Medical Advisor Journals

Wednesday, April 9, 2014

Asthma in Herbs' points of view

Respiratory Disease is defined as medical conditions which affect the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung disease, Obstructive lung diseases, Restrictive lung diseases, Respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves and muscles breathing , etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. According to American academy, allergy, asthma and immunology, about 1 in 10 children (10%) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults (8%) had asthma in 2009. (about 25 million, or 8% of the U.S. population)(1).
Epidemiological studies, linking herbs in reduced risk and treatment have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), but certain herbs have been found to be effectively in some studies.
1. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)
Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis) is a herb of Genus Angelica from the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China. The herb has been used as a Queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine antispasmodic and vasodilatory agent, and to balance the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation and strengthen heart, spleen, kidneys, and liver for both men and women, etc. In other words, it is used to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia and high blood pressure. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc. ethanolic extract (AD of Angelica in the study at Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, showed to suppress airway allergic inflammation, by significantly lower airway eosinophilia, cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels, mucus production and immunoglobulin (Ig)E in mice(1). Danggui Buxue Tang, a composition of Angelica sinensis (AS) and Astragalus membranaceus (AM), in OVA-sensitized mice, its DBT2 or DBT3 showed no improved effects relative to DBT1 in treating asthmatic symptoms but DBT1 showed to suppress airway hyperresponsiveness and OVA-immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum(2). According to Thammasat University, ethanol found in of Angelica sinensis exert its anti-inflammatory activity through antioxidant effects(3).

2. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B (GKB), a major chemical compound of ginkgo biloba, in BALB/c mice exerted its anti asthaasthmatic activity through inhibited the increase of T-helper 2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreased eosinophil count via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway(4). The composition of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761), astaxanthin (ASX) and vitamin C, also showed to exhibit the inhibition of asthma-associated inflammation in asthmatic guinea-pigs(5) and Ginkgo biloba extracts showed to inhibit asthmatic disorder through suppression tof NF-kappaB gene expression actively in HL-60 cells(6). Accordiong to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, biloba alleviates all established chronic histological changes of lung except smooth muscle thickness in a mouse model of asthma(7).

3. Licorice
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) also known as sweetwood, is the genus Glycyrrhiza, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis, etc. Licochalcone A (Lico A) isolated from the root of Xinjiang liquorice, exerted its anti-inflammatory activity on a non-infectious mouse model of asthma, through inhibition of the increase in T-helper type 2 cytokines and reduced serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG(8). ASHMI, the composition of aqueous extracts of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum), Kushen (Sophora flavescens) and Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), showed to allergic asthma, through inhibition of production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 by murine memory Th2 cells and eotaxin-1 production by HLF-1 cells(9).
Other study in a murine model also suggested that ASHMI not only significantly reduce eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, serum IgE levels, IL-4 and IL-13 levels, but also increase IFN-γ production in lung cell cultures in response to antigen stimulation(10).

4. Chamomile
Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc. Water composition extract of a mixture of eight herbs (chamomile, saffron, anise, fennel, caraway, licorice, cardomom and black seed), showed to alleviate the symptoms of asthma, through inhibition of histamine released from chemically- and immunologically-induced cells(11).

5. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major organosulfur compound found in garlic, in an ovalbumin-induced model of allergic asthma and RAW264.7 cells, showed to inhibit the proinflammatory proteins, through up regulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and down regulation of NF-κB pathways(12). According to the study by Tarbiat Modares University, purified aged garlic extract exhibited the protective effect of asthma through a significant decrease in the hallmark criteria of allergic airway inflammation levels(13).

6. Grape seed extract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a liquid extracted from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an anti bacterial, viral, fungal, parasites and to enhance immune system, protect against colds and flu and malignant disease. Grape seed extract (GSPE) may alleviate the symptoms od asthma through its antioxidant activities. According to the study of University of Ulsan College of Medicine, GSPE effectively suppressed inflammation in both acute and chronic mouse models of asthma, through reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), decreased inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid, reduced lung inflammation and and decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 expression(14) by downregulating the iNOS expression(15). Other study suggested that GSE significantly ameliorated of the pathological changes of ovalbumin-induced asthma, through inhibition of altered the lung parenchyma pathology and inflammation in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model(16).

7. Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.
According to teh study at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, green tea extract (GTE), and its major catechin, consisted an immunoregulatory effects through suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic patinets(17) and B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis(18). Other study suggested a anti asthmatic effect of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis through increasing the expression level of tumor necrosis factor-beta and interferon-gamma and decreasing the expression of anti-asthmatic cytokines in the lung(19).

8. Ephedra sinica
Ephedra prepared from Ephedra sinica has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for 5,000 years to treat asthma, hypotension and fatigue, etc. In testing the effect of Ma huang water decoction, EWD and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice, MXCT, with theophylline (one of the most popular antiasthmatic drugs and a typical substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, a enzyme in metabolism of xenobiotics), in rat, found the effectiveness of EWD or MXCT pretreatment in induced CYP1A2 activity, thus speeding up the metabolism of theophylline(20). Modified Shegan Mahuang Decoction (SGMH), in the study of a total of 154 children with cough and variant asthma (C&VA), exhibited the regulation of the serum levels of TNF-alpha (in the regulation of immune cells with function involved in induced fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1 & IL6 producing cells), IL-10( an anti-inflammatory cytokine) and IL-13(associated primarily with the induction of airway disease, and anti-inflammatory properties)(21), Other compositions of Herba Ephedrae decoction showed a strong effect in antianaphylaxis asthma(22).

9. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)
Sting Nettle is a flower plant in the genus Urtica, belonging tothe family Urticaceae, native to Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America.The herb has been used in traditional medicine as diuretic and laxative agent and to treat diarrhea and urinary disorders, to relieve pain, treat arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis, etc. According to the Penn State University College of Medicine, extracts from the stinging nettle may provide therapeutic value for some inflammatory medical conditions, due to its released chemicals act to cause itching, dermatitis, and urticaria within moments of contact(23).

10. Boswellia
B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) may be potential for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma, according to Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, Eschborn,(24) and Boswellic acids in some autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and bronchial asthma, according to University of Tuebingen(25). The compositions of Boswellia serrata, licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Tumeric root (Curcuma longa), in a total of 63 patients with bronchial asthma study, significantly decreased in the plasma levels of Plasma leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4))(,) nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in target therapy group when compared with placebo group(26).

11. kava kava (Piper)
Kava Kava is a tall shrub, genus Piper, belonging to family Piperaceae, native to western Pacific. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as a drink for sedative and anesthetic effects and to treat anxiety, insomnia, etc.
kava kava (Piper) one most commonly used as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of asthma, allergy, and immunologic conditions, may display some adverse effects in the form of a hypersensitivity reaction(27). According to University of Aberdeen, kavain and flavokavains A and B treatment in asthmatic subjects enhanced anti-inflammatory mechanisms, through inhibition of both inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) degradation and subsequent translocation of p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits from the cytoplasm to the nucleus(28).

12. peppermint oil and leaf (Mentha)
Peppermint is a hybrid mint with small purple or white flowers and downy leaves, in the genus Mentha, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to to Europe. The herb has been used in folk medicine as analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, decongestant, agent and to relieve gas, nausea, and stomach pain due to an irritable bowel, intestinal cramps, or indigestion, infecttion, etc.
Mentha, a majopr chemical constituent found in peppermint, its haplocalyx ethanol extract (MH), showed to inhibit inflammation of the airway in an asthmatic model, through inhibited increases in immunoglobulin (Ig) E and T-helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue(29).

13. Ginseng (Panax)
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root).
According to Gachon University, Korean red ginseng (KRG) was found effectively in treating nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in an allergic murine model by reducing Th2 cytokines(30). RG-II, isolated from Panax ginseng, inhibited asthmatic reaction of an ovalbumin-induced murine model, through regulated the T(H)1/T(H)2 immune response(31). Other researchers suggested that Panax ginseng ameliorates airway inflammation through inhibited the numbers of goblet cells and further small G proteins and increased MAP kinases in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lung tissues, in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice(32)

14. The compositions
14.1. Sho-seiryu-to (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang)
Sho-seiryu-to (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang) is a herbal composition included Chi Fu Ling, Gui Zhi, Bai Shao, Gan Jiang, Gan Cao, Zhi Ban Xia and Wu Wei Zi. According to the China Medical University, Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang (XQLT), inhibited the allergic inflammation including AHR, IgE elevation and eosinophil infiltration in Der p stimulated mice through regulating neurotrophin and reducing TARC(33) and also exhibited anti-airway inflammatory, anti-airway remodeling, and specific immunoregulatory effects in a chronic asthmatic mice model, through downregulated IL-10, IL-13, RANTES, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 mRNA expression in the lung(34). In the comparison of oral administration of 3 mg/day Shoseiryuto, 30 mg/day LFK, 3 mg/day of Shoseiryuto co-administered with 30 mg/day of LFK, and saline showed a significant reduction in the accumulation of eosinophils at 3 mg/day Shoseiryuto co-administered with 30 mg/day of LFK(35).

14.2. Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang (MXGST)
Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang (MXGST) is a Chinese herbal formula, included Ephedra, Apricot seed, R.Gypsum and Licorice frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine for asthmatic children in nationwide clinical database in Taiwan(36). According to the Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical, College, Taichung, Taiwan, in actively sensitized guinea pig study, administration of MXGST (10 g/kg) extracts significantly inhibited the antigen induced immediate asthmatic responses(IAR), through stimulation of beta2-adrenoceptors on bronchial smooth muscle and its anti-inflammatory ability to inhibit the neutrophil into the airway(37).

Taking altogether, herbal medicine list above may be effective in prevention and treatment of asthma disorder, through reduction of air way inflammation via inhibition of histamine released from chemically- and immunologically-induced cells, etc. some researchers suggested that large sample size and muticenter studies are necessary with identification of the active principle in order to improve the validation of the clinical trial. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying
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References
(1) Anti-asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Lee MY¹, Seo CS, Lee JA, Lee NH, Kim JH, Ha H, Zheng MS, Son JK, Shin HK.(PubMed)
(2) Danggui Buxue Tang attenuates eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice by Lin CC¹, Liou CJ, Chiang CY, Huang WY, Huang WC.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of Thai medicinal plants by Makchuchit S¹, Itharat A, Tewtrakul S.(PubMed)
(4) A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway by Chu X¹, Ci X, He J, Wei M, Yang X, Cao Q, Li H, Guan S, Deng Y, Pang D, Deng X.(PubMed)
(5) Summative interaction between astaxanthin, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and vitamin C in suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen by Haines DD¹, Varga B, Bak I, Juhasz B, Mahmoud FF, Kalantari H, Gesztelyi R, Lekli I, Czompa A, Tosaki A(PubMed)
(6) [Studies on the effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on NF-kappaB pathway].[Article in Chinese] by Li GH¹, Lei XX, Yi YM, Xu BL, Wang HP, Du J.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of Ginkgo biloba on airway histology in a mouse model of chronic asthma by Babayigit A¹, Olmez D, Karaman O, Ozogul C, Yilmaz O, Kivcak B, Erbil G, Uzuner N.(PubMed)
(8) Attenuation of allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma by Licochalcone A by Chu X¹, Jiang L, Wei M, Yang X, Guan M, Xie X, Wei J, Liu D, Wang D.(PubMed)
(9) Constituents of the anti-asthma herbal formula ASHMI(TM) synergistically inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by murine Th2 memory cells, and eotaxin by human lung fibroblasts in vitro by Jayaprakasam B¹, Yang N, Wen MC, Wang R, Goldfarb J, Sampson H, Li XM.(PubMed)
(10) Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids present in anti-asthma formula, ASHMI™, inhibit memory Th2 responses in vitro and in vivo by Yang N¹, Patil S, Zhuge J, Wen MC, Bolleddula J, Doddaga S, Goldfarb J, Sampson HA, Li XM.(PubMed)
(11) The effect of a herbal water-extract on histamine release from mast cells and on allergic asthma by Haggag EG¹, Abou-Moustafa MA, Boucher W, Theoharides TC.(PubMed)
(12) Diallyl-disulfide, an organosulfur compound of garlic, attenuates airway inflammation via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and NF-kappaB suppression by Shin IS¹, Hong J, Jeon CM, Shin NR, Kwon OK, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS.(PubMed)
(13) Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice by Zare A¹, Farzaneh P, Pourpak Z, Zahedi F, Moin M, Shahabi S, Hassan ZM.(PubMed)
(14) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma by Lee T¹, Kwon HS, Bang BR, Lee YS, Park MY, Moon KA, Kim TB, Lee KY, Moon HB, Cho YS.(PubMed)
(15) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase by Zhou DY¹, Du Q, Li RR, Huang M, Zhang Q, Wei GZ.(PubMed)
(16) Grape seed extract attenuates lung parenchyma pathology in ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model: an ultrastructural study by Mahmoud YI.(PubMed)
(17) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) mediated suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic humans by Wu SY¹, Silverberg JI, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(18) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) suppresses B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis by Hassanain E¹, Silverberg JI, Norowitz KB, Chice S, Bluth MH, Brody N, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(19) An aqueous extract of green tea Camellia sinensis increases expression of Th1 cell-specific anti-asthmatic markers by Heo JC¹, Rho JR, Kim TH, Kim SY, Lee SH.(PubMed)
(20) Effects of ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice on CYP1A2 and the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats by Tang J¹, Zhou X, Ji H, Zhu D, Wu L.(PubMed)
(21) [Effect of modified shegan mahuang decoction on cytokines in children patients with cough and variant asthma].[Article in Chinese]by Chen ZX¹, Hu GH.(PubMed)
(22)[Effects of among compositions of Herba Ephedrae decoction on genic xpression of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, IL-4 and leukotriene C4 in asthmatic mice].[Article in Chinese]by Liu YG¹, Luo JB.(PubMed)
(23) Stinging nettle dermatitis by Anderson BE¹, Miller CJ, Adams DR(PubMed)
(24) Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data by Abdel-Tawab M¹, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M.(PubMed)
(25) Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases by Ammon HP.(PubMed)
(26) Natural anti-inflammatory products and leukotriene inhibitors as complementary therapy for bronchial asthma by Houssen ME¹, Ragab A, Mesbah A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Othman G, Moustafa AF, Badria FA.(PubMed)
(27) Complementary and alternative interventions in asthma, allergy, and immunology by Bielory L.(PubMed)
(28) Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB by kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives by Folmer F¹, Blasius R, Morceau F, Tabudravu J, Dicato M, Jaspars M, Diederich M.(PubMed)
(29) Protective effects of Mentha haplocalyx ethanol extract (MH) in a mouse model of allergic asthma by Lee MY¹, Lee JA, Seo CS, Ha H, Lee NH, Shin HK.(PubMed)
(30) The effect of Korean red ginseng on allergic inflammation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis by Jung JH¹, Kang IG, Kim DY, Hwang YJ, Kim ST.(PubMed)
(31) RG-II from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer suppresses asthmatic reaction by Jung ID¹, Kim HY, Park JW, Lee CM, Noh KT, Kang HK, Heo DR, Lee SJ, Son KH, Park HJ, Shin SJ, Park JH, Ryu SW, Park YM.(PubMed)
(32) Panax ginseng ameliorates airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse allergic asthma model by Kim DY¹, Yang WM.(PubMed)
(33) Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang shows preventive effect of asthma in an allergic asthma mouse model through neurotrophin regulation by Chang RS¹, Wang SD, Wang YC, Lin LJ, Kao ST, Wang JY.(PubMed)
(34) Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang attenuates allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in repetitive Dermatogoides pteronyssinus challenged chronic asthmatic mice model by Wang SD¹, Lin LJ, Chen CL, Lee SC, Lin CC, Wang JY, Kao ST.(PubMed)
(35) Enhancement of anti-allergic effects mediated by the Kampo medicine Shoseiryuto (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang in Chinese) with lysed Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 in mice by Shimada T¹, Kondoh M, Motonaga C, Kitamura Y, Cheng L, Shi H, Enomoto T, Tsuruta D, Ishii M, Kobayashi H.(PubMed)
(36) Identifying core herbal treatments for children with asthma: implication from a chinese herbal medicine database in Taiwan by Chen HY¹, Lin YH, Thien PF, Chang SC, Chen YC, Lo SS, Yang SH, Chen JL.(PubMed)
(37) The effects of Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang on respiratory resistance and airway leukocyte infiltration in asthmatic guinea pigs by Kao ST¹, Yeh TJ, Hsieh CC, Shiau HB, Yeh FT, Lin JG.
(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in Vitamin B6 Points of View

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovaries, It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in green peas, yams, broccoli, asparagus and turnip greens, Peanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews and hazelnuts, meat, fish etc., with functions of amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, brain health, and liver detoxification, etc.

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin B6 in reduced risk of ovarian cancer have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d).

Dietary intakes of vegetable, fruit, fiber, folate, and B vitamins have been associated with reduced breast and/or ovarian cancer risk. According to the California State University, women with family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer, FHBOC should be encouraged to meet dietary guidelines for a potentially reduced breast and/or ovarian cancer risk(1). Other study showed a positive effect of the combination therapy of acupuncture of PC6 point injection plus vitamin B6, in alleviation of the symptoms of chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer, according to the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in the study of a total of 142 patients undergoing a highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimen between March 1, 2006, and June 30, 2008(2). But in a total of total of 248 analyzable patients with Stages III-IV ovarian epithelial cancer, researchers suggested vitamin B6 should not be used in conjunction with one of four cisplatin (DDP)-hexamethylmelamine (HMM) regimens, although pyridoxine administration significantly reduced neurotoxicity, because of its adverse effect on response duration(3).

Taken altogether, administration of vitamin B6 in reduced risk of ovarian cancer may be still controversial but dietary intakes of vegetable, fruit, fiber, folate, and B vitamins may be necessary to prevent nutrient deficiency cause of breast and/or ovarian cancer risk. Over doses may induced the symptoms of difficulty coordinating movement, numbness, sensory changes, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

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Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

For over 100 healthy recipes, http://diseases-researches.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_17.html
References
(a) Folate, vitamin B(6) , vitamin B(12) , methionine and alcohol intake in relation to ovarian cancer risk by Harris HR¹, Cramer DW, Vitonis AF, DePari M, Terry KL(PubMed)
(b) Pyridoxine to protect from oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity without compromising antitumour effect by Garg MB¹, Ackland SP.(PubMed)
(c) Relationship between dietary and supplemental intake of folate, methionine, vitamin B6 and folate receptor alpha expression in ovarian tumors by Kotsopoulos J¹, Hecht JL, Marotti JD, Kelemen LE, Tworoger SS.(PubMed)
(d) Intake of folate and related nutrients in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer by Tworoger SS¹, Hecht JL, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE.(PubMed)
(1)Diet and predictors of dietary intakes in women with family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer by McEligot AJ¹, Mouttapa M, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin B6 points PC6 injection during acupuncture can relieve nausea and vomiting in patients with ovarian cancer by You Q¹, Yu H, Wu D, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Peng C(PubMed)
(3) Hexamethylmelamine and low or moderate dose cisplatin with or without pyridoxine for treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group by Wiernik PH¹, Yeap B, Vogl SE, Kaplan BH, Comis RL, Falkson G, Davis TE, Fazzini E, Cheuvart B, Horton J.(PubMed)

Monday, April 7, 2014

Retinitis pigmentosa in Herbs, Foods and antioxidants Points of View

By Kyle J. Norton(Draft Article)

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic degenerative of eye diseases characteristic of slowly progressive damage of the retina, affecting about 1 in 4,000 people in the United States(1) and about 1in 3500 Canadians.(2).
Epidemiological studies, linking certain herbs, foods and vitamins in delay and alleviation of symptoms of the disease have produced certain success, but large sample size and multi centers studies are necessary to improve the validation of the claims.

A. The herbs
Limitation of research in finding the natural treatment for Retinitis pigmentosa, may be due to its genetically mutative nature.
Bilberry is low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to
the temperate and subarctic regions of the world(3). The herb has been used in folk medicine for its astringent action, an antihistamine effect, and it is also believe to posses anti-microbial as well as anti-diarrheal effects(4), due to its antioxidants effects of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, etc.(5). According to epidemiological studies. although with limitation, bilberry may be beneficiary in delayed progression and alleviated symptoms of Retinitis pigmentosa due to its effectiveness in protection of vision against many forms of eye diseases.(6)(7)(8)(9). According to ¹Johns Hopkins University, in Ninety-six Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with any level of vision completed an anonymous internet survey. bilberry supplement was used in 32% of the correspondents, who were experiencing some impact on vision and physical/emotional well-being(10). In a blue light, a high-energy or short-wavelength visible light induced retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and genetic related retinitis pigmentosa, bilberry extract (B-ext), containing high amounts of polyphenols (anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins) exhibited its effects in improved the viability of 661 W cells and inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS induced by blue LED light irradiation, probably through inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB and caspase-3/7 activation and autophagy(11). Other herbs may also contain similar effects as bilberry such as lingo berry or cowberry(11).

B. The foods
1. The fatty fish and fish oil
Linseed oil or fish oil may have a potential in delay the progression in genetic eye disorder of Retinitis pigmentosa, In retinas of RP rat model, the combination of linseed and fish oil exhibited lower-than-normal levels of ROS DHA may reflect an adaptive, possibly protective, mechanism in the P23H(12). In the University of Ottawa study, Onega 3 fatty acid found abundantly in fish oil showed in improvement of some retinitis pigmentosa outcomes in Clinical preliminary research in this field, further studies are necessary(13). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an other chemical derived from Omega 3 fatty acid, found abundantly in cold water fatty fish, such as salmon, in the study by the Harvard Medical School, showed a positive effect in among patients who were not taking vitamin A prior to entry, those in the DHA + A group had a slower decline in field sensitivity and electroretinogram amplitude than those in the control + A group over the first 2 years(14). Due to the influences of membrane phospholipid fatty acid abnormalities(15), some researchers suggested Fatty acid content alterations in membrane phospholipids of red blood cells of patients with Retinitis pigmentosa may be considered as markers for abnormalities in the lipid metabolism which disturb the retina integrity(16). Unfortunately, according to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in the review of the existent data of 394 titles and abstracts and nine ClinicalTrials.gov records and included three RCTs that met eligibility criteria, indicated a no clear evidence for benefit of treatment with DHA for people with RP(13).

2. The coffee
Chlorogenic acid, found in green coffee extract or Coffee, in this prospective, non-comparative, single-arm study, showed a beneficial effect on the peripheral area at the margins of retinal degeneration, and should be considered as an anti-oxidant for the management of retinitis pigmentosa(17)

C. The antioxidants
Antioxidants, may be potential in delay the progression and management of retinitis pigmentosa, according to aster University, when initial signs of vision health deterioration are observed, the appropriate nutritional supplement products may be recommended but only to augment the primary medical treatments(18). Dr. Baumgartner WA and Dr. Baumgartner AM. in one patient study to test a developed and tested a treatment regimen with a range of antioxidants in combination with the off-label use of deprenyl (1 mg/day), a safe antiapoptotic agent, for 140 months indicated a significant improvement as patient's right eye visual field showed 0% decline and left eye 13.3% decline of which defianted to the rate constants for logarithmic decline of visual field measured prior to treatment as visual fields would have decreased by 64% and 70%, respectively by month 140 in the absence of treatment(19).

1. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
Suggestion of the pathology of 11-cis-retinal deficiency caused by gene mutations may result in human retinal diseases that cause blindness, such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)(20) due to involvement in the interaction of light with rhodopsin rather than with free chromophore or bleached rhodopsin(21). In autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa patients, vitamin A supplements may be beneficiary for some patients with retinitis pigmentosa, especiallt in patients with autosomal dominant, according to Dr. Roberts L and research team(22). In the regard of Vitamin A's effectiveness in delaying progression of the disease, researchers at the ¹Centro di Ricerca in Nutrizione suggested " a lifetime generous supplementation of retinol is advisable, together with a vitamin A-rich diet and/or a dietary supplement (e.g. carrot flour) or pharmacologic supplement of vitamin A. Supply of vitamin A in doses up to 25000 IU (7500 igr/day), even for several years, has so far proved safe from risk of occurrence of liver disease"(23). Although it is controversial, some researchers suggested 15,000 IU of vitamin A palmitate per day may slow the progression, Low vision rehabilitation, long wavelength pass filters, and pedigree counseling remain the mainstay of management(24).

2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
Vitamin E supplementation may improve symptoms and prevent the progression of Retinitis pigmentosa as its variant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) inhibited proliferation of human RPE in culture without exerting cytotoxic effects.(25). According to the National University of Mexico, in the study of the formula taurine/diltiazem/vitamin E on the progression of visual field loss in retinitis pigmentosa indicated a improving changes in the, slope values with decreasing the rate of visual field loss, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors(26). Unfortunately, the study of supplements of vitamin A or vitamin E alone or in combination in the affect of the course of retinitis pigmentosa, suggested a positive effect in delay and progress of the diseases with 15,000 IU/d of vitamin A but an adverse effect of 400 IU/d of vitamin E on the course of retinitis pigmentosa(27) and vitamin E should be avoided(28).

3. Lutein
Lutien a xanthophyll, belonging to the family of carotenoids, found abundantly in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, yellow carrots, etc., plays an important role in modulation of light energy and protection of retina against damage of free radicals produced by blue light. lutein supplementation may be effective in slowing visual function decline in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A, according to the Harvard Medical School, dietary intake of Lutein supplementation of 12 mg/d slowed loss of midperipheral visual field on average among nonsmoking adults with retinitis pigmentosa taking vitamin A(29). The randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] conducted by the Johns Hopkins University, suggested that lutein supplementation improves visual field and also might improve visual acuity slightly, although these results should be interpreted cautiously(30). The study at the University of Pennsylvania showed no change no in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but suggested that a long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study(31).
Other study also showed the potential effect in the combination application of Lutein and vitamin A in patient of Retinitis pigmentosa, as lutein improved short-term vision improvements in age-related macular degeneration--also occur in RP, especially in blue-eyed individuals; vitamin A may also increase visual field benefits(32).

Taken altogether, excluding vitamin E, even with limitation of data, herbal bilberry, fatty fish and fish oil and antioxidants vitamin A and Lutein may be effective in delay the progression of genetic degenerative eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, but larger sample size and multi centers studies to improve their validation are necessary. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying

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References
(1) Retinitis pigmentosa (PubMed)
(2) Retinitis Pigmentosa ~ Overview(The foundation fighting blindness)
(3) Bilberry(Wikipedia)
(4) Bilberry(Herbs2000.com)
(5) Bilberry and its Constituents(MDidea)
(6) Effect of fermented bilberry extracts on visual outcomes in eyes with myopia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study by Kamiya K¹, Kobashi H, Fujiwara K, Ando W, Shimizu K.(PubMed)
(7) Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) by Chu W, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF.(PubMed)
(8) Vision preservation during retinal inflammation by anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract: cellular and molecular mechanism by Miyake S¹, Takahashi N, Sasaki M, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y.(PubMed)
(9) Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC) by Song J¹, Li Y, Ge J, Duan Y, Sze SC, Tong Y, Shaw PC, Ng TB, Tsui KC, Zhuo Y, Zhang KY.(PubMed)
(10) Reported effects of non-traditional treatments and complementary and alternative medicine by retinitis pigmentosa patients by Kiser AK¹, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(11) Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro by Ogawa K, Kuse Y, Tsuruma K, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H.(PubMed)
(12) Alterations in retinal rod outer segment fatty acids and light-damage susceptibility in P23H rats by Bicknell IR¹, Darrow R, Barsalou L, Fliesler SJ, Organisciak DT.(PubMed)
(13) The evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing or slowing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa: a systematic review, by Hodge WG¹, Barnes D, Schachter HM, Pan YI, Lowcock EC, Zhang L, Sampson M, Morrison A, Tran K, Miguelez M, Lewin G.(PubMed)
(14) Further evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment: subgroup analyses by Berson EL¹, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Moser A, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson CA, Anderson EJ, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(15) Red blood cell membrane phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acid content in various forms of retinitis pigmentosa by Schaefer EJ¹, Robins SJ, Patton GM, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco CA, Rosner B, Berson EL.(PubMed)
(16) Evaluation of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids of erythrocytes in retinitis pigmentosa patients by Simonelli F¹, Manna C, Romano N, Nunziata G, Voto O, Rinaldi E.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin A and fish oils for retinitis pigmentosa by Rayapudi S¹, Schwartz SG, Wang X, Chavis P.(PubMed)
(18) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK¹, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(19) Rationale for an experimental treatment of retinitis pigmentosa: 140-month test of hypothesis with one patient by Baumgartner WA¹, Baumgartner AM(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin A derivatives as treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases by Perusek L¹, Maeda T.(PubMed)
(21) The dependence of retinal degeneration caused by the rhodopsin P23H mutation on light exposure and vitamin a deprivation by Tam BM¹, Qazalbash A, Lee HC, Moritz OL.(PubMed)
(22) Management of a South African family with retinitis pigmentosa-should potential therapy influence translational research protocols? by Roberts L, Rebello G, Ramesar R, Greenberg J.(PubMed)
(23) [Diet and management of degenerative diseases of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa)].[Article in Italian] by Miggiano GA¹, Falsini B(PubMed)
(24) Sector retinitis pigmentosa by Van Woerkom C¹, Ferrucci S.(PubMed)
(25) Vitamin E inhibits retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation in vitro by Mojon D¹, Boscoboinik D, Haas A, Bohnke M, Azzi A(PubMed)
(26) Treatment with taurine, diltiazem, and vitamin E retards the progressive visual field reduction in retinitis pigmentosa: a 3-year follow-up study by Pasantes-Morales H¹, Quiroz H, Quesada O.(PubMed)
(27) A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa by Berson EL¹, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Hayes KC, Nicholson BW, Weigel-DiFranco C, Willett W.(PubMed)
(28) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK¹, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(29) Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A by Berson EL¹, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ, Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(30) Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] by Bahrami H¹, Melia M, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(31) Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome by Aleman TS¹, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, de Castro E, Marks DA, Gardner LM, Steinberg JD, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG.(PubMed)
(32) Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet by Dagnelie G¹, Zorge IS, McDonald TM.(PubMed)

Skin aging in Vitamin B5 points of view

Sunday, April 6, 2014

Skin aging in Vitamin B3 points of view

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin, affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading injuries damage regulation pathways of skin, including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Niacin, is also known as vitamin B3, nicotinic acid, an organic compound with the formula
C6H5NO2, found abundantly in chicken, beef, fish, cereal, peanuts and legumes. It is best known for its effects in lowering cholesterol and triglycerides and removing toxic from our body and promoting production of steroid hormones.

Vitamin B3 may be effective to protect against skin-aging through its antioxidant activity(1)(2)(3) such as allowness, wrinkling, red blotchiness and hyperpigmented spots(3a)
In the comparison of the effect on aging skin among a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen, researchers at the showed that the composition significantly improved wrinkle appearance after 8 weeks relative to tretinoin, with comparable benefits after 24 weeks with well tolerate adverse effects(4). In facial hyperpigmentation, composition of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl reduced the appearance of irregular pigmentation including hypermelaninization(5) and niacinamide alone enhanced skin lightening, and hyperpigmented lesions(6) through inhibiting melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes(7). A daily facial lotion application containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women, 30-60 years of age, for 10 weeks, showed a significantly reduced appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, appearance of lightening of skin, and positive effects on skin texture, as early as 6 weeks(8). In Global gene expression skin aging process, compounds niacinamide and hexamidine, may effect the skin hydration, barrier, matrix, pigmentation through theirs' antioxidant capacity(9). According to Kinki University School of Medicine, application of composition containing 4% niacinamide in 30 healthy Japanese females who had wrinkles in the eye areas showed to reduced wrinkles in the eye areas through a marked and moderate improvement in 64% of the subjects with a significant difference as compared with the control site(10) and niacinamide aloneexhibited a significant reductions in fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, red blotchiness, and skin sallowness (yellowing)(11)(12).

Taken altogether, strong evidence suggested that vitamin B3 used alone or combination with other antioxidants may be beneficial in reduced the early onset skin aging and skin aging progression. Overdoses of vitamin B3 may induce symptoms of severe skin flushing combined with dizziness, rapid heartbeat, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, etc. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.

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References
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(1) [Anti-aging creams. What really helps?].[Article in German] by Kerscher M¹, Buntrock H.(PubMed)
(2) Practical application of cellular bioenergetics to the care of aged skin by Osborne R¹, Carver RS, Mullins LA, Finlay DR(PubMed)
(3) Application of genomics to breakthroughs in the cosmetic treatment of skin ageing and discoloration by Osborne R¹, Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Finlay DR.(PubMed)
(3a) Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide by Kawada A¹, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A.([PubMed)
(4) A randomized, controlled comparative study of the wrinkle reduction benefits of a cosmetic niacinamide/peptide/retinyl propionate product regimen vs. a prescription 0.02% tretinoin product regimen by Fu JJ¹, Hillebrand GG, Raleigh P, Li J, Marmor MJ, Bertucci V, Grimes PE, Mandy SH, Perez MI, Weinkle SH, Kaczvinsky JR.(PubMed)
(5) Reduction in the appearance of facial hyperpigmentation after use of moisturizers with a combination of topical niacinamide and N-acetyl glucosamine: results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial by Kimball AB¹, Kaczvinsky JR, Li J, Robinson LR, Matts PJ, Berge CA, Miyamoto K, Bissett DL(PubMed)
(6) Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible by Greatens A¹, Hakozaki T, Koshoffer A, Epstein H, Schwemberger S, Babcock G, Bissett D, Takiwaki H, Arase S, Wickett RR, Boissy RE(PubMed)
(7) The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer by Hakozaki T¹, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, Chhoa M, Matsubara A, Miyamoto K, Greatens A, Hillebrand GG, Bissett DL, Boissy RE(PubMed)
(8) The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial by Jerajani HR¹, Mizoguchi H, Li J, Whittenbarger DJ, Marmor MJ.(PubMed)
(9) Understanding metabolic pathways for skin anti-aging by Osborne R¹, Mullins LA, Jarrold BB.(PubMed).
(10) Evaluation of anti-wrinkle effects of a novel cosmetic containing niacinamide by Kawada A¹, Konishi N, Oiso N, Kawara S, Date A.(PubMed)
(11) Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance by Bissett DL¹, Oblong JE, Berge CA(PubMed)
(12) Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness, and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin by Bissett DL¹, Miyamoto K, Sun P, Li J, Berge CA.(PubMed)

Saturday, April 5, 2014

Skin aging in Vitamin E points of view

Skin aging is one of most visible ageing process which occurs constantly in our skin organ. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin, affect skin elasticity and tightness(a). Other suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species, can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, causing oxidative damage and impairment of antioxidant system, leading injuries damage regulation pathways of skin, including wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de- or hyperpigmentation marks(b).
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced progression of aging have been in conclusive(1)(2)(3)(4).
The effects
According to the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, in stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) model of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs), γ-tocotrienol (GTT), a vitamin E variant showed to delay cellular senescence of human diploid fibroblasts through the inhibition of intrinsic mitochondria-mediated pathway which involved the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes and proteins(5) and prevented cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts(6), probably through modulating gene expression(7) and protected against oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing by modulating the telomere length possibly via telomerase(8). The molecular mechanism of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) study insisted that the variants protected against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in human skin fibroblast culture by modulating the expression of COL I and COL III genes with concomitant increase in the rate of total collagen synthesis(9). According to the National University of Malaysia, f alpha-tocopherol (ATF), another variant of vitamin E protected against H(2)O(2)-induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of normal human skin fibroblast cells derived from young and old individual donors(10) and topical administration of alpha-tocopherol (ATF), in medium doses, may provided some degree of photoprotection against UVA(11). Some researchers suggested the potent of vitamins in reduced aging progression is a result of the balance between various skin antioxidants of vitamin E and C, through new delivery systems, in delivering vitamins C and E into the skin simultaneously(12). Other antioxidant in improved skin health, include vitamin E, certain flavonoids, and the carotenoids, β-carotene, lycopene and lutein, may also effective through protection against inflammation, oxidative stress, breakdown of the extracellular matrix(13). In Indian women with facial signs of aging study, the composition of niacinamide, panthenol, and tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, appearance of lightening of skin, versus control in 6 weeks(14).

Taken altogether, composition of vitamin E and other antioxidants and its variants may be effective
in reduced early onset of skin aging and inhibited skin aging progression, but large sample size and multi centers studies to improved these validation are necessary. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
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References
(1) Evaluation of the photoprotective effect of oral vitamin E supplementation by Werninghaus K¹, Meydani M, Bhawan J, Margolis R, Blumberg JB, Gilchrest BA.(PubMed)
(2) Protective effect against sunburn of combined systemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) by Eberlein-König B¹, Placzek M, Przybilla B(PubMed)
(3) Effects of oral vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in human skin by McArdle F¹, Rhodes LE, Parslew RA, Close GL, Jack CI, Friedmann PS, Jackson MJ(PubMed)
(4) Effect of UV exposure and beta-carotene supplementation on delayed-type hypersensitivity response in healthy older men by Herraiz LA¹, Hsieh WC, Parker RS, Swanson JE, Bendich A, Roe DA.(PubMed)
(5) Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c release and suppression of caspases by gamma-tocotrienol prevent apoptosis and delay aging in stress-induced premature senescence of skin fibroblasts by Makpol S¹, Abdul Rahim N, Hui CK, Ngah WZ(PubMed)
(6) Gamma-tocotrienol modulation of senescence-associated gene expression prevents cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(7) Gamma-tocotrienol modulated gene expression in senescent human diploid fibroblasts as revealed by microarray analysis by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Chua KH, Mohd Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(8) Gamma-Tocotrienol prevents oxidative stress-induced telomere shortening in human fibroblasts derived from different aged individuals by Makpol S¹, Abidin AZ, Sairin K, Mazlan M, Top GM, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(9) Modulation of collagen synthesis and its gene expression in human skin fibroblasts by tocotrienol-rich fraction by Makpol S¹, Azura Jam F, Anum Mohd Yusof Y, Zurinah Wan Ngah W.(PubMed)
(10) Alpha-tocopherol modulates hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of human skin fibroblasts derived from differently aged individuals by Makpol S¹, Zainuddin A, Rahim NA, Yusof YA, Ngah WZ.(PubMed)
(11) A pilot study of the photoprotective effect of almond phytochemicals in a 3D human skin equivalent by Evans-Johnson JA¹, Garlick JA, Johnson EJ, Wang XD, Oliver Chen CY.(PubMed)
(11) Main approaches for delivering antioxidant vitamins through the skin to prevent skin ageing by Gašperlin M¹, Gosenca M(PubMed)
(12) The role of phytonutrients in skin health by Evans JA¹, Johnson EJ.(PubMed)
(14) The effects of a daily facial lotion containing vitamins B3 and E and provitamin B5 on the facial skin of Indian women: a randomized, double-blind trial by Jerajani HR¹, Mizoguchi H, Li J, Whittenbarger DJ, Marmor MJ.(PubMed)

Food theray - Celery

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).

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1. Celery and atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer progression
Stomach cancer/gastric cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.
atrophic gastritis is a process of chronic inflammation of the stomach mucosa.

Apigenin, one of the most common flavonoids, found abundantly in celery, in a joint study from institution in Taiwan, including the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, showed effectively decreased atrophic gastritis (atrophic gastritis group) and dysplasia/gastric cancer (gastric cancer group) rates in Mongolian gerbils induced by Helicobacter pylori colonization and Helicobacter pylori(b). Celery seed extract (CSE), in in a dose- and time-dependent manner, exhibited anti-proliferation effect on human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, through Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis related proteins, such as cyclin A, CDK2, down regulated bcl-2 and up -regulated Bax pathways(c).
Celery seed oil, in benzo[a]pyrene- (BP) induced forestomach cancer in mice, the chemical constituents. 3-n-butyl phthalide and sedanolide showed to reduce tumor incidence from 68% to 30% and 11%, and 67% and 83% in tumor multiplicity, respectively(d). In fact, according to the State University of New York, dietary intake of celery, substantial reductions in risk gastric cancer is associated to its phytochemical such as carotene(e).

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Apigenin has anti-atrophic gastritis and anti-gastric cancer progression effects in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils by Kuo CH¹, Weng BC², Wu CC³, Yang SF⁴, Wu DC⁵, Wang YC(PubMed)
(c) Molecular mechanisms of celery seed extract induced apoptosis via s phase cell cycle arrest in the BGC-823 human stomach cancer cell line by Gao LL¹, Feng L, Yao ST, Jiao P, Qin SC, Zhang W, Zhang YB, Li FR(PubMed)
(d) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK(PubMed)
(e) Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer by Graham S¹, Haughey B, Marshall J, Brasure J, Zielezny M, Freudenheim J, West D, Nolan J, Wilkinson G.(PubMed)

2. Celery and liver cancer
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cell growth in the liver. Commonly, proliferation starts at bile ducts, blood vessels or connective tissue of the liver.
According to the study at Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, dietary intake high amounts of celery was associated with reduced liver cancer risk(b). Methanolic extract of celery seeds, in Wistar rats study, showed to protect against diethylnitrosoamine (DEN)+2-acetylaminofluorine (AAF)+partial hepatectomy (PH) induced hepatocarcinogenesis in dose dependent manner, through modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development(c). Perillyl alcohol(d), its essential oils(e) and chemical compound phthalides(f) found in celery seed may be potent in treating liver tumors, with Perillyl alcohol also acting as a chemopreventative agent for other cancers, such as colon, skin, and lung cancer.

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Vegetable-based dietary pattern and liver cancer risk: results from the Shanghai women's and men's health studies by Zhang W¹, Xiang YB, Li HL, Yang G, Cai H, Ji BT, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO(PubMed)
(c) Inhibitory effect of celery seeds extract on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis: modulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and altered hepatic foci development by Sultana S¹, Ahmed S, Jahangir T, Sharma S(PubMed)
(d) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)
(e) Influence of certain essential oils on carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes and acid-soluble sulfhydryls in mouse liver by Banerjee S¹, Sharma R, Kale RK, Rao AR.(PubMed)
(f) Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil by Zheng GQ¹, Kenney PM, Zhang J, Lam LK.(PubMed)

3. Celery and Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal.
L-3-n-butylphthalide (L-NBP), containing in the extract from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery) on cerebral ischemic, vascular dementia and amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced animal models, showed to inhibit oxidative injury, neuronal apoptosis and glial activation, regulating amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) processing and reducing Aβ generation(b), improved cognitive impairment such as learning and memory and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease, through regulating APP(soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion) processing, and reducing glial activation and oxidative stress(c) and protected neurons against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity via inhibiting tau protein hyperphosphorylation(d).

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)
(d) l-3-n-Butylphthalide ameliorates beta-amyloid-induced neuronal toxicity in cultured neuronal cells by Peng Y¹, Xing C, Lemere CA, Chen G, Wang L, Feng Y, Wang X.(PubMed)

4. Celery and lung cancer
Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.
The study of dietary intake of vegetables and fruit and lung cancer risk in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, northeast China(b) and Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan(c), showed a positive effect of intake of celery daily in reduced risk of lung cancer. According to Dr. Belanger JT. research, Perillyl alcohol is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of celery seeds, exhibited the effect of inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and reverting tumor cells back to a differentiated state in very cancer cells, including lung cancer, through increased mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors, tissue growth factor beta receptors, Bak and decreased ras protein prenylation, ubiquinone synthesis, and induce Phase I and Phase II detoxification systems(d).

References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Dietary intake of fruit and vegetable and lung cancer risk: a case-control study in Harbin, northeast China by Galeone C¹, Negri E, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Hu J.(PubMed)
(c) [A cohort study on the relationship between vegetable intake and risks of lung cancer in the Tin Corporation (YTC) miners in Yunnan].[Article in Chinese] by Lu Q¹, Yao S, Huang C, Lan Y, Cang S, Qiao Y, Wang R.(PubMed)
(d) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)

5. Celery and Conlon Cancer
Colon cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way and is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including US and Canada.
Luteolin is 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone found abundantly in celery showed in regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, through inhibited CDK2, decreased levels of Cyclin D1 levels and promoted G2/M arrest via certain mechanisms(b)(c). In the study of a total of 336 incident cases of histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (111 colon cancer and 225 rectal cancer in Harbin city, the Harbin Medical College found that increased consumption of green vegetables, including celery, have a strong protective effect against colorectal cancer(d).
According to Dr. Belanger JT, Perillyl alcohol,a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of celery seeds was active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and can revert tumor cells back to a differentiated state, including colon cancer cells(e).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin by Lim do Y¹, Jeong Y, Tyner AL, Park JH.(PubMed)
(c) Carotenoids and colon cancer by Slattery ML¹, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Schaeffer D, Potter JD.(PubMed)
(d) Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China by Hu JF¹, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ.(PubMed)
(e) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)

6. Celery and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
In take of overall vegetable was found to have an Inverse associations to blood pressure (BP), including celery(b). Celery (Apium graveolens) seed extracts, in hypertensive rat study, showed to decreased BP and increased the HR, through its active hydrophobic constitutes(c)

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Relations of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study by Chan Q¹, Stamler J, Brown IJ, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Oude Griep LM, Miura K, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Elliott P(PubMed)
(c) Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration by Moghadam MH¹, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA.(PubMed)

7. Celery and Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress is the damage caused by imbalance between Reactive oxygen species and the abilities of the body to inhibit them.
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high levels of phytochemicals showed to be effective in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in the human body, including celery(b).Flavonoid extracts from celery, according to the Harbin Medical University, in the rat study sreduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and increased content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(c). According to University of Novi Sad, roots and leaves extract of celery also, exhibited its scavenging property of OH* and DPPH* radicals and reduction of LPx intensity in liposomes, through their protective (antioxidant) activity(d). Limonene, a major compound found in celery seed oil, process anti free radical activity, and may be used as natural antioxidants in food applications(e).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables by Chu YF¹, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(c) Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats.

Cao J¹, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X.(PubMed)

(d) Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on some biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride by Popović M¹, Kaurinović B, Trivić S, Mimica-Dukić N, Bursać M.(PubMed)
(e) Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants by Kiralan M¹, Bayrak A, Abdulaziz OF, Ozbucak T.(PubMed)

8. Celery and Hepatoprotective effect
Hepatoprotective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the Liver.
In acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) induced liver damage, celery (Apium graveolens) leaves, showed to reverse the severity of liver damage, hepatic lipid, glycogen, ions status and histological alterations through its rich flavonoids(b). According to the Panjab University, in testing of Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) and Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine (Syn. Astercantha auriculata Nees, Acanthaceae) used in Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of liver ailments, showed a significant hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats(c). Other, in the study of the composition of Celery, chicory leaves, and barley grains, showed a positive effects in decreasing the elevation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and blood lipids(d).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Hepatoprotective action of celery (Apium graveolens) leaves in acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) by Shivashri C¹, Rajarajeshwari T, Rajasekar P.(PubMed)
(c) Hepatoprotective activity of Apium graveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats by Singh A¹, Handa SS.(PubMed)
(d) Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats by Abd El-Mageed NM.(PubMed)

9. Celery and cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.
The study of the composition of ethanolic extract of seeds of Apium graveolens L. and its chloroform and aqueous basic fraction in olive oil on induced hyperlipidemic rats inhibited the total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) level, and significantly increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in does depended manner(b). Mountain celery seed essential oils (MC-E)' ether fractionate and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl exhibited strong hypolipidemic and free radical scanvenging activities, repectively, according to the Da-Yeh University(c). Other study in the genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rat model, aqueous celery extract, oral admisnistion for 8 weeks induced a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) level(d)(e)(f).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Effect of chloroform and aqueous basic fraction of ethanolic extract from Apium graveolens L. in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia in ratsm by Iyer D¹, Patil UK(PubMed)
(c) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountain celery (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk) seed essential oils by Cheng MC¹, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY.(PubMed)
(d) The mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolaemic activity of aqueous celery extract, its butanol and aqueous fractions in genetically hypercholesterolaemic RICO rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(e) Effects of celery extract and 3-N-butylphthalide on lipid levels in genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(f) Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet by Tsi D¹, Das NP, Tan BK.(PubMed)

10. Celery and stroke
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.
Celery may consist a potential in improve outcome of after stroke. According to Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College , Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), isolated from the seeds of celery, used as an anti-hypertensive herbal medicine for treating stroke patients(b) in the randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China, indicated a positive outcome at the third month after stroke through both NBP intravenous and oral treatment(c). Other in the study of DL-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a synthetic compound based on L-3-n-Butylphthalide given to after the onset of ischemic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, found that pre- and post-treatment significantly lowered neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and minimized pathological changes in the penumbra area(d).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial and Cui LY¹, Zhu YC, Gao S, Wang JM, Peng B, Ni J, Zhou LX, He J, Ma XQ.(PubMed)

(c) DL-3-n-Butylphthalide, an anti-oxidant agent, prevents neurological deficits and cerebral injury following stroke per functional analysis, magnetic resonance imaging and histological assessment by Zhang L¹, Yu WH, Wang YX, Wang C, Zhao F, Qi W, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Dong J, Yew DT.(PubMed)

11. Celery and Dementia
Dementia is defined as a condition of gradually serious loss of global cognitive ability, including memory, thinking, language, judgment, behavior, etc. According to statistic, over 24 million people living with some form of dementia worldwide.
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a chemical compound extracted from Chinese celery showed an improvement in spatial learning and memory in the ischemic-rat(b). According to Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, the extract not only consisted neuroprotective effects on ischemic, vascular dementia, and amyloid-beta (Abeta)-infused animal models, but also reduced total cerebral Abeta plaque deposition and lowered Abeta levels in brain homogenates through enhanced soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion (alphaAPPs), alpha-secretase, and PKCalpha expression in Alzheimer's patients(c) and tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice(d).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)(d) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)

12. Celery and anti microbial effects
According to the Iowa State University, celery juice concentrate (CJ) showed to reduce the pH of CJ before addition to the ham had greater impact on L. monocytogenes growth on does depending manner(b). Its wide version, Apium graveolens L. (wild celery), chemical constistuents sedanenolide, neocnidilide and neophytadiene showed to exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.(c).
In the testing of the effects of Apium graveolens essential oil' antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities, researchers at the University of Monastir, found that the essential oil of A. graveolens are strongly inhibitory against Escherichia coli and moderately inhibitory against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus(d)

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) The effect of pH and nitrite concentration on the antimicrobial impact of celery juice concentrate compared with conventional sodium nitrite on Listeria monocytogenes by Horsch AM¹, Sebranek JG, Dickson JS, Niebuhr SE, Larson EM, Lavieri NA, Ruther BL, Wilson LA.(PubMed)
(c) Isolation of the volatile fraction from Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation: chemical composition and antifungal activity by Marongiu B¹, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Maxia A, Frau MA, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L.(PubMed)
(d) Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract by Baananou S¹, Bouftira I, Mahmoud A, Boukef K, Marongiu B, Boughattas NA(PubMed)

14. Celery and anti inflammatory activities
Flavone aglycones and others rich in flavone glycosides found Celery extract, according to the study by the The Ohio State University, Columbus, modulated inflammation by reducing TNF-α and NF-κB(b). The extract of the seed from celery (Apium graviolens) (CSE), in mice study, found to found to possess anti-inflammatory activity, gastro-protective activity, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity(c). Apiin, a major chemical constituents found in celery, showed to exert its anti-inflammatory activity in-vivo, probably through reduction of iNOS enzyme expression(d), the extracts from extracts from Indian celery seed also exhibited anti inflammatory against osteoarthritis caused by microcrystalline hydroxyapatite (BCP) and pseudo-gout(e)

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Flavone deglycosylation increases their anti-inflammatory activity and absorption by Hostetler G¹, Riedl K, Cardenas H, Diosa-Toro M, Arango D, Schwartz S, Doseff AI.(PubMed)(c) A toxicological investigation of a celery seed extract having anti-inflammatory activity by Powanda MC¹, Rainsford KD.(PubMed)
(d) An extract of Apium graveolens var. dulce leaves: structure of the major constituent, apiin, and its anti-inflammatory properties by Mencherini T¹, Cau A, Bianco G, Della Loggia R, Aquino RP, Autore G.(PubMed).
(e) Combination anti-inflammatory therapy: synergism in rats of NSAIDs/corticosteroids with some herbal/animal products by Whitehouse MW¹, Butters DE.(PubMed)

15.Celery and Weight loss