Sheu JR, Lin KH. (PubMed)
(4) Suppression of NF-κB signaling by andrographolide with a novel mechanism in human platelets: regulatory roles of the p38 MAPK-hydroxyl radical-ERK2 cascade by Lu WJ, Lin KH, Hsu MJ, Chou DS, Hsiao G, Sheu JR.(PubMed)
(5) Protective effects of andrographis paniculata nees on post-infarction myocardium in experimental dogs by Zhao HY, Fang WY.(PubMed)


7. Herbal Andrographis and Immunity
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The Benefits
HN-02, an extract containing a mixture of andrographolides, found in Andographis paniculata, not only significant increases in total WBC count in mice during 30 days of treatment with HN-02, but alsoenhances the immune function, possibly through modulation of immune responses altered during antigen interaction, and to reverse the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). Other in the study of modulation of immune responses in tumor cell destruction, treatment of Andrographis paniculata extract (APE) and isolated compound andrographolide (ANDLE) significantly elevated the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma and and IFN-gamma by T cells in normal and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing animals.

References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
(2|) Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of an extract of andrographolides from Andographis paniculata by Naik SR, Hule A.(PubMed)
(3) Modulation of natural killer cell activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity by andrographolide in normal and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing mice by Sheeja K, Kuttan G.(PubMed)
(4) Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide by Sheeja K, Kuttan G.(PubMed)

8. Herbal Andrographis and Colitis
 Colitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the large intestine, including the colon, caecum and rectum.

The benefits
Recent randomised, double-blind, multicentre, 8-week parallel group study of HMPL-004, the Andrographis paniculata extract, when compares to mesalazine found to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness for induction of clinical response, remission, and mucosal healing in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). In colitis, the extract reduced the splenic cell counts,  CD4(+), and IL-17(+), and IFN-γ T(+) cells and inhibited the proliferation of CD4 T cells and differentiation into TH1/TH17 cells.

References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed) (2) HMPL-004 (Andrographis paniculata extract) prevents development of murine colitis by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and TH1/TH17 responses by Michelsen KS, Wong MH, Ko B, Thomas LS, Dhall D, Targan SR.(PubMed)
(3) HMPL-004 (Andrographis paniculata extract) prevents development of murine colitis by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and TH1/TH17 responses by Michelsen KS, Wong MH, Ko B, Thomas LS, Dhall D, Targan SR.(PubMed)

9. Herbal Andrographis and Anti-inflammatory effects
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The Benefits
Xiang-Qi-Tang (XQT), a herbal formular containing Andrographis paniculata, it found to be effective in inhibition of the expression of inflammatory and coagulant mediators via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) and NF-κB signaling pathways on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory model of rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (RCMECs). Andrographolide (andro),  one of the major components, also exerted it anti microbial effects by upregulation of human β-defensin-2 induced through p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathway in human lung epithelial cells. In other study, Andrograpanin, another isolated from Andrographis paniculata showed inhibition of productions of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines through down-regulating iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression levels.

References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed) (2) Xiang-Qi-Tang and its active components exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties by inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells BY He CL, Yi PF, Fan QJ, Shen HQ, Jiang XL, Qin QQ, Song Z, Zhang C, Wu SC, Wei XB, Li YL, Fu BD. (PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide exerted its antimicrobial effects by upregulation of human β-defensin-2 induced through p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathway in human lung epithelial cells by Shao ZJ, Zheng XW, Feng T, Huang J, Chen J, Wu YY, Zhou LM, Tu WW, Li H.(PubMed).
(4) Andrograpanin, isolated from Andrographis paniculata, exhibits anti-inflammatory property in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells through down-regulating the p38 MAPKs signaling pathways by Liu J, Wang ZT, Ge BX.(PubMed)

10. Herbal Andrographis and malaria
Andrographis paniculata is also known as Andrographis is a herbaceous plant, genus Andrographis, belonging to the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka. It has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic in treating the common cold, flu, upper respiratory infections, infectious diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, leprosy, bronchitis, sore throats, tuberculosis, chicken pox, etc.
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans.

The benefits
The crude extract of E. alba and A. paniculata was an excellent potential for controlling An. stephensi mosquitoes which caused malaria by exerting its mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities. In the study to compare the anti-malarial effect among sambiloto extract, chloroquine and artemisinin-only as well as those of their combination showed that the extract of sambiloto in a single dose or in a combination evidently has the effect of anti-falciparum malaria. Other study of the extract of Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Hedyotis corymbosa (HC) showed that a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of AP (7.2 microg/ml) was found better than HC (10.8 microg/ml). Combination of these two herbal drugs showed substantial enhancement in their anti-malarial activity.

References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed) (2) Comparative study of antimalarial effect of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) extract, chloroquine and artemisinin and their combination against plasmodium falciparum in-vitro by Zein U, Fitri LE, Saragih A.(PubMed)
(3) Anti-malarial activities of Andrographis paniculata and Hedyotis corymbosa extracts and their combination with curcumin by Mishra K, Dash AP, Swain BK, Dey N.(PubMed)
(4) Mosquito adulticidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) by Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R.(PubMed)

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11. Herbal Andrographis and  Renoprotective effects
Renoprotective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the kidney.

The Ingredients
Beside the main ingredient andrographolides, giving the plant a bitter taste, other ingredients includediterpene lactones, such as: neoandrographolide, andrographiside, 14-doexy-11, 12-didehydro andrographolide, etc., flavonoinds viz., oroxylin, wogonin, andrographidines A, B, C, D, E, F.

The Benefits
Renal failure is an increasingly common condition with limited treatment options in developing world. In the study to evaluate the antirenal failure activity of A. paniculata, aqueous extract of A. paniculata attenuated the gentamicin-induced increase in serum creatinine, serum urea, and blood urea nitrogen levels by 176.92%, 106.27%, and 202.90%, respectively by exhibiting a significant renoprotective effect in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Other in the study of the effect of various herbal adaptogens, including on cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress and its accumulation in broiler chicken, found that  the increase in TBARS and decrease in GSH concentrations of liver and kidney tissues in cadmium intoxicated birds were significantly reversed by the above-said herbs. The liver and kidney functional markers were also restored to normal levels.  Unfortunately, Andrographolide was found to cause acute kidney injury shortly after intravenous infusion of andrographolide, with symptoms including flank pain, decreased urine output, and nausea or vomiting.
  
References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
(2) Renoprotective effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees in rats by Singh P, Srivastava MM, Khemani LD.(PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide induced acute kidney injury: Analysis of 26 cases reported in Chinese Literature by Zhang WX, Zhang ZM, Zhang ZQ, Wang Y, Zhou W.(PubMed)
(4) Prevention of cadmium bioaccumulation by herbal adaptogens by Bharavi K, Reddy AG, Rao GS, Kumar PR, Kumar DS, Prasadini PP.(PubMed) 
 
12. Herbal Andrographis and Oral Cancer
Oral cancer is any malignant cell growth in the tissue located in the oral cavity, including the tissue of the lips or the tongue, cheek lining, floor of the mouth, gums (gingiva) and the roof of the mouth (palate).


The benefits
The NF-κB family, sequestered in the cytoplasm by a family of inhibitors, is essential for promoting cell proliferation and preventing cell apoptosis. Andrographolide (Andro) isolated from an herbal plant, Andrographis paniculata reduced phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) and IκBα (Ser32/36) for inhibiting aberrant NF-κB activation, suppressed c-Myc and cyclin D1 expression and attenuated neoplastic cell proliferation, promoted cancerous cell apoptosis, and mitigated tumor-induced angiogenesis, may be considered as potential component to treats chemically induced oral squamous cell carcinogenesis. Other researchers consider Andrographolide, is a promising strategy for the development of a novel class of anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs as its bioactive molecules have exhibited anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities in both in vitro and in vivo.
 References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
(2) Andrographolide inhibits oral squamous cell carcinogenesis through NF-κB inactivation.
Wang LJ, Zhou X, Wang W, Tang F, Qi CL, Yang X, Wu S, Lin YQ, Wang JT, Geng JG.(PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide and its analogues: versatile bioactive molecules for combating inflammation and cancer. by Lim JC, Chan TK, Ng DS, Sagineedu SR, Stanslas J, Wong WS(PubMed)

13. Herbal Andrographis and Hepatitis.
Hepatitis is characterized by the destruction of a number of liver cells and the presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue caused by excessive alcohol drinking, disorders of the gall bladder or pancreas, including medication side effects, and infections. There are many other infective agents that can cause inflammation of the liver, or hepatitis. However, the term is unfortunately commonly used to refer to a particular group of viruses such as Hepatitis A, B, and C.

The benefits
Picroliv (active principle from Picrorrhiza kurroa) with major chemical constituent of andrographolide (active constituent of Andrographis paniculata) was tested in HBsAg positive serum samples obtained from hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated acute and chronic liver diseases and healthy HBsAg paitnets, found that Picroliv also inhibited purified HBV antigens (HBsAg and HBsAg) prepared from healthy HBsAg carriers amd may be considered as a potential agent against HBV. In anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) study of andrographolide, a diterpenoid lactone extracted from Andrographis paniculata, reseachers found that activated p38 MAPK phosphorylation, which stimulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated HO-1 expression, and this was found to be associated with its anti-HCV activity. Other in the study of infective hepatitis,  Kalmegh(Andrographis paniculata Nees)showed as a promised agent as on the total assessment 80% cases of this series were cured and 20% patients were relieved.

References 
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)
(2) In vitro studies on the effect of certain natural products against hepatitis B virus by Mehrotra R, Rawat S, Kulshreshtha DK, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN.(PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide exerts anti-hepatitis C virus activity by up-regulating haeme oxygenase-1 via the p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in human hepatoma cells by Lee JC, Tseng CK, Young KC, Sun HY, Wang SW, Chen WC, Lin CK, Wu YH.(PubMed)
(7) Clinical studies on kalmegh (andrographis paniculata nees) in infective hepatitis by Chturvedi GN, Tomar GS, Tiwari SK, Singh KP.(PubMed)

 14. Herbal Andrographis and Anti-fertility
Anti-fertility is an act with intention to prevent, reduce or destroy fertility by using substances such as contraceptives, herbal medicine in under developing world.

The Benefits
Kan Jang--a fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata special extract (SHA-10) and Acanthopanax senticosus, although the herbal mix extract revealed no significant negative effect on male semen quality and fertility, but rather a positive trend with respect to the number of spermatozoids in the whole ejaculate, the percentage of active (normokinetic) forms of spermatozoids, and fertility indexes, together with a decrease in the percentage of inactive (diskinetic) forms of spermatozoids. Dry leaf powder of A. paniculata increases the risk accumulating of glycogen and cholesterol in the testis, and increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase in testis and alkaline phosphatase in testis and ventral prostate, thus reducing the risk of fertility. But in other study, Extract of Andrographis paniculata Nees (A paniculata) standardized to >or=10% andrographolide, have found to be no effect on total sperm count and sperm motility and levels of testosteroneand fertility indices in treatment groups were found to be comparable with that of the control in rats.

The Side effects
 People with gallbladder disease may want to consult with their doctor before using because of the herb stimulating gallbladder contraction effect.
References
(1) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in male albino rat by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B.(PubMed)
(2) A phase I clinical study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination Kan Jang versus ginseng and valerian on the semen quality of healthy male subjects by Mkrtchyan A, Panosyan V, Panossian A, Wikman G, Wagner H.(PubMed)
(3) Reproductive and fertility effects of an extract of Andrographis paniculata in male Wistar rats, by Allan JJ, Pore MP, Deepak M, Murali B, Mayachari AS, Agarwal A.(PubMed)

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@Herbal Alfalfa


Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North America aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.

Ingredients
1. Essential amino acids
2. Calcium
3. Magnesium
4. Potassium
5. Iron
6. Phosphorus
7. Zinc
8. Beta carotene
9. vitamin C
10. vitamins D
11.Vitamin E
12. Vitamin K
13. Etc.
It chemical constituents include flavones, isoflavones, sterols, Bichanin A Coumestrol Diadzein Formonetin Genisteincoumarin derivatives, etc.

1. The Benefits of Alfalfa as an Antioxidant
Carbon tetrachloride found in both ambient outdoor and indoor air has been proven to cause liver injure and induced oxidative stress. According to the study by Dr.Al-Dosari MS., the yophilized aqueous extract of alfalfa, or Medicago sativa L. possesses hepatoprotective and antioxidative stress properties possibly through its antioxidant phytochemical constituents and substantiates its use in various liver disorders as a hepatoprotector. Other searchers in the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides(Polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds) from alfalfa, indicated that the polysaccharides had good antioxidant effect, especially scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical, which indicated that the polysaccharides from alfalfa may be explored as a novel natural antioxidant. In other case, dietary protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa to turkey diets (at 15 and 30 g kg(-1) feed)  did not cause deterioration of breast and thigh meat quality, but changes in color, oxymyoglobin content, TBARS and oxidation-reduction potential values suggested that the inclusion of the concentrate to turkey diets acts as an antioxidant in the raw meat.

References
1. Optimization of enzyme-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from alfalfa and its antioxidant activity, Wang S, Dong X, Tong J.(PubMed)
2. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) on carbon tetrachloride intoxicated rats. by Al-Dosari MS (PubMed).
3. Effect of protein-xanthophylls (PX) concentrate of alfalfa supplementation on physico-chemical properties of turkey breast and thigh muscles during ageing. by Karwowska M, Stadnik J, Dolatowski ZJ, Grela ER.(PubMed)
(4) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)


2. Alfalfa and cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

Effects of Alfalfa in cholesterol
In the study of 15 patients with hyperlipoproteinemia who were given 40 g of heat prepared alfalfa seeds 3 times daily at mealtimes for 8 weeks with otherwise unchanged diet, the herb shows in lowering of pretreatment median values of total plasma cholesterol from 9.58 to 8.00 mmol/l (P less than 0.001) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol decreases of 17% and 18%, respectively. Other study also indicated that the constituents of  soysaponin I (I), azukisaponin V (II) found in Alfalfa might process the potential in treating high bloof cjolesterol. In animal study, hen fed with aqueous alfalfa extract (AAE) shows to lower serum low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum total triglycerides and liver cholesterol concentration (day 42), lipid indices in yolk, serum and liver.

References
(1) Alfalfa seeds lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B concentrations in patients with type II hyperlipoproteinemia. by Mölgaard J, von Schenck H, Olsson AG.(PubMed)
(2) [Study on the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Medicago sativa and their hypolipidemic activity].[Article in Chinese] by Yu CH, Liang DL, Guo JN, Mei QX, Yang DP.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of an aqueous alfalfa extract on production performance, egg quality and lipid metabolism of laying hens by Deng W, Dong XF, Tong JM, Xie TH, Zhang Q.(PubMed)
(4) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)

3. Alfalfa and diabetes
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

Theeffects of Alfalfa in diabetes
herbal alfalfa has so far been used for the treatment and management of various ailments since the beginning of human civilization. In the review therapeutic potential of M. sativa, Sequential extraction of alfalfa with solvents revealed insulin-releasing activity in both methanol and water fractions. In other study in in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice, indicated that  certain traditional plant treatments for diabetes, including alfalfa retard the development of streptozotocin diabetes in mice. regardless to the outcome, long-term multiple dietary supplement users consumed a broad array of vitamin/mineral, herbal, and condition-specific dietary supplements on a daily basis should consult with their doctors or related field specialist before applying.

References
(1) Pancreatic and extra-pancreatic effects of the traditional anti-diabetic plant, Medicago sativa (lucerne) by Gray AM, Flatt PR.(PubMed)
(2) Traditional plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. by Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR.(PubMed)
(3) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)


4. Alfalfa and Cancers
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The effects of Alfalfa in Cancers
According to the study by Dr. Manna SK.,  isoflavones, such as genistein, erbstatin, quercetin, daidzein, found in alfalfa, showed the apoptotic effect against cancer cells, but biochanin, a methoxy form of genistein, inhibits IL-8-mediated activation of nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) more potently than genistein as shown in Jurkat T-cell line. Other in the study of L-Canavanine, a potentially toxic antimetabolite of L-arginine found in alfalfa, has demonstrative antineoplastic activity against a number of animal-bearing carcinomas and cancer cell lines. Unfortunately, research in dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran shows that the animals fed the alfalfa diet and treated with MNU had a higher incidence of colon tumors than did those fed the control diet or the diets containing pectin or wheat bran.

References
(1) Double-edged sword effect of biochanin to inhibit nuclear factor kappaB: suppression of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. by Manna SK.(PubMed)
(2) The natural abundance of L-canavanine, an active anticancer agent, in alfalfa, medicago sativa (L.). by Rosenthal GA, Nkomo P.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of dietary alfalfa, pectin, and wheat bran on azoxymethane-or methylnitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. by Watanabe K, Reddy BS, Weisburger JH, Kritchevsky D.(PubMed)
(4) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)


 5. Alfalfa  and cardiovascular diseases
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North America aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.  Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.

The benefits
Legumes, including alfalfa, are an important component of the human diet in many ares of the world, including developing countries. Higher legume consumption contributes to the nutritional quality and their potential to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Phytoestrogen and saponin, the chemical constituents found to be useful in preventing cardiovascular disorders in other study. In animal study, feeding Alfalfa seed extract to chicks has been resulted in significant reduction of total cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, LDL-Cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol of that reduce the risk of heart diseases.

References
(1) Nutritional quality of legumes, and their role in cardiometabolic risk prevention: a review.
(2) Effects of alfalfa on lipoproteins and fatty streak formation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
(3) Antiatherosclerotic effects of alfalfa meal ingestion in chicks: a biochemical evaluation.
(4) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)
6. Alfalfa and Menopausal Symptoms
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North America aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.
Menopause is the defined as a condition in which a woman is in the transition stage of permanent cessation of the ovaries functions in egg production because of less production of estrogen and progesterone, signalling the end of the reproductive phrase a woman's life. In menopause, menstruation has become irregular and slowly stop overtime, but in some women, menstrual flow comes to a sudden halt.
The benefits
In the study of an extracts of the leaves of Salvia officinalis (sage) and Medicago sativa (alfalfa) in manage of menopausal symptoms include hot flushes, insomnia, nocturnal sweating, dizziness, headaches and palpitations, found that hot flushes and night sweating completely disappeared in 20 women: four women showed good improvement and the other six showed a reduction in symptoms. Phytoestrogens include isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans, found abundantly in alfalfa sprouts, have found to play an important role in prevention of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease.
References 
(1) [Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent].[Article in Italian], by De Leo V, Lanzetta D, Cazzavacca R, Morgante G.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary phytoestrogens by Kurzer MS, Xu X.(PubMed)
(3) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)


Alfalfa and Estrogenic effects
Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the genus Medicago, belonging to the family Fabaceae, It has been cultivated all over the world as hay for cattle feeding. The leaves, sprouts, and seeds to make medicine has been used in traditional medicine over thousands of year to treat high cholesterol, asthma, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, enhance digestive system, bleeding disorder, kidney and urinary tract infection, etc. North America aboriginal has used Alfalfa seed as food, such as making bread and mush.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The benefits
Alfalfa, as an Estrogenic botanical supplements may be used ot relieve symptoms of  sleep interruption, according to the study of health-related quality of life, fatigue, and hormone-related symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Menopausal symptoms, primarily hot flashes, affects approximately two thirds of menopausal and post menopausal women, botanicals and dietary supplement (BDS), Coumestrol, a phytoestrogenic compound in alfalfa, found to block physiological estrogen-induced tumor cell growth in vitro and can also stimulate growth at high dietary concentrations in the absence of endogenous estrogens; these actions are correlated to its entrogenic and antiestrogenic response patterns.

References
(1) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)
(2) Estrogenic botanical supplements, health-related quality of life, fatigue, and hormone-related symptoms in breast cancer survivors: a HEAL study report by Ma H, Sullivan-Halley J, Smith AW, Neuhouser ML, Alfano CM, Meeske K, George SM, McTiernan A, McKean-Cowdin R, Baumgartner KB, Ballard-Barbash R, Bernstein L.(PubMed)
(3) Proliferative and anti-proliferative effects of dietary levels of phytoestrogens in rat pituitary GH3/B6/F10 cells - the involvement of rapidly activated kinases and caspases by Jeng YJ, Watson CS.(PubMed)

The Side effects
1. High amount of vitamin K may reduce the effectiveness of anticogulation medicine
2. Causing additive effects for women who are under estrogen replacement therapy or taking the oral contraceptive pill.
3. It may cause stomach upset and diarrhea
4. The herb may induce lupus erythematosu due to its chemical constituent L-canavanine.

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