Thursday, January 8, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - Diseases causes of dementia

By Kyle J. Norton 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia



About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.II. Causes of dementia

C. Diseases Causes of Dementia
C.1. Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named for German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, effecting memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life.


C.2. Stroke (Vascular problems) 

Strokes caused by uncontrolled diet with high in saturated and trans fats, can lead to bad cholesterol building up(88) in blocking the circulation of blood to the body and increase volume of infarction, in the brain(89). If oxygen is not delivered to the brain cells, some cells die off and can not reproduce(90), causing stroke(89). Others happen, when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures(91), it causes the cells in your brain deprived of oxygen with symptoms of vascular dementia(92)(93)(94).
According to the
the prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia  by University Department of Clinical Neurology, 10% of patients had dementia before first stroke, 10% developed new dementia soon after first stroke, and more than a third had dementia after recurrent stroke(95).

C.3. Dementia with Lewy bodies
Lewy bodies is a condition of spherical masses displaced other cell components with symptoms of
fluctuating cognitive ability with pronounced variations in attention and alertness, recurrent visual hallucinations and spontaneous motor features, including akinesia, rigidity and tremor(97). Abnormal aggregates of protein develop inside nerve cells are also found in Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy Body Dementia and some other disorders.(96). 
According to Mayo Clinic in MRI analysis of the characterizing the tissue abnormalities characteristic of Alzheimer disease and DLB, loss of tissues due to increased amygdalar diffusivity in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may be related to small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, a common pathology associated with Lewy body disease(98)

C.4. Fronto-temporal dementia
Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) or Pick's disease is clinical syndrome caused by degeneration of the frontal lobe(lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead) of the brain can lead to symptoms of depression and executive dysfunction triggering the loss of autonomy, the risk of fall and of malnutrition in elderly patients(100). Early diagnosis of fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) is often difficult because of the non-specific presentation, a delayed-gross estimation of injury or dysfunction of the frontal lobe(99).

C.5. Progressive supranuclear palsy
Progressive supranuclear palsy is  a condition of a movement disorder occurred as a result of damage to certain nerve cells with relatively specific patterns of atrophy, involving the brainstem, the latter frontoparietal regions, pontine tegmentum and the left frontal eye field(102) in the brain lead to serious and progressive problems with control of gait and balance, including an inability to aim the eyes properly(101).

C.6. Korsakoff's syndrome 
Korsakoff's syndrome, named after Sergei Korsakoff, a Russian neuropsychiatris is a neurological disorder caused by deficiency of Vitamin B1 (thiamine) in the brain and associated closely to chronic alcohol abuse and/or severe malnutrition, can lead to spontaneous alternation performance impaired in PTD accompanied by a significant reduction (30%) in phosphorylated synapsin I(103). Korsakoff's syndrome has been linked to neurotoxic effect of chronic alcohol consumption causes of medial thalami, mammillary bodies, and corpus callosum(104)
According to University of Campinas (Unicamp), beside the main cause of thiamine deficiency and viral infection or toxins in the blood, other adjunct factors, include magnesium depletion and chronic alcohol misuse, in the development of Korsakoff's syndrome(105)

C.7. Binswanger's disease
Binswanger disease also known as subcortical vascular dementia  is a type of small vessel vascular dementia caused by microscopic areas of damage to the deep layers of white matter in the brain, including mostly of glial cells and myelinated axons in transmitting signals from one region of the cerebrum to another and between the cerebrum and lower brain centers.  
Binswanger's disease frequency increase with age, independent of other risk factors, and are associated with white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) deficits in selected cognitive functions.(106), a progressive dementia, depression and "subcortical" dysfunction such as gait abnormalities, rigidity and neurogenic bladder(107). Control of hypertension may help prevent further progression of white matter disease(107).

C.8. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition of the progressive failure of the immune system caused by HIV, a lentivirus, originated HIV invasion of CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), through progression of  chronic inflammation induced dysfunction in neurons and astrocytes(star-shaped glial cells in the brain)(108). The presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (in systemic inflammation) may also increase the risk of development of neurological dysfunction(109).

C.9.  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a form of incurable, fatal, degenerative neurological disorder caused rapid decrease of mental function and movement due to the infectious replicate protein, including symptoms of  Mild Cognitive Impairment resembled the final stages of Alzheimer's disease, inexplicable visual disturbances(110).

C.10. Parkinson's disease 
Parkinson's disease is a condition of  a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system causes of shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, etc. with dementia commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease. According to study, in a survey of all stages of disease and 18.38 % demented from patients, caregiver and both, spychotic symptoms, mood/Apathy, and impulse control disorders are accounted for 66.63 % of the variance(111).

C.11. Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a condition of a neurodegenerative genetic disorder affected the muscle coordination causes of cognitive decline and psychiatric problems(17). Impairments of  patients with Huntington's disease include speed of processing, initiation, and attention measuresin linear regression(112).

C.12. Motor Neurone disease (MND)
Motor neuron disease is a group of neurological disorders affected the motor neurones, located in the central nervous system (CNS), caused of cognitive and behavioural changes(113)

C.13. Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple Sclerosis is a condition of an inflammatory disease due to the damage of the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord, responded to vision, speech, walking, writing, and memory(114).

C.14. Obesity
Midlife and late-life obesity may increase the risk of dementia. In 480 persons with incident dementia, risk of dementia was associated to patients with for obese (BMI >30) and uderweight persons (BMI <20) but not overweight (BMI >25-30)(115).

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References
(88) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25466009
(89) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21435380
(90) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24627643  
(91) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24223607
(92) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778438 
(93) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19673608 
(94) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902701  
(95) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19782001
(96) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body
(97) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22812926
(98) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20513818
(99) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16227556
(100) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748373
(101) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22519566
(102) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16401739
(103) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507301
(104) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22496200
(105) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646296
(106) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7604429
(107) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861880
(108) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16540457
(109) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8498837
(110) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179914
(111) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527230 
(112) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease
(113) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20629124
(114) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031302
(115) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273752 

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - Free radical causes of dementia (Lou Gehrig's disease(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis))

By Kyle J. Norton 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia



About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia
B.4. Lou Gehrig's disease(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
1. Free radicals and Lou Gehrig's disease
Researchers found that glutamate in the synapses enhances the production of free radicals(77) only in motor nerve cells but spares other nerve cells(74) such as cells control senses and other body functions, causing more production of free radicals in disrupting of astrocytes in regulated glutamate levels(76).

2. Antioxidants and Lou Gehrig's disease
a. Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)

High doses of vitamin B12 as an antioxidant have shown to improve or slow muscle wasting in the later stages of patients with ALS disease(78)(79).

b. Vitamin E

Vitamin E protects against cell membranes from lipid peroxidation damage(80) in reduced the risk of breakdown of the cell membrane cause of ALS(81).

c. Superoxide dismutase enzyme 

Mutations in the superoxide dismutase enzyme can increase the risk ALS(82) in catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide(83).

d. Cerebral cortex

 Oxidative stress and DNA alternation triggered neurons damage(84) were found in elevating levels in  mice with ALS(85).

e. Amino acids 

 Diet high in amino acids as antioxidants have shown some promising effect in treating ALS(86)(87).

f. Etc.

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html


References
(74)  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25384799
(75) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24655927
(76) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25131692 
(77) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7561868  
(78) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21237187 
(79) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17969354
(80) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24068194 
(81) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23286756
(82) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25316790 
(83) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024135 

(84) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12132589
(85) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Oxidative+stress+and+DNA+alternation++in+Als
(86) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129262
(87) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8255440  

Wednesday, January 7, 2015

Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)(*) and Vitamin E reduced visibility of Forehead and Nosy Finel iines

By Kyle J. Norton and associates
World wide Copy Right protected. No reproduction of any part of this document is allowed without permission of the writer.
                                                   Dehydroascorbic Acid(*)


                                                                       
                                             
                                                         Vitamin E

                                           

                          Published 2014, August 15 By Kyle J. Norton and associates. All right reserved.
Who does not want to look 5, 10 or 15 year younger than his/her biological age or in comparison of people in the age group.

 The dream of finding such ingredients in maintaining and getting rid of aging fine lines has been ongoing since human civilization. Unfortunately, many ingredients with no commercial values have been discarded due to their effects in dampening the profits of all cosmetic companies.

In our previous studies, we have shown that Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)(*)  4% concentration improved facial skin, including reduced roughness, black and white heads, lightened aging spots, pigmentation and enhanced elasticity and prevented acne, etc. The combination of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)(*)  4% concentration and vitamin E and E effectively reduced visibility of arterial veins on the back the hand, rejuvenated fingers (including knuckles), wrist and forearms from the wrist to elbow. The aim of this study is to test for the effectiveness of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)(*)  4% concentration used combination with vitamin E, 3 times daily on 40 healthy subjects.

 Fine line is a result of effect of gravity in aging, and causes of slower process in cell rejuvenation and longer in elastic fibers replacement. Some researchers insisted that adding to the aging skin, free radicals and inflammatory molecules may degrade facial skin even more quickly.

According to the searching on PubMed data base, there are limit information of health effects of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)(*) but its un oxidized form.
1. Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHA) (vitamin C supplement oxidized form)
Vitamin C
, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavenging activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune system support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging (1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity (2)(3).
Epidemiological studies linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some certain results (3a)(3b)(3c). Vitamin C oxidized form or dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) processed antiviral and virucidal effects (23), prevented H2O2-induced cell death by increasing the GSH levels mediated by the GPx and GR activities and PPP (17), and regulated neuronal energy metabolism, through facilitating the utilization of glucose via the PPP for antioxidant purposes (18) by increasing antioxidant potential in the central nervous system (19). Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) may be a potential anti-cancer agent to treat aggressive cancers (20)(21). Dr. Toohey at the Cytoregulation Research said "rapidly-dividing tumour cells make unusually large amounts of homocysteine thiolactone and that administered dehydroascorbic acid enters the cells and converts the thiolactone to mercaptopropionaldehyde which kills the cancer cells" (22).

According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses of a dependent manner, the concentration of L-ascorbic acid induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up spots(8). Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulating collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA placed every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acid in the anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Application of vitamin C showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over a 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with a 100% satisfaction of overall appearance of the tested subjects’ skin(14).
In fact, many studies have showed that vitamin C, the un oxidized form improved skin roughness and scaliness(26)(27), wrinkles(28)(29), skin elasticity and firming(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), lightened Liver and aging spots(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41), Pigmentation(42)(43)(44), reduced Acne and Acne scars(45)(46).

2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin consisting of eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrieno with varying levels of biological activity, found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower, safflower oils, etc.) which plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc.

Epidemiological studies linking vitamin E in reduced progression of aging have been inconclusive (47)(48)(49)(50), but some studies showed that vitamin delays cellular senescence of human diploid fibroblasts through the inhibition of intrinsic mitochondria-mediated pathway which involved the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes and proteins (51) and prevents cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts (52), protects against oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing by modulating the telomere length possibly via telomerase(54), protects against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress (55). and induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of normal human skin fibroblast cells derived from young and old individual donors(56), UVA(57).  In a study of Indian women with signs of facial aging, the composition of niacinamide, panthenol, and tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced the appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, and lightened the appearance of the skin in comparison to the control through 6 weeks(60).

Method
A total of 40 patients were recruited, with ages ranging from 57 - 60 (32 Caucasians, 3 Africans, and 5 Asians; 32 females and 8 males)  to test for the effectiveness of DHA 4% concentration and vitamin E for 3 times daily in 12 weeks against the formation of forehead and nosy fine lines. Patients were instructed to apply DHA 4% concentration first than followed by vitamin E (0.5ml) with duration of 5 minutes in each interval on the affected area.

Total Patients Study
Race
Gender
Ages 57-62
Caucasians
26 females, 6 males
32
Asians
4 females, 1 males
5
Africans
3 females, 0 males
3



Caucasians
Africans
Asians
Total
Ethnicity and Gender
32
3
5
40 (33F, 7M)
Patients are eligible to enter this study if they are in the age group from 55 to 65 (regardless to types of skin) with moderate to severe aging processes causing forehead and nose fine lines. Patients must also agree during the study that they will not to use any other topical products but the testing solution, such as moisturizers, sunscreens, fragrances, make-up, and any facial procedures such as peels, facials, microdermabrasion, and injection of botulinum toxin type A or dermal fillers. The study also examined the patients with any cosmetic surgery and medication use which may interfere with the study, as well as history of facial skin diseases. All patients are also required to sign a informed consent.

Initial examination
Based on a scale from 0-4 (0 - Not applicable, 1 - Minimum, 2 - Mild. 3 - Moderate, 4 - Severe)     
All age groups
Not Applicable
Minimum
Mild
Severe
Forehead fine lines
0
0
7
33
Nosy fine lines
0
0
5
35
 stretch marks between the eyes
0
0
18
22


Treatment solution
1. Equipment contained  Vitamin E an DHA provided and mixed by patients as instructed. DHA  solution was refrigerated and remake every 3 days to protect its effectiveness.

2. DHA 4% was applied 5 minutes then Vitamin E (0.5 ml) 3 times a day, in the morning, afternoon and evening.
3.Application of DHA using a sponge should be taken with glove to void brownness, due to its acidic concentration.
4. Application of vitamin E (0.5 ml)are used by fingers and palm with slightly pressure rubbing against the forearms skin to ensure absorption.
5. Affected areas should be cleansed before applied the first ingredient.
6. After finished application, DHA was returned to refrigerator and Vitamin E to the cabinet.
 
Outcome measure
The result would be measured 3 times:
1. The end of week 4
2. The end of week 8
3. The end of week 12
Patients were measured for the intensity of the applicable area and to check for efficacy of the solution by comparing to the base line.
All patients have completed the study.
 
Results:
Observation report
1. At the end of week 4
Measurement of improvement of the group A using a scale rating from 0 - 100% improvement.
DHA 4% cot 6% concentration  then vitamin E(0.5 ml) with duration of 5 minutes between 2 applications in the morning, afternoon and evening, 3 times daily.

Forehead fine lines       50
Nosy fine lines             30
Stretch marks   20

2. At the end of week 8
Measurement of improvement of the group A using a scale rating from 0 - 100% improvement.
DHA 4% cot 6% concentration  then vitamin E(0.5 ml) with duration of 5 minutes between 2 applications in the morning, afternoon and evening, 3 times daily.
 
Forehead fine lines       65
Nosy fine lines             40
Stretch marks     25
 
3 At the end of week 12
Measurement of improvement of the group A using a scale rating from 0 - 100% improvement.
DHA 4% cot 6% concentration  then vitamin E(0.5 ml) with duration of 5 minutes between 2 applications in the morning, afternoon and evening, 3 times daily.
 
Forehead fine lines       80
Nosy fine lines              50
Stretch marks      30
 
Efficacy and Patient satisfaction:
With a scale ranging from 0 - 4 (0: no effect, 1: minimum, 2: moderate, 3: good, 4 excellent effect)
Forehead fine lines    3.8  
Nosy fine lines 3.2
Stretch marks 2.5
As the data indicates, most patients satisfied with the performance of Solution in reduced visibility of forehead and nosy fine lines but not other fine lines. Reduced visibility of forehead fime line had a high score in patients satisfaction.
 
Tolerability
Through over 12 weeks of application with the designed solution, no adverse effect has been reported.
 
Discussion
For first time, we discovered that the used ingredients are less effective on nosy fine lines (20% in comparison with healthy oral hygiene) on patients with completed denture.
DHA  4% concentration in the previous study, showed the most efficacy in enhanced smoothness, firmness, and elasticity of the skin through stimulation the production of collagen. It also whitened skin and reduced scaliness, photo-pigmentation and aging pigmentation, aging spots, acne, acne scars. It was especially effective in the treatment of black and white heads when compared with other solutions probably through its antioxidant activities and skin absorption. When combined with vitamin E (.5 ml), the application of the combined solution showed effectively in reduced visibility of both forehead and nosy fine lines of aging subject from ages of 57 to 62 as follow after 12 weeks, probably through DHA detoxified, antioxidant and stimulated reproduction of collagen activities via vary unknown mechanisms.

The below are the pictures of 58 years old of the tested subjects
1. Before application

2. After 4 weeks

3. After 8 weeks

4. After 12 weeks
 
Vitamin E used in this studies is Provitamin E sold by Jamieson. Kyle J. Norton and associated DO NOT received funding from Jamieson.  The decision to use such the produced was due to complaints of irritation and stickiness of vitamin E liquids in many testing subjects in previous studies. This decision may also be the cause of withdrawal funding from our 2  long termed sponsors.
Please make sure that you discuss the use of any topical solution in the study with your doctor or related field specialist before applying.

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html

References
(1)  40 years of topical tretinoin use in review by Baldwin HE1, Nighland M, Kendall C, Mays DA, Grossman R, Newburger J.(PubMed)
(2) Elevated cysteine-rich 61 mediates aberrant collagen homeostasis in chronologically aged and photoaged human skin by Quan T1, He T, Shao Y, Lin L, Kang S, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ.(PubMed)
(3) Retinoids suppress cysteine-rich protein 61 (CCN1), a negative regulator of collagen homeostasis, in skin equivalent cultures and aged human skin in vivo by Quan T1, Qin Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ(PubMed)
(4) Effects of the aminophenol analogue p-Dodecylaminophenol on mouse skin by Takahashi N1, Fujiu Y(PubMed)
(5) Antiaging action of retinol: from molecular to clinical by Bellemère G1, Stamatas GN, Bruère V, Bertin C, Issachar N, Oddos T.(PubMed)
(6) Synthesis and in vitro biological activity of retinyl retinoate, a novel hybrid retinoid derivative by Kim H1, Kim B, Kim H, Um S, Lee J, Ryoo H, Jung H(PubMed)
(7) Improvement of naturally aged skin with vitamin A (retinol) by Kafi R1, Kwak HS, Schumacher WE, Cho S, Hanft VN, Hamilton TA, King AL, Neal JD, Varani J, Fisher GJ, Voorhees JJ, Kang S.(PubMed)
(8) A stabilized 0.1% retinol facial moisturizer improves the appearance of photodamaged skin in an eight-week, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study by Tucker-Samaras S1, Zedayko T, Cole C, Miller D, Wallo W, Leyden JJ.(PubMed)
(9) N-retinoyl-D-glucosamine, a new retinoic acid agonist, mediates topical retinoid efficacy with no irritation on photoaged skin by Kambayashi H1, Odake Y, Takada K, Funasaka Y, Ichihashi M, Kato S(PubMed)
(10) Influence of dietary carotenoids on radical scavenging capacity of the skin and skin lipids by Meinke MC1, Friedrich A, Tscherch K, Haag SF, Darvin ME, Vollert H, Groth N, Lademann J, Rohn S.(PubMed)
(11) Discovering the link between nutrition and skin aging by Schagen SK1, Zampeli VA, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC.(PubMed)
(12) The role of nutraceuticals in anti-aging medicine by Vranesić-Bender D.(PubMed)
(13) Interaction between carotenoids and free radicals in human skin by Lademann J1, Schanzer S, Meinke M, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)
(14) Carotenoids in human skin by Lademann J1, Meinke MC, Sterry W, Darvin ME(PubMed)

(15) Dermal carotenoid level and kinetics after topical and systemic administration of antioxidants: enrichment strategies in a controlled in vivo study by Darvin ME1, Fluhr JW, Schanzer S, Richter H, Patzelt A, Meinke MC, Zastrow L, Golz K, Doucet O, Sterry W, Lademann J(PubMed)
(16) Retinaldehyde/hyaluronic acid fragments: a synergistic association for the management of skin aging by Cordero A1, Leon-Dorantes G, Pons-Guiraud A, Di Pietro A, Asensi SV, Walkiewicz-Cyraska B, Litvik R, Turlier V, Mery S, Merial-Kieny C(PubMed)
(17) A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues by Takahashi N1, Takasu S.(PubMed)

(1) Active ingredients against human epidermal aging by Lorencini M1, Brohem CA2, Dieamant GC2, Zanchin NI3, Maibach HI(PubMed)
(2) CAM use in dermatology. Is there a potential role for honey, green tea, and vitamin C? by Barbosa NS1, Kalaaji AN2.(PubMed)
(3) The science behind vitamins by Linder J.(PubMed)
(3a) Split-face study of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum in treating photo-aged skin by Xu TH1, Chen JZ, Li YH, Wu Y, Luo YJ, Gao XH, Chen HD(PubMed)
(3b) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(3c) Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of a cosmetic multiple emulsion containing vitamin C and wheat protein by Akhtar N1, Yazan Y(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid levels in various tissues, plasma and urine of mice during aging by Iwama M1, Amano A, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(5) Ascorbic Acid Modulation of Iron Homeostasis and Lysosomal Function in Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Xu P1, Lin Y, Porter K, Liton PB(PubMed)
(6) High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis by Chaganti RK1, Tolstykh I2, Javaid MK3, Neogi T4, Torner J5, Curtis J6, Jacques P7, Felson D4, Lane NE8, Nevitt MC9; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group (MOST)(PubMed)
(7) Trade-offs between anti-aging dietary supplementation and exercise by Mendelsohn AR1, Larrick JW(PubMed)
(8) [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW1, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(9) Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by Kishimoto Y1, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(10) Nanoscale gelatinase A (MMP-2) inhibition on human skin fibroblasts of Longkong (Lansium domesticum Correa) leaf extracts for anti-aging by Manosroi A1, Kumguan K, Chankhampan C, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(PubMed)
(11) Benefits of combinations of vitamin A, C and E derivatives in the stability of cosmetic formulations by Gianeti MD1, Gaspar LR, Camargo FB Jr, Campos PM.(PubMed)
(12) Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E. by Segall AI1, Moyano MA.(PubMed)
(13) Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy by Raschke T1, Koop U, Düsing HJ, Filbry A, Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Wenck H, Wittern KP.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of a prescription strength 4% hydroquinone/10% L-ascorbic acid treatment system for normal to oily skin by Bruce S1, Watson J(PubMed)
(15) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)
(16) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)
(17) Dehydroascorbic acid prevents oxidative cell death through a glutathione pathway in primary astrocytes by Kim EJ1, Park YG, Baik EJ, Jung SJ, Won R, Nahm TS, Lee BH.(PubMed)
(18) The oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, regulates neuronal energy metabolism by Cisternas P1, Silva-Alvarez C, Martínez F, Fernandez E, Ferrada L, Oyarce K, Salazar K, Bolaños JP, Nualart F.(PubMed)
(19) Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters by Agus DB1, Gambhir SS, Pardridge WM, Spielholz C, Baselga J, Vera JC, Golde DW.(PubMed)
(20) Expression and/or activity of the SVCT2 ascorbate transporter may be decreased in many aggressive cancers, suggesting potential utility for sodium bicarbonate and dehydroascorbic acid in cancer therapy by McCarty MF.(PubMed)
(21) Gelatin crosslinked with dehydroascorbic acid as a novel scaffold for tissue regeneration with simultaneous antitumor activity by Falconi M1, Salvatore V, Teti G, Focaroli S, Durante S, Nicolini B, Mazzotti A, Orienti I.(PubMed)
(22) Dehydroascorbic acid as an anti-cancer agent by Toohey JI.(PubMed)
(23) Antiviral and virucidal activities of natural products by Arakawa T1, Yamasaki H, Ikeda K, Ejima D, Naito T, Koyama AH.(PubMed)
(24) Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies, by Pinnell SR1, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, Wang Y, Levine M.(PubMed)
(25) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(26) Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss by Cua AB1, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(27) Skin surface lipid and skin friction: relation to age, sex and anatomical region by Cua AB1, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(28) Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content by Wilhelm KP1, Cua AB, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(29) Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study by Jenkins G1, Wainwright LJ, Holland R, Barrett KE, Casey J.(PubMed)
(30) Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women by Skovgaard GR1, Jensen AS, Sigler ML.(PubMed)
(31) Vitamin C: a wound healing perspective, by Moores J.(PubMed)
(32) Nutrition 411: revisiting vitamin C and wound healing by Collins N.(PubMed)
(33) Ef[The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW1, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(34) Regulation of collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts in contracted collagen gels by ascorbic acid, growth factors, and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation by Gessin JC1, Brown LJ, Gordon JS, Berg RA(PubMed)
(35) Electroporation-mediated topical delivery of vitamin C for cosmetic applications by Zhang L1, Lerner S, Rustrum WV, Hofmann GA.(PubMed)
(36) Liver Spot Removal: Vitamin C Products(Skin care guide)
(37) Lack of vitamin leads to brown spot on hand(livestrong)
(38) A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation by Murray JC1, Burch JA, Streilein RD, Iannacchione MA, Hall RP, Pinnell SR.(PubMed)
(39) UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E by Lin JY1, Selim MA, Shea CR, Grichnik JM, Omar MM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Pinnell SR.(PubMed)
(40) Protective effects of topical antioxidants in humans by Dreher F1, Maibach H.(PubMed)
(41) Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants by Darr D1, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S.(PubMed)
(42) Successful short-term and long-term treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation using vitamin C with a full-face iontophoresis mask and a mandelic/malic acid skin care regimen by Taylor MB1, Yanaki JS, Draper DO, Shurtz JC, Coglianese M.(PubMed)
(43) Intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of post-laser hyperpigmentation for melasma: a short report by Lee GS.(PubMed)
(44) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin C iontophoresis in melisma by Huh CH1, Seo KI, Park JY, Lim JG, Eun HC, Park KC.(PubMed)
(45) USE OF VITAMIN C IN ACNE VULGARIS  by GEORGE E. MORRIS, M.D.(Jama dermatology)
(46) Vitamin C and Acne Scar By Melodie Anne Coffman(Livestrong
(47) Evaluation of the photoprotective effect of oral vitamin E supplementation by Werninghaus K1, Meydani M, Bhawan J, Margolis R, Blumberg JB, Gilchrest BA.(PubMed)
(48) Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) by Eberlein-König B1, Placzek M, Przybilla B(
PubMed)
(49) Effects of oral vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in human skin by McArdle F1, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ(
PubMed)
(50) Effect of UV exposure and beta-carotene supplementation on delayed-type hypersensitivity response in healthy older men by Herraiz LA1, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich A, Roe DA.(
PubMed)
(51) Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and suppression of caspases by gamma-tocotrienol prevent apoptosis and delay aging in stress-induced premature senescence of skin fibroblasts by Makpol S1, Abdul Rahim N, Hui CK, Ngah WZ(
PubMed)
(52) Gamma-tocotrienol modulation of senescence-associated gene expression prevents cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts by Makpol S1, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(
PubMed)
(53) Gamma-tocotrienol modulated gene expression in senescent human diploid fibroblasts as revealed by microarray analysis by Makpol S1, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Mohd Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(
PubMed)
(54) Gamma-Tocotrienol prevents oxidative stress-induced telomere shortening in human fibroblasts derived from different aged individuals by Makpol S1, Abidin AZ, Sairin K, Mazlan M, Top GM, Ngah WZ.(
PubMed)
(55) Modulation of collagen synthesis and its gene expression in human skin fibroblasts by tocotrienol-rich fraction by Makpol S1, Azura Jam F, Anum Mohd Yusof Y, Zurinah Wan Ngah W.(
PubMed)
(56) Alpha-tocopherol modulates hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of human skin fibroblasts derived from differently aged individuals by Makpol S1, Zainuddin A, Rahim NA, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(
PubMed)
 (60) The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial by Jerajani HR1, Mizoguchi H, Li J, Whittenbarger DJ, Marmor MJ.(
PubMed)

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - Free radical causes of dementia (Multiple Sclerosis, MS)

By Kyle J. Norton 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia



About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia
B.3. Multiple Sclerosis
1. Free radicals and Multiple Sclerosis
 Free radical activity is a contributory factors in MS(60) due to proinflammatory cytokines in free radicals production in the peripheral immune system and the central nervous system (CNS)(60).

2. Antioxidants and Multiple sclerosis
Antioxidants protect the neural tissues from damage against inflammation caused by oxidative stress.
a. TNFalpha
 
TNFalpha, an imflammatory cytokine showed to associate with MS inhibited by antioxidants(61)) of green tea(62), and curcumin(63).

b. Melatonin
Melatonin functions as an antioxidant has the ability to protect neurons(65)(66) from free radicals cause of lipid peroxidation(64).

c Selenium
Some studies found that the level of selenium in the blood of people with MS was lower than in that of people without MS(67)(68). In patients with MS,
all abnormalities may be normalized by daily intake of selenium(69),

d. Niacin

Niacin acting as antioxidant is a key to the successful treatment of multiple sclerosis,

. It profoundly prevents the degeneration(70) of demyelinated axons and improves the behavioral deficits(71).

e. Vitamin D

Seurm of 25(OH)D level showed to regulate expression dynamics of a large gene-gene interaction system in immune modulatory processes of MS activity(72). According to the study published by the journal Neurology, group receiving vitamin D supplement demonstrated a remarkable 41 percent reduction in new MS events with no meaningful side effects(73).

f. Etc.
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References
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18505779
(61) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322311
(62) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25123184
(63) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20163327
(64) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427383
(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23183236
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010042
(67) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702664
(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10609336
(69) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2484516 
(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25317166
(71) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17414505
(72) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25285313  
(73) A phase I/II dose-escalation trial of vitamin D3 and calcium in multiple sclerosis,  June 8, 2010 74:1852-1859; published ahead of print April 28, 2010 1526-632X
 

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - Free radical causes of Parkinson's disease

 

 By Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article) 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.


               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia


About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia

B.2. Parkinson's disease
1. Free radicals and Parkinson's disease

 Patients with Parkinson's disease have low levels of polyunsaturated fat in the substania nigra(44)(45) than other part of the brain, but higher levels of lipid peroxidation as indication of higher levels of malonaldehyde(44). Also patients with the disease found to contain waste pigments of lipofusion(46) and other polymers in the neurons(47) where dopamine is most active.


2. Aging and Parkinson's disease
According to  Julius-Maximilians-University, physiological aging and OS-dependent aggregation of proteins, accompanied with environment toxins(49) are found to associated to the progression of the disease(48).

3. Antioxidants and Parkinson's disease
Antioxidants play an vital role for patients with Parkinson's disease.
a. Superoxide dismutase
Researcher found that the progression of the disease may be associated with the decrease levels of superoxide dismutase, a antioxidant enzyme(50). According to University of Thessaloniki, Patients with advanced Parkinson' diseases showed a statistically significant decrease of SOD activity in whole blood and in red blood cells(51).

b. NADH ubiquinone reductase
 Levels of NADH ubiquinone reductase is decreased in the substania nigra(52) in patients with PD, leaded to neurons apoptosis, but this can be treated with antioxidants Acetyl-L-carnitine (53) and alpha lipoic acid(54).

c. Uric acid
 People with a high blood level of the natural antioxidant uric acid have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease(55) than do people with lower levels(56), but high levels of uric acid increases the risk of kidney diseases(57) and gout(58).

d. Glutathione
 Glutathoine  showed to deactivate the harmful product HNE of lipid peroxidation(59).


f. Etc.
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For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html


References(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24826210
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18243716
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9238339
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357119
(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24023579
(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958946
(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22490478
(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18618666
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588856
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407889

 

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - Free radical causes of dementia (Alzheimer’s disease)

By Kyle J. Norton (Draft Article)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia



About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia
B.1. Alzheimer’s disease
1. Free radical and Alzheimer’s disease
Free radicals causes Alzheimer’s disease is well defined in many researches(25)(26). Oxidative stress-induced injury involved the selective modification of different intracellular proteins may lead to the neurofibrillary degeneration of neurons in the brain(27)(28) (source)

2.  Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease
a. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Change of brain aging in DHA metabolism, was found in patients with Alzheimer's disease(29). DHA, a naturally occurring component found in every cell membrane(29) increases phosphatidylserine(30)(31) is important in decreased production of proinflammatory omega-6 eicosanoids causes of Alzheimer's disease(31) and in improved the memory of animals with Alzheimer's disease by suppressing oxidative damage in the brain(32).

b. Vitamin E

Vitamin E, and drugs(memantine) reduced generalized inflammation, may slow the decline of mental and physical abilities in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the long term(33). Also vitamin E inhibits cells damage and cells death caused by beta-amyloid(34)(35), which is toxic to brain cells(36).

c. Phosphatidylserine

Patients who had Alzheimer’s disease took 100 milligrams per day (mg/day) of phosphatidylserine scored significantly better on standardized memory tests at the end of the 12-week trial period than patients without(37)(38).

d. Antioxidants
Antioxidant are found at much lower levels for patients with Alzheimer’s disease(39)(40)(41) , such as serum of vitamin A, C, E, zinc and transfferin.

e. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors 

 Alzheimer’s disease patients showed to exhibit the significant loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors neurons(42) causes of reduced volume of neural transmission that can lead to loss of memory(43).

f. Etc.

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html

Tuesday, January 6, 2015

Most common diseases of 50 plus - Diseases of Central Nervous system - The Deficient Causes of Dementia

By Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article) 
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

               Diseases of Central Nervous system

                                 Dementia


About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
A. Deficient cause of dementia due to aging
1. Vitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) deficiency
Vitamin D levels not only plays a important role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated diseases including cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and stroke, but  also associats with increased risk of prevalent cognitive dysfunction. According to number of studies, raising vitamin D plays a role in decreased cognitive dysfunction and dementia(a).  Evidence from epidemiological also insisted the association between 25(OH)D concentrations and systolic blood pressure, risk for CV disease-related deaths, symptoms of depression, cognitive deficits, and mortality(b).

2. Folic acid with vitamin B12 deficiency
Folates are vitamins essential to the development of the central nervous system. Deficiency of folate can increase the risk of dementia. According to Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, folic acid plus vitamin B12 was effective in reducing the serum homocysteine concentrations, with no adverse effects(c).

3. Vitamin B12 deficiency
An association between neuropsychiatric disorders and vitamin B12 deficiency has been recognized since 1849. Deficiency of Vitamin B12 are found in many elder and might contribute to age-associated cognitive impairment, according to the Scientist at Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group(d).

4. Vitamin B6 deficiency
 Vitamin B6 supplementation showed to reduce the risk of developing cognitive impairment by older healthy people, or improving cognitive functioning of people with cognitive decline and dementia, according the study conducted by Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group(e).

5. Deficiency of Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1and growth hormones
Deficiency of Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)--1 hormone may contribute to the genesis of cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly patients. Old age, in the absence of circulating IGF-1, a hormone with a complex role in brain function have linked IGF-1 to an acceleration of neurological diseases(f). Growth hormone and IGF-1 replacement showed to increase neurogenesis, vascular density, and glucose utilization, and alters NMDA receptor subunit composition in brain areas that are implicated in learning and memory, in animal (g)and children(h) studies.

8. Deficiency of cerebrospinal fluid melatonin
 Melatonin plays an essential role to carried in ventricular system via choroid plexus portals. In Alzheimer's disease, inadequate melatonin increases risk of the neuropathological changes due to hydroxyl radicals cause of damage mitochondria and initiated cascade of oxygen radicals(i).

9. Decreased dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations
DHEA, a neurosteroid secreted by the adrenal cortex. is also a neurosteroid. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrationsare  decline in concentration with age(j).

10. Etc.

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html

References
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21790207
(b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20226390
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584018
(d) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12918012
(e) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14584010
(f) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22503992
(g) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16024298
(h) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15478038
(i) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11461164
(j) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19665809