Artichoke may be used as a functional remedy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with no side effects, according to studies.
Type 2 diabetes is a medical disease characterized by not enough insulin in the bloodstream due to dismissed pancreas function or in properly use the insulin of the body.
In other words, type 2 diabetes is caused by the beta cell which is responsible for the production of insulin died off or the clogged up of the insulin receptor sites, which allow the cell to bind with insulin in the blood to transform glucose to energy.
The hallmark of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance.
Types 2 diabetes is a common disease of adults in the Western world. According to the statistics provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 100 million U.S. adults are now living with diabetes or prediabetes.
And, in 2015, 30.3 million Americans or 9.4 percent of the U.S. population have diabetes.
The disease has caused a significant economic burden in the world. In the US, the annual economic cost for each individual with type 2 diabetes is $11,917.
In fact, the direct diabetes costs in a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the USA stood out as having particularly high costs, compared to other countries.
Some researchers suggested that the widespread type 2 diabetes in the overweight population in the US may be correlated to the promotion of the Western diet over the past few decades.
Dr. Lu Qi, and colleagues in the examination of the Western diet in types 2 diabetics wrote, "The Western dietary pattern was not associated with diabetes risk among those with a lower GRS."
And, "In addition, we found that intakes of processed meat, red meat, and heme iron, which characterized the Western dietary pattern, showed significant interactions with GRS in relation to diabetes risk (P for interaction = 0.029, 0.02, and 0.0004, respectively). The diet-diabetes associations were more evident among men with a high GRS (≥12) than in those with a low GRS".
The results indirectly suggested that people who follow the Western diet with a genetic risk score (GRS) are at an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Artichoke is a perennial thistle of Cynara cardunculus species of the Cynara genus, belonging to the family Carduoideae native to Southern Europe around the Mediterranean.
The herbal plant has been used in traditional medicine as a liver protective and detoxified agent, and to treat digestive disorders, abdominal pain gas and bloating, etc.
Scientists on finding a natural ingredient for the treatment of diabetes examined the artichoke (JA) potential in attenuating lipid disturbances and insulin resistance (IR) in an animal model.
Wistar rats selected for the study were fed a control diet, a 60 % fructose-enriched diet (FRU), or an FRU with 10 % JA (n 6-7) for 4 weeks. An oral glucose tolerance test was carried out on day 21.
Injection of JA showed a significant effect on improving the expression of the genes associated with fibrosis and inflammation and insulin resistance according to the global gene expression analyses and oral glucose tolerance test, respectively.
Dr. Chang WC, the lead scientist after taking into account co and confounder suggested that 10 % JA supplementation may be beneficial for the prevention of the onset of diabetes.
Furthermore, in order to reveal more information about the artichoke anti-diabetes effect, researchers conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study on 60 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
The selected subjects were randomly assigned to either a group that ingested 40 g of a Jerusalem artichoke and fermented soybean powder mixture (19.45 g each) daily or a group that received a placebo for 12 weeks.
Group treated with supplementation with the Jerusalem artichoke and fermented soybean powder mixture reduced the levels of fasting glucose (p < 0.001) and FFAs (p = 0.034), glucose at 60 min.
According to the homeostasis model assessment, the supplement also inhibits the insulin resistance (p = 0.018), and the urinary 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α) level, a marker of free radical-catalyzed lipid peroxidation.
Moreover, the change of glucose at 120 min (r = 0.472, p = 0.027) and the glucose under the curve (AUC) were positively correlated with the reduction of plasma malondialdehyde, an indication of oxidative stress.
The finding clearly suggested the efficacy of the consumption of a Jerusalem artichoke and fermented soybean powder mixture against the overexpression of glucose for 12 weeks, particularly, in the newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Taken altogether, artichoke used alone or combined with other herbal products may be considered functional remedies for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, pending to the confirmation of larger sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Beneficial effects of soluble dietary Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) in the prevention of the onset of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high-fructose diet-fed rats by Chang WC1, Jia H2, Aw W2, Saito K2, Hasegawa S3, Kato H1. (PubMed)
(2)The effects of Jerusalem artichoke and fermented soybean powder mixture supplementation on blood glucose and oxidative stress in subjects with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
Ahn HY1, Kim M1, Seo CR2, Yoo HJ3, Lee SH4, Lee JH. (PubMed)
(3) Genetic predisposition, Western dietary pattern, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in men by Lu Qi, Marilyn C Cornelis, Cuilin Zhang, Rob M van Dam, and Frank B Hu. (PMC)
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