@Herbal Butterbur

Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

1. Butterbur and Migraine headache
Migraine headache is one most common headaches defined as condition of chronic neurological disorder of moderate to severe headaches, and nausea that usually develop gradually over 5–20 minutes and last for less than 60 minutes and affected over 15% of the population in US alone, as a result of the change in the brain and its surrounding blood vessels.

The Benefits
Although the herb is used as nutritional supplement in US, scientific studies suggested that it may be used as the prevention of allergic rhinitis and treatment of migraine. In a three-arm, parallel-group, randomized trial comparing Petasites extract 75 mg bid, Petasites extract 50 mg bid, or placebo bid in 245 patients with migraine, Butterbur Petasites extract 75 mg bid is more effective than placebo and is well tolerated as a preventive therapy for migraine, with mild symptoms of gastrointestinal events, predominantly burping. Other study of extract of Petasites hybridus suggest that migraine patients can benefit from prophylactic treatment with this special extract. The combination of high efficacy and excellent tolerance emphasizes the particular value that Petasites hybridus has for the prophylactic treatment of migraine. But in a systematic review, the herbs is showed to have a Moderate evidence of effectiveness, thus, available for a higher than the recommended dose of the proprietary Petasites root extract Petadolex in the prophylaxis of migraine and suggested that rigorous studies are required to confirm effectiveness and safety in long-term use before treatment with Petasites root extract can be recommended the herb as an alternative option in the treatment to patient with the prophylaxis of migraine.
 
References
(1) Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine.

Lipton RB, Göbel H, Einhäupl KM, Wilks K, Mauskop A.(PubMed)

(2) An extract of Petasites hybridus is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine.

Grossman W, Schmidramsl H.(PubMed)

(3) Effectiveness of Petasites hybridus preparations in the prophylaxis of migraine: a systematic review.

Agosti R, Duke RK, Chrubasik JE, Chrubasik S.(PubMed)

(4) Simultaneous investigation of sesquiterpenes, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides in Butterbur (Petasites hybridus) with an offline 2D-combination of HPLC-UV and LC-MMI-ToF-MS.

Aydın AA, Letzel T.(PubMed)

2.  Herbal Butterbur and Seasonal allergic rhinitis
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is a condition of inflammation of the nasal passages as a result of seasonal allergic effects.

The benefits
Conventional, complementary, and alternative options for seasonal allergies study showed several dietary supplements, such as butterbur and vitamin C, have some preliminary evidence of that may be beneficiary to patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Although butterbur has hold some promise, complementary and alternative therapies have not been integrated into the general treatment armamentarium of allergic rhinitis. Also in the study of Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, butterbur extract for allergic rhinitis (AR) is superior to placebo or similarly effective compared with nonsedative antihistamines for intermittent AR, researchers insist confirmation in larger and more rigorously designed clinical trials is warranted with a large sample size.

References
(1) Conventional, complementary, and alternative options for seasonal allergies by Moyad MA.(PubMed)
(2) Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis by Man LX.(PubMed)
(3) Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review by Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E.(PubMed)

3. Herbal  Butterbur and Airway inflammation 
Airway inflammation is the inflammation of the airway as a result of other condition include asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.

The benefits
Petasites japonicus (Pj), the giant butterbur has been used in traditional Oriental medicine for treating asthma, oxidant stress and gastric ulcer. It extracts has exerted its suppressive properties for the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and may be condidered as  a potent agent for the treatment of asthma. Other in the study of Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) of herbal Petasites hybridus (butterbur) showed to inhibit leukotriene activity, reduce allergic airway inflammation and AHR by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES.

References
(1) Suppressive effect of Petasites japonicus extract on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model by Lee JS, Yang EJ, Yun CY, Kim DH, Kim IS.(PubMed)
(2) Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice by Brattström A, Schapowal A, Maillet I, Schnyder B, Ryffel B, Moser R.(PubMed)

4. Herbal  Butterbur and hyperreactivity
Airway hyperreactivity is a defined as a condition of easily triggered bronchospasm as a result of physical, chemical, or pharmacologic stimuli.

The benefits
Extract (Ze 339, PET) from herbal Petasites hybridus (butterbur) is found to be effective in inhibiting the
nhibited airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting the production of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and RANTES. S-isopetasin, an antimuscarinic sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus may also be used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of on obstructive airway hyperresponsiveness, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma exacerbations.

References
(1) Petasites extract Ze 339 (PET) inhibits allergen-induced Th2 responses, airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in mice by Brattström A, Schapowal A, Maillet I, Schnyder B, Ryffel B, Moser R.(PubMed)
(2) Bronchodilatory effects of S-isopetasin, an antimuscarinic sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, on obstructive airway hyperresponsiveness by Lin LH, Huang TJ, Wang SH, Lin YL, Wu SN, Ko WC.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Butterbur and Antioxidant activity.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls. Free radicals oxidative effects can damage to skin and speed up the skin aging process.

The benefits 
Methanol extracts from leaves and roots of Petasites japonicus was identified to possess antioxidant activities without prior purification of compounds from plant tissues of P. japonicus. Other study of the  chemical composition of the essential oil of Petasites albus showed the essential oil and euparinto of the herb exhibit a moderate antioxidant activity by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Bakkenolides of Petasites tricholobus also exhibited significant neuroprotective and antioxidant activities and may be used as potential agent in treating neuro-related diseases.

References
(1) Rapid identification and evaluation of antioxidant compounds from extracts of Petasites japonicus by hyphenated-HPLC techniques by Kim SM, Kang SW, Jeon JS, Jung YJ, Kim CY, Pan CH, Um BH.(PubMed)
(2) Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of aerial parts of Petasites albus from Iran: a good natural source of euparin by Mohammadi M, Yousefi M, Habibi Z, Dastan D.(PubMed)
(3) Bakkenolides from Petasites tricholobus and their neuroprotective effects related to antioxidant activities by Wang YL, Li RP, Guo ML, Zhang G, Zhang N, Ma YL.(PubMed)


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7. Herbal Butterbur and Cancers
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Some of chemical constituents in Butterbur consist Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects.
Bakkenolide  isolated from Petasites tatewakianus is found to exert its cytotoxic activity against cultured human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human breast cancer (MCF-7) and murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell in vitro. The methanol extract from the leaves of Petasites japonicus Maxim (PJ) was studied for its anti cancer effect , showed an cytotoxic effects on human stomach, colon and uterus cancer cells than on other cancer cell types and normal rat liver epithelial cells. AS the result, the extract may be considered  for treatments of some cancers.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Bakkenolides from Petasites tatewakianus by Dong XW, Li RJ, Gao X, Row KH.(PubMed)
(2) Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effect of methanol extracts of Petasites japonicus Maxim leaves by Kang HG, Jeong SH, Cho JH.(PubMed)

8. Butterbur and cholesterol
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
The Butanol fraction from the methanol extract of butterbur (Petasites japonicus Max.) (BMP) is examined for its effects on the plasma lipid profiles and oxidative damage of liver in mice in compared to monosodium l-glutamate (MSG), the fraction from the herb showed to be more effective to decreased total cholesterol, atherogenic index, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than the MSG-treated group. Other in the study to investigate of an extract (PJET) of Petasites japonicas in mice fed with high fat diet, showed PJET lowered the body weight gain and visceral fat tissue accumulation, and ameliorated the plasma cholesterol concentration of that P. japonicus might be an effective food against obesity.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Butterbur (Petasites japonicus Max.) extract improves lipid profiles and antioxidant activities in monosodium L-glutamate-challenged mice by Park CH, Kim MY, Sok DE, Kim JH, Lee JH, Kim MR.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of murine preadipocyte differentiation and reduction of visceral fat accumulation by a Petasites japonicus ethanol extract in mice fed a high-fat diet by Watanabe T, Hata K, Hiwatashi K, Hori K, Suzuki N, Itoh H.(PubMed)

9. Herbal  Butterbur and Asthma
Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
butterbur, one of the herb used in folk medicine has been mentioned as a potential use as pharmacotherapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as the herb suppress the airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model and may be used as a potent agent for the treatment of asthma. Other study of extract (Ze 339, PET) of  Petasites hybridus (butterbur)showed the herb possess not only the inhibiting allergic diseases but also reduce allergic airway inflammation.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.
References
(1) Phytoceuticals: the new 'physic garden' for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Grandhi S, Donnelly LE, Rogers DF.(PubMed)

(2) Suppressive effect of Petasites japonicus extract on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in an asthmatic mouse model by Lee JS, Yang EJ, Yun CY, Kim DH, Kim IS.(PubMed)

10. Herbal Butterbur and Somatoform disorders

Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that trigger unexplained physical symptoms.

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Extracts from butterbur have been in therapeutic use for more than 2,000 years
in a pharmaco-clinical trial to examine the effects of  butterbur in a fixed herbal drug combination (Ze 185 = 4-combination versus 3-combination without butterbur and placebo) in patients with somatoform disorders., treatment after 2 week showed (Ze185), the combination containing butterbur to be an efficacious and safe short-term treatment in patients with somatoform disorders with no serious side effects.

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.
References
(1) Fixed herbal drug combination with and without butterbur (Ze 185) for the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders: randomized, placebo-controlled pharmaco-clinical trial by Melzer J, Schrader E, Brattström A, Schellenberg R, Saller R.(PubMed)


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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

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11. Herbal Butterbur and Neuroprotective effects

Butterbur, found in wet, marshy, damp land, including wetland, riverside, forest, etc., is a creeping underground plant, genus Petasites of 15 -20 species, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Northern Hemisphere. It has been used in herbal medicne used as an pain reliever in digestive system, including stomach, bile ducts, and duodenum, etc.

Neuroprotective effects are defined of a protection against harmful of the brain and spinal cord

The Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Butterbur include Petioles, petasitene and pethybrene,  quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, quercetin 3-O-beta-D-6''-O-acetylglucoside, and rutin, caffeic acid, alkaloids, S-petasin and iso-S-petasin, etc.

The benefits
Bakkenolides is the major chemical costutuent of Petasites trichinous Franch. is examined for its neuroprotective effects in a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model, showed  significantly attenuated cell death and apoptosis in primarily cultured neurons subject to 1-h hypoxia followed by 24-h reoxygenation. Other in the study of the same, also supported the result of  the neuro protective effects of  Bakkenolides of that may be result from its antioxidant properties.
Petaslignolide A (PA), a furfuran lignan isolated from butanol fraction of Petasites japonicus (Sieb. et Zucc.) (Compositae) leaves, on the oxidative damage in the brain of mice, is also a major neuroprotective agent against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity.
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References
(1) Total Bakkenolides Protects Neurons against Cerebral Ischemic Injury through Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-Κb Activation by Jiang Q, Xia Yy EY, Jm HE, Guo Ml EY, Rp LI.(PubMed)
(2) Bakkenolides from Petasites tricholobus and their neuroprotective effects related to antioxidant activities by Wang YL, Li RP, Guo ML, Zhang G, Zhang N, Ma YL.(PubMed)
(3) Protection by petaslignolide A, a major neuroprotective compound in the butanol extract of Petasites japonicus leaves, against oxidative damage in the brains of mice challenged with kainic acid by Cui HS, Kim MR, Sok DE.(PubMed)
 

Side effects
1. Butterbur may be liver-toxic to liver and cause cancer due to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids(a)
2. If you are pregnant please do not use Butterbur with out the permission of the related special field specialist
3. Allergic effect to certain people who are allergic to ragweed, marigold, daisy, etc.
4. Overdoses may cause indigestion, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
5. Etc.

@Herbal Butcher's broom

Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

1. Butcher's broom and Orthostatic hypotension (OH)
Orthostatic hypotension (OH), also known as postural hypotension of which happens when a person stands up from sitting or lying down or in sudden adjustment of body position, the blood pressure falls, and a person may experience lightheaded or even pass out.

The benefits 
 In most cases, Orthostatic hypotension (OH) affects affects large groups of the population with autonomic insufficiency--the elderly; patients with diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and chronic fatigue syndrome; and anyone on drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system. In conventional medicine, most cases of Orthostatic hypotension (OH)are treated with fludrocortisone and midodrine. In the study by the American University, to evaluate the properties of Ruscus aculeatus, its mechanism of action, and its suitability as a therapeutic agent for treatment of OH, showed that with proven phlebotherapeutic properties, including vasoconstrictive action and venotonic properties, Ruscus aculeatus shows great promise for ameliorating the symptoms of OH and improving the quality of life for large groups in the population without increasing supine blood pressure.

Reference
1. Ruscus aculeatus (butcher's broom) as a potential treatment for orthostatic hypotension, with a case report. by Redman DA.(PubMed).

2. Herbal Butcher's broom and Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency is defined as a condition of veins do not return enough oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

The benefits
Extracts from Butcher's broom rhizome (Ruscus aculeatus) is found to be efficacy in treating patients  with chronic venous insufficiency, as the change of leg volume after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment (-16.5 ml and -20.5 ml), for changes in ankle and leg circumferences after 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, and for the changes in subjective symptoms, heavy tired legs and sensation of tension (week 12) and the reduction of symptoms heavy lower legs, sensation of tension, and tingling sensation a significant positive correlation with the changes in leg volume. Other in the study of the effects of Ruscus aculeatus, hesperidin methyl-chalcone and ascorbic acid (HMC-AA), in chronic venous disorders (CVD, a 12-week treatment with Ruscus aculeatus HMC-AA improve quality of life by significantly decrease in the clinical symptoms and a significant improvement in the QoL of patients with CVD.

References
(1) Efficacy and safety of a Butcher's broom preparation (Ruscus aculeatus L. extract) compared to placebo in patients suffering from chronic venous insufficiency BY Vanscheidt W, Jost V, Wolna P, Lücker PW, Müller A, Theurer C, Patz B, Grützner KI.(PubMed)
(2) Assessment of quality of life in Mexican patients suffering from chronic venous disorder - impact of oral Ruscus aculeatus-hesperidin-methyl-chalcone-ascorbic acid treatment - 'QUALITY Study by Guex JJ, Enriquez Vega DM, Avril L, Boussetta S, Taïeb C.(PubMed)
(3)  Chronic venous insufficiency http://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/Pages/chronic-venous-insufficiency.aspx

3. Herbal Butcher's broom and Inflammatory effects
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The benefits
Ruscogenin (RUS), isolated from Ruscus aculeatus, has been found to exert significant anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activities by inhibited adhesion of leukocytes to a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line (ECV304) injured by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in a concentration-dependent manner. Other study also showed ruscogenin resulted in markedly reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine and leukocyte infiltration via the inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in rat lungs.
 
References
(1) Possible mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ruscogenin: role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB by Huang YL, Kou JP, Ma L, Song JX, Yu BY.(PubMed)
(2) Ruscogenin attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats  by Bi LQ, Zhu R, Kong H, Wu SL, Li N, Zuo XR, Zhou SM, Kou JP, Yu BY, Wang H, Xie WP.(PubMed)

4. Herbal Butcher's broom and varicose veins
Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..
Varicose veins is a condition of which the veins have become enlarged and twisted

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

The benefits
Surgery, includes injection/compression sclerotherapy and surgical stripping or ligation or both always is the first recommendation for patients with varicose disease. Ruscus aculeatus has been found to relieve the symptoms of  pain, and expensive complications of varicose veins by improving microcirculation, capillary flow, and vascular tone, and to strengthen the connective tissue. Other study suggested that venotropic agents from plant extract probably exert effects by way of multiple receptor and non-receptor mediated events as  the differential distribution of alpha adrenergic receptors on greater saphenous veins from non-varicose patients compared to those with primary varicose disease.

References
(1) Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options by MacKay D.(PubMed)
(2) Selecting a treatment for primary varicose veins by Tremblay J, Lewis EW, Allen PT.(PubMed)
(3) Pharmacological assessment of adrenergic receptors in human varicose veins by Miller VM, Rud KS, Gloviczki P.(PubMed)

5. Herbal Butcher's broom and hemorrhoids
Butcher's broom is a low evergreen shrub, a species of Ruscus aculeatus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae, native to Eurasia.It has been used in herbal medicine to treat reduce inflammation, Peripheral vascular disease, Hemorrhoids Bronchial asthma, Varicose veins, Hypotension, Jaundice, functional disorders of the heart, kidney disorder, venotonic and anti-oedematous properties, etc..
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the anal canal of which cause cause pain and in some cases, life threatening if patients loss a large volume of blood. Approximately, 75% of all Americans will develop hemorrhoids at some points in their lives.

The Ingredients
It contains rutin, sitosterol, sparteine, spirostanol saponins, steroidal sapogenins, sterols, stigmasterol, sulfated steroidal saponins, sweet broom, tetracosanoic acid, triterpenes, triterpines, tyramine, etc.

The benefits
Oral supplementation of Ruscus aculeatus is found to be effective in preventing time-consuming, painful, and expensive complications of  hemorrhoids, such as anal discomfort, soiling and bleeding pre- sent in acute phase. Other hemorrhoids an open trial, also found the positive effect of Butcher’s broom, with 75 percent of participating physicians rating butcher’s broom’s efficacy as good or excellent

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References
(1) Hemorrhoids and varicose veins: a review of treatment options by MacKay D.(PubMed)
(2) ANTIOXIDANT HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR HEMORRHOIDS Developing a new formula, by Silvia Vertuani, Elena Bosco, Micaela Testoni, Simona Ascanelli, Gianfranco Azzena, Stefano Manfredini(2004, 3(3) 19-26)
(3) Page 608 Alternative Medicine Review Volume 6, Number 6 2001 Copyright©2001 Thorne Research, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No Reprint Without Written Permission Ruscus aculeatus (Butcher’s Broom)

Side effects
1. Do not use if you are pregnant with out permission of related field specialist, as Sparteine may increase uterine contraction
2. Do not use Butcher's broom if you are taking any form of monoamine oxidaseinhibitor
3. Use as direction and do not overdose
4. Etc.
 

@Herbal Burdock

Burdock is plant in the group of biennial thistles, genus Arctium, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Euro. It has been used over thousand of years in Chins and other traditional herbal medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and a blood purifying agent and to treat wounds and infections stomach ulcers and other digestive problems.
The ingredients
It contains carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid etc.

1. Herbal  Burdock and Anti-aging and anti-oxidant 
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls.

The health benefits 
Many herbs has been tested in human history to prolong the life span of human being, but so far none of them has achieved the optimal result. In the study delve into the anti-aging effects and mechanism of Niubanggen (Radix Arctii Lappae)by observing the activity of SOD and the content of MDA and lipofuscin in the tissues of the liver, brain and blood serum of the lab rats, indicated that t he mechanism of the anti-aging effects of the Niubanggen is mainly obtained by raising the activity of SOD and reducing the contents of MDA and lipofuscin. In other study, researchers found that Phenolic content of burdock has exerted a strong activity in fighting against forming of free radicals and foreign invaders as well as anti-elastase and anti-collagenase in a study of 21 plants of which may contribute to the delay of aging process.

Reference
1. An experimental research into the anti-aging effects of Radix Arctii Lappae.

Liu S, Li Y, Li S, Luo M, Liu X.(PubMed)

2. Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants.

Thring TS, Hili P, Naughton DP.(PubMed)

3. Anticholinergic Poisonings Associated with Commercial Burdock Root Tea" by
Preston M. Rhoads, Theodore G. Tong, William Banner and Robert Anderson, (Clinical toxicology) 

4. A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock)" by Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW., (PubMed)

2. Herbal  Burdock and Gastroprotective activity
The digestive system includes gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder with the function to digest foods and transfer the nutrients to the body needs.

The benefits
Arctium lappa L. has been used in folk medicine as digestive stimulant to treat digestive disorder, including digestive sluggishness. Sesquiterpene onopordopicrin (ONP)-enriched fraction (termed the ONP fraction), obtained from A. lappa leaves, exerted the Gastroprotective effect with  involvement of  endogenous sulfhydryls. chloroform extract (CE) of the roots from A. lappa and its fractions intake found to be significantly reduced gastric lesions induced by ethanol, chronic gastric ulceration induced by acetic acid. Intraduodenal extarct CE of the herb reduced the total acidity of gastric secretion,..... as its chemical constituents protect animals from gastric lesions by reducing gastric acid secretion via inhibition of gastric H+, K+ -ATPase.

References
(1) Anti-ulcerogenic mechanisms of the sesquiterpene lactone onopordopicrin-enriched fraction from Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae): role of somatostatin, gastrin, and endogenous sulfhydryls and nitric oxide by de Almeida AB, Luiz-Ferreira A, Cola M, Di Pietro Magri L, Batista LM, de Paiva JA, Trigo JR, Souza-Brito AR.(PubMed)
(2) Gastroprotective activity of the chloroform extract of the roots from Arctium lappa L by Dos Santos AC, Baggio CH, Freitas CS, Lepieszynski J, Mayer B, Twardowschy A, Missau FC, dos Santos EP, Pizzolatti MG, Marques MC.(PubMed)

3. Herbal Burdock and Cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The benefits 
Arctium lappa or burdock has been used as a healthy and nutritive food in Chinese societies and  therapeutically in Europe, North America and Asia for hundreds of years.
Lappaol F, the chemicals constituents from plant Arctium Lappa L. Lappaol F suppressed cancer cell growth in a time- and dose-dependent manner in human cancer cell lines. In the evaluation the cytotoxicity profiles of the extract of Arctium lappa L using various cancer and normal cell lines, arctigenin, showed cytotoxicity to lung cancer (A549), liver cancer (HepG2) and stomach cancer (KATO III) cells, while no cytotoxicity to several normal cell lines. Its antioxidants and antidiabetic compounds found in the root and some active compounds in the seed possessed anti-inflammatory effects and potent inhibitory effects on the growth of tumors.

References
(1) Lappaol F, a Novel Anticancer Agent Isolated from Plant Arctium Lappa L by Sun Q, Liu K, Shen X, Jin W, Jiang L, Sheikh MS, Hu Y, Huang Y.(PubMed)
(2) Tumor specific cytotoxicity of arctigenin isolated from herbal plant Arctium lappa L by Susanti S, Iwasaki H, Itokazu Y, Nago M, Taira N, Saitoh S, Oku H.(PubMed)
(3) A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock) by Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW.(PubMed)

4.  Herbal  Burdock and Breast cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

The benefits
Arctigenin, a dietary phytoestrogen and natural lignan product of Arctium lappa L inhibited human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell growth by inducing apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Other lignan constituen, Arctiin ofof Arctium lappa, induced suppression of cyclin D1 protein expression occurs in various types of human tumor cells, including osteosarcoma, lung, colorectal, cervical and breast cancer, melanoma, transformed renal cells and prostate cancer.
 
References
(1) Arctigenin, a dietary phytoestrogen, induces apoptosis of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway and epigenetic regulation by Hsieh CJ, Kuo PL, Hsu YC, Huang YF, Tsai EM, Hsu YL.(PubMed)
(2) Arctiin induces cell growth inhibition through the down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression by Matsuzaki Y, Koyama M, Hitomi T, Yokota T, Kawanaka M, Nishikawa A, Germain D, Sakai T.(PubMed)

5. Herbal  Burdock and Antibacterial activity
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The benefits
An ethyl acetate fraction (AcOEt) extracted from Arctium lappa or Burdock has exerted its anti bacterial effective in the testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Its rough extracts from leaves of Arctium lappa, also exhibited specificity against the target microorganisms and may be a potential effective  in the tested endodontic pathogens. Other in the study of Extracts of 13 Brazilian medicinal plants  for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts, including Burdock, suggested that the herb may be a ethnobotanical use of the studied species for the treatment of various infectious diseases.

References
(1) In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Arctium lappa as a phytotherapeutic agent used in intracanal dressings by Gentil M, Pereira JV, Sousa YT, Pietro R, Neto MD, Vansan LP, de Castro França S.(PubMed)
(2) Antimicrobial activity of Arctium lappa constituents against microorganisms commonly found in endodontic infections by Pereira JV, Bergamo DC, Pereira JO, França Sde C, Pietro RC, Silva-Sousa YT.(PubMed)
(3) Screening of some plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases by Holetz FB, Pessini GL, Sanches NR, Cortez DA, Nakamura CV, Filho BP.(PubMed)

6. Herbal Burdock and Hepatoprotective effects
Hepatoprotective effects is defined as a protection of liver against damage caused by vary sources, including virus.

The ingredients
It contains carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid etc.

The benefits
Actium lappa Linne (burdock)  treatments of liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) in rat  could be alleviated with 1 and 7 days, as the herb exerted its hepatoprotective effects attribute to its antioxidative activity, which decreases the oxidative stress of hepatocytes, or to other unknown protective mechanism(s). The root of Arctium lappa Linne (A. lappa) in other study also protect the liver cells from CCl4 or acetaminophen-induced liver damages through its its antioxidative effect on hepatocytes, hence eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic metabolites from CCl4 or acetaminophen.

References
(1) Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa Linne on liver injuries induced by chronic ethanol consumption and potentiated by carbon tetrachloride by Lin SC, Lin CH, Lin CC, Lin YH, Chen CF, Chen IC, Wang LY.(PubMed)
(2) Hepatoprotective effects of Arctium lappa on carbon tetrachloride- and acetaminophen-induced liver damage by Lin SC, Chung TC, Lin CC, Ueng TH, Lin YH, Lin SY, Wang LY.(PubMed)

7. Herbal Burdock and Diabetes
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The ingredients
It contains carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid etc.
The benefits
Herbal Burdock has been used in alternative medicine in treating diabetes.  Arctiin, a bioactive compound isolated from the dry seeds of Arctium lappa L., is found to exert its anti diabetic effect decreasing the serum glucose level was also decreased in  highest dose in rat study. Also, its  treatment ameliorated retinal oedema, detachment of the retina, and VEGF expression in the retina, increased the viability of retinal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, may be suggested of it to be used. in treating complications of diabetes. Other in the review of pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock) also indicated that the medicinal uses of burdock in treating chronic diseases has been reported.

References
(1) Effects of arctiin on streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in Sprague-Dawley rats by Lu LC, Zhou W, Li ZH, Yu CP, Li CW, Luo MH, Xie H.(PubMed)
(2) A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). by Chan YS, Cheng LN, Wu JH, Chan E, Kwan YW, Lee SM, Leung GP, Yu PH, Chan SW.(PubMed)

8. Herbal Burdock and Antitussive effect
Antitussive effect is considered as a coughing suppression activity with  the use as substance, including herb, medication

The ingredients
It contains carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid etc.

The benefits
polysaccharides found in Burdock may be the potential agent to treat pathological type of cough as its polysaccharides exhibited statistically significant cough-suppressing activity, which was noticeably higher than that of the non-narcotic drug used in clinical practice to treat coughing. Also a A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules is was found to be equally active as some non-narcotic, synthetic preparations used in clinical practice to treat coughing.

References
(1) The antitussive activity of polysaccharides from Althaea officinalis l., var. Robusta, Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules, and Prunus persica L., Batsch by Sutovska M, Nosalova G, Franova S, Kardosova A.(PubMed)
(2) A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules. by Kardosová A, Ebringerová A, Alföldi J, Nosál'ová G, Franová S, Hríbalová V.(PubMed)


9. Herbal Burdock and Anti- inflammatory effects
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The ingredients
The herb contains carbonated water, sugar,, manloid colourings, phosphoric acid, citric acid and a good amount of dietary fiber, calcium, potassium, and amino acids and chemicals compounds of guaianolide, arctinone, arctinal, methyl arctate，11-tridecadien-3，5，7，9-tetraynde-hydrocostus lactone，dehydrodihydrocostus lactone, 3-octenoic acid, 3-hexenoic acid etc.

The benefits
topic dermatitis is a chronic, allergic inflammatory skin disease. Butanol extract of A. lappa (ALBE) has showed to inhibit the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 by downregulating MAPKs and NF-κB activation in ConA-treated splenocytes and ALBE may have beneficial effects in the treatment of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis. In other study, the lactone sesquiterpene onopordopicrin enriched fraction (ONP fraction) from Arctium lappa  exert its Anti-inflammatory intestinal activity in acute experimental colitis. Also the Arctigenin, a bioactive constituent from dried seeds of Arctium lappa L. (Compositae), showed a suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NO production and pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion as well as  inhibited the expression of iNOS and iNOS enzymatic activity.
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References
(1) Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of butanol extract from Arctium Lappa L.

Sohn EH, Jang SA, Joo H, Park S, Kang SC, Lee CH, Kim SY.(PubMed)

(2) Anti-inflammatory intestinal activity of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae) in TNBS colitis model. by de Almeida AB, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Martín AR, Luiz-Ferreira A, Trigo JR, Vilegas W, dos Santos LC, Souza-Brito AR, de la Lastra CA.(PubMed)

(3) In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway by Zhao F, Wang L, Liu K.(PubMed)

The Side effects
1. Overdose can be poisoning and may lead to symptoms of acute poisoning include phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants, and antihistamines.
2. It may cause dermatitis and allergic/inflammatory responses to certain people with contact as a result of lactones which the plant produces.
3. Do not use burdock if you are pregnant or breast feeding.
4. Etc.

@Herbal Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Bear berry are 3 species in the genus Arctostaphylos, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to the northern North America, Asia and Europe. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as diuretic agent and to treat urinary problems, including bladder infections, kidney infection, kidney stone, pelvic pain, etc.

The Ingredients
It contains arbutin, ursolic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid, some essential oil and resin, hydroquinones tannins,  phenolic glycosides and flavonoids.

1. Herbal Arctostaphylos uva-ursi  and high blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
Blood pressure medications have undoubtedly prevented many deaths from heart disease in the past 30 years, but they have many side effects such as damaging the kidney. If you can control your diet, such as making changes to lifestyle, maintaining ideal weight and diet with low salt, you could do just fine without the drugs.

The benefits
Many herbs have been used to lower high blood pressure by enhancing the urinary flow in alternative medicine and bear berry is one of them. The leaf of The leaves of Vaccinium arctostaphylos has been used in Iran' folk medicine for the treatment of hypertension. In the the study of the possible hypotensive activity of aqueous extract of Vaccinium arctostaphylos leaves in rat model of two-kidney, one-clip hypertension, a higher dose the extract did have hypotensive activity without changing the heart rate. Other study also indicated that Aqueous extracts of Sambucus nigra and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and hydroalcohol extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus revealed that they led to an increase in urine flow.

References
1. The effects of aqueous extract of vaccinium arctostaphylos leaves on blood pressure in renal hypertensive rats. by Khalili A, Khosravi MB, Nekooeian AA.(PubMed)
2. Effect of extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in rats.

Beaux D, Fleurentin J, Mortier F.(PubMed)

2. Herbal Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Diuretic effect
A diuretic is medication used to elevate the rate of urination 

The Benefits
Because of increased awareness of conventional medication's side effects, there is increasing interest in the health and wellness benefits of herbs and botanicals. Aqueous extracts of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi is found to increase in urine flow with urinary sodium excretion in rats increased with O. stamineus and S. nigra.

References
(1) Effect of extracts of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, Hieracium pilosella L., Sambucus nigra L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. in rats BY Beaux D, Fleurentin J, Mortier F.(PubMed)

3. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer is most common type of cancer that effect men twice as frequently as it effects women. Usually it starts from the lining the bladder caused by several types of malignant growths of the urinary bladder cells.

The benefits
The search for alternative medicine for treatment of cancers has been growing worldwide, and herbs used in folk medicine may be a potential sources as it induced little or no side effects. Arbutin, a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from the bearberry plant (Arctostaphylos species), is found significantly decreased TCCSUP human bladder cell proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by  increased the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21), which  involved in cell cycle regulation.

References
(1) Arbutin inhibits TCCSUP human bladder cancer cell proliferation via up-regulation of p21  By Li H, Jeong YM, Kim SY, Kim MK, Kim DS.(PubMed)

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4. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Anti microbial effects
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The benefits
Arbutine from Arctostaphylos uva ursi has been found to be effective as non-antibiotic drugs in treating diseases induced by bacteria, caused by S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Also in the study of Extracts of Canadian first nations medicinal plants, including Arctostaphylos uva ursi (kinnikinnick or bearberry), inhibited the growth of all Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng)  isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 μg/mL, 4 to 32 μg/mL, 16 to >32 μg/mL, and 32 to 64 μg/mL, respectively. Other study on novel acylated caprylic alcohol glycosides (1, 2) produced by Arctostaphylos pumila, showed the exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with an MIC of 128 microg/mL and 64 microg/mL, respectively.

References
(1) Examination of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic drugs by Kruszewska H, Zareba T, Tyski S.(PubMed)
(2) Extracts of Canadian first nations medicinal plants, used as natural products, inhibit neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles. by Cybulska P, Thakur SD, Foster BC, Scott IM, Leduc RI, Arnason JT, Dillon JA.(PubMed)
(3) Miniaturization of the structure elucidation of novel natural products--two trace antibacterial acylated caprylic alcohol glycosides from Arctostaphylos pumila by Hu JF, Yoo HD, Williams CT, Garo E, Cremin PA, Zeng L, Vervoort HC, Lee CM, Hart SM, Goering MG, O'Neil-Johnson M, Eldridge GR.(PubMed)

5. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi as antioxidants
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls.

The benefits
In the evaluation of the antioxidant effect regard to single dose of plant extracts and their concentration in human organism, indicated that Arctostaphylos uva. was found to be less effective when compare to Hypericum perforatum, Potentilla erectra,  Ledum palustre, Plantago major, Salvia officinalis > Chamomilla recutita. Other in the study of Modulatory effects of resveratrol, citroflavan-3-ol, and plant-derived extracts, Etoposide-induced oxidative stress was strongly reduced by olive leaf extract and bearberry. Also, The extracts of A. patula and A. viscida from Arctostaphylos plants showed potent inhibition against tyrosinase as it not only inhibited the production of melanin from dopachrome by autoxidation, but exhibited SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activity and had a moderate absorbance in the UV-B area.

References
(1) [Antioxidant properties of plant extracts].[Article in Russian] by Bol'shakova IV, Lozovskaia EL, Sapezhinskiĭ II.(PubMed)

(2) Modulatory effects of resveratrol, citroflavan-3-ol, and plant-derived extracts on oxidative stress in U937 cells by O'Brien NM, Carpenter R, O'Callaghan YC, O'Grady MN, Kerry JP.(PubMed)

(3) Studies of cuticle drugs from natural sources. IV. Inhibitory effects of some Arctostaphylos plants on melanin biosynthesis. by Matsuda H, Higashino M, Nakai Y, Iinuma M, Kubo M, Lang FA.(PubMed)

6. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and antiinflammatory activities

Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The benefits
Water extract (UW-ext) collected from the the leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Bearberry leaf), is found to exhibit its anti-inflammatory effects in ear swelling by picryl chloride-induced contact dermatitis (PC-CD) and carrageenin-induced paw edema. arbutin isolated from the leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., when combined with and indomethacin on Type IV allergic reaction-induced immuno-inflammation, carrageenin-induced edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis, found to be effective as arbutin may increase the inhibitory action of indomethacin on PC-CD, SRBC-DTH, carrageenin-induced edema and adjuvant-induced arthritis, but further investigations are required to understand the mechanism involved. Other study also indicated that 50% methanolic extract (U-ext), containing arbutin, possesses a therapeutic effect against immuno-inflammation induced by  by picryl chloride (PC-CD) and also increases the inhibitory effect of prednisolone.

References
(1) [Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. V. Effect of water extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry leaf) on the antiallergic and antiinflammatory activities of dexamethasone ointment].[Article in Japanese] by Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Tanaka T, Kubo M.(PubMed)
(2) [Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. III. Combined effect of arbutin and indomethacin on immuno-inflammation].[Article in Japanese] by Matsuda H, Tanaka T, Kubo M.(PubMed)
(3) [Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. I. Combined effect of 50% methanolic extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry leaf) and prednisolone on immuno-inflammation].[Article in Japanese] by Kubo M, Ito M, Nakata H, Matsuda H.(PubMed)

7. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Antiallergic activities
Allergy is the over reaction of immune system to harmless substances after entering our body affecting 1 in every 3 people.

The benefits
Water extract (UW-ext) from the leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Bearberry leaf) found to be increase significantly in the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the allergic testing. Arbutin, the major component of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi with at dose of 50 mg/kg 24 h after the application rapidly decreased the swelling of PC-CD  caused by picryl chloride (PC-CD).

References
(1) [Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. V. Effect of water extract from Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (bearberry leaf) on the antiallergic and antiinflammatory activities of dexamethasone ointment].[Article in Japanese] by Matsuda H, Nakamura S, Tanaka T, Kubo M.(PubMed)
(2) [Pharmacological studies on leaf of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. III. Combined effect of arbutin and indomethacin on immuno-inflammation].[Article in Japanese] by Matsuda H, Tanaka T, Kubo M.(PubMed)

7. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi  and diabetes
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, one of the herbal plant used in treating diabetes was tested in streptozotocin diabetic mice with treatments supplied as 6.25% by weight of the diet for 9 days, showed to counter some of the symptoms of streptozotocin diabetes without, however, affecting glycemic control.

References
(1) Evaluation of traditional plant treatments for diabetes: studies in streptozotocin diabetic mice by Swanston-Flatt SK, Day C, Bailey CJ, Flatt PR.(PubMed)

8. Herbal Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Gastric Cancer
Stomach cancer or gastric cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.

The Ingredients It contains arbutin, ursolic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid, some essential oil and resin, hydroquinones tannins,  phenolic glycosides and flavonoids.

The benefits
Ursolic acid, extracted from bearberry has found to exert its effect in inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in gastric cancer. The induction of gastric cell apoptosis through a a translocation of cofilin-1 protein (involved in the translocation of actin-cofilin complex) from the cytoplasm (the substance that fills the cell.) to the mitochondria (The power sources) to promoted the release of cytochrome c (a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion) from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, thereby activating the caspase cascade (routes from cell surface and the other from mitochondria) and finally inducing apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cell line. These suggested that the mitochondrial translocation of cofilin-1 might play a crucial role in the promotion of apoptosis and might be a key target for future treatment of human gastric cancer.

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References
(1) Mitochondrial translocation of cofilin-1 promotes apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC-823 cells induced by ursolic acid by Tang Q, Ji Q, Tang Y, Chen T, Pan G, Hu S, Bao Y, Peng W, Yin P.(PubMed)
  
9. Herbal Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and endometrial cancer
Endometrium is the inner lining of the mammalian uterus and very susceptible hormone change, particular to menstrual cycle. Endometrial cancer is a late adulthood cancer defined as a condition of which the cells of the endometrial lining of uterus have growth uncontrollable or become cancerous as a result of the alternation of cells DNA. It's the fourth most common cancer among women overall, after breast cancer, lung cancer, and bowel cancer.

The benefits
Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene acid, extracted from bearberry is found to be effective in inhibition of the growth of endometrial cancer cell HEC108 line, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. As exposure of Ursolic acid decreased the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels (member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death) but increased Bax expression (upregulated by the tumor suppressor protein p53,) through a mitochondrial pathway, of that induced apoptosis of endometrial cancer HEC108 line. Other in the study of the same but with inendometrial cancer SNG-II cells, ursolic acid strongly inhibited the growth of SNG-II cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The induced apoptotic processes in the endometrial cancer SNG-II cells is also involved mitochondrial pathways and Bcl-2 family proteins.
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References
(1) Molecular mechanism of ursolic acid induced apoptosis in poorly differentiated endometrial cancer HEC108 cells by Achiwa Y, Hasegawa K, Udagawa Y.(PubMed)
(2) Ursolic acid induces Bax-dependent apoptosis through the caspase-3 pathway in endometrial cancer SNG-II cells by Achiwa Y, Hasegawa K, Komiya T, Udagawa Y.(PubMed)


The Side effect
1. Overdoses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including cause nausea, vomiting, etc. and fever, chills, severe back pain, ringing in the ears, etc.
2. The herb may interact with other medicine, including diuretic
3. Do not use the herb in new born, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without approval from the related field specialist.
4. Etc.