Phytochemical Piperine

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
1. Phytochemical Piperine and antimicrobial activity
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health benefits
In the study of piperine combination with mupirocin for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains including meticillin-resistant S. aureus, the combination showed more effective against the tested subject when compared with the commercially available formulation of 2 % mupirocin alone. Other in the study of the same subject showed the enhanced accumulation and decreased efflux of ethidium bromide in the wild-type and mutant (CIPr-1) strains in the presence of piperine.

References
(1) Piperine as an inhibitor of the MdeA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus by Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Kalia NP, Zargar A, Khan IA.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine, a phytochemical potentiator of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus by Khan IA, Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Verma V, Qazi GN.(PubMed)

2. Phytochemical Piperine and Breast Cancer
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The health benefits
Piperine, a chgenical component of black pepper, showed a strongly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of breast caner cells and HER2 gene expression. pretreatment of piperine enhanced sensitization to paclitaxel killing in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Other study of piperine against breast cancer also showed Piperine (35-280 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of 4T1 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners (the IC(50) as Treatment of 4T1 cells with piperine (70-280 μmol/L) dose-dependently induced apoptosis of 4T1 cells, accompanying activation of caspase 3.
As the result, the phytochemical piperine may be a poteantial agent for treating breast cancer.

References
(I) Antitumor efficacy of piperine in the treatment of human HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by Do MT, Kim HG, Choi JH, Khanal T, Park BH, Tran TP, Jeong TC, Jeong HG.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model by Lai LH, Fu QH, Liu Y, Jiang K, Guo QM, Chen QY, Yan B, Wang QQ, Shen JG.(PubMed) 

3. Phytochemical Piperine and cognitive impairment
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Cognition is the process of the brain including the attention of working memory, producing and comprehending language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

The health benefits
In chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice,
Piperine showed to potentiate the protective effects of curcumin in significantly improved behavioral and biochemical alterations, restored mitochondrial enzyme complex activities and attenuated increased acetylcholinesterase and serum corticosterone levels. In olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats, co-administration of piperine with curcumin significantly potentiated the effects in behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. These potentiation of co administration also showed  to prevented all the behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical changes associated with the chronic administration of haloperidol, as compared to their effects alone.

References
(1) iperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice by Rinwa P, Kumar A.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascade by curcumin alone and in combination with piperine in rat model of olfactory bulbectomy induced depression.

Rinwa P, Kumar A, Garg S.(PubMed)

(3) Protective effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine (bioavailability enhancer) against haloperidol-associated neurotoxicity: cellular and neurochemical evidence by Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Rongzhu L, Kulkarni SK.(PubMed)

 

4. Phytochemical Piperine and Angiogenesis

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

Angiogenesis is the form of new blood vessels in the body for healing and reproduction.

 

The benefits
Piperine, a major alkaloid constituent of black pepper, exerted it anti angiogenic effect to cause apoptosis in some cancer cell lines such as in inhibited the proliferation and G(1)/S transition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) without causing cell death, as well as collagen-induced angiogenic activity by rat aorta explants and breast cancer cell-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. Piperine in the co administration with curcumin, enhancing the functions of curcumin in suppression of many diseases including angiogenesis.

References
(1) Piperine, a dietary phytochemical, inhibits angiogenesis by Doucette CD, Hilchie AL, Liwski R, Hoskin DW.(PubMed)
(2) Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature by Anand P, Thomas SG, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Sung B, Tharakan ST, Misra K, Priyadarsini IK, Rajasekharan KN, Aggarwal BB.(PubMed)

5. Phytochmical Piperind and analgesic and anticonvulsant effects
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Analgesic is a reduced pain agent
Anticonvulsant is type of medicines in preventing and treating convulsions (seizures)

The effect
Piperine effectiveness in exerting it analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in treating pain and epilepsy may be a result of its mediated function via opioid and GABA (main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system)-ergic pathways.

References
(1) The analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of piperine in mice by Bukhari IA, Pivac N, Alhumayyd MS, Mahesar AL, Gilani AH.(PubMed)

6. Phytochemical Piperine and Obesity's inflammatory metabolic dysfunctions
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.
The benefits
Study of combination of bioactive food ingredients, including piperine in Forty-one patients and 45 pients in control group, showed a significantly greater decrease in insulin resistance, with leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein decreased and resting energy expenditure increased significantly in the supplemented group compared to the placebo. In mice fed with high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, administration of piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) significant increased in plasma adiponectin levels, induced elevated plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose. Piperine also reversed HFD-induced down-regulation of adiponecitn-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)( a metabolic enzyme in controls a number of metabolic pathways) signalling molecules linking to  lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and insulin signalling in the livers of mice. Also in Male Wistar rats fed with high fat diet study, piperine supplementation also improved the plasma levels of apo A-I, T3, T4, testosterone, and I and significantly reduced apo B, TSH, and insulin to near normal levels.

References
(1) Improvement in insulin resistance and favourable changes in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss associated with two months' consumption of a combination of bioactive food ingredients in overweight subjects by Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Klersy C, Cava E, Paolini M, Scavone L, Ceccarelli P, Castellaneta E, Savina C, Donini LM.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice by Choi S, Choi Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Jang J, Park T.(PubMed)
(3) Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats by Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N.(PubMed)

7. Phytochemical Piperine and diabestes
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
Administration of piperine isolated from the fruits of Piper nigrum crude extract diabestes induced in albino mice using alloxan, showed the crude extract exhibit its anti-diabetic  effect inducing a  significant blood glucose lowering at dose of 20 mg/kg on day 14. In other alloxan-induced diabetic models study, piperine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic activity of nateglinide(a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes), leading to synergistic anti-hyperglycemic activity of the diabetic medicine. In diabetes-induced oxidative stress in 30-day streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats, piperine treatment  (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 14 days) reversed the diabetic effects on oxidized glutathione concentration in brain, on renal glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, and on cardiac glutathione reductase activity and lipid peroxidation.

Reference
(1) Evaluation of the effect of piperine per se on blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by Atal S, Agrawal RP, Vyas S, Phadnis P, Rai N.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of piperine on antihyperglycemic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of nateglinide by Sama V, Nadipelli M, Yenumula P, Bommineni MR, Mullangi R.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of piperine on antioxidant pathways in tissues from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Rauscher FM, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd.(PubMed)

8. Piperine and allergic effect
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

The effects
In picryl chloride (PC)-induced ear swelling in PC sensitized mice, PN-ext exhibited its histamine release inhibitory activity, in vitro on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Piperine (4.5 and 2.25 mg/kg) orally administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks in a murine model of asthma, showed an effectiveness in suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness  by suppression of the production of interleukin-4, interleukin-5(white blood cells expression), immunoglobulin E and histamine

References
(1) Histamine release inhibitory activity of Piper nigrum leaf by Hirata N, Naruto S, Inaba K, Itoh K, Tokunaga M, Iinuma M, Matsuda H.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model by Kim SH, Lee YC.(PubMed)

9. Piperine and immunity
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The effects
Ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L.(PLE) and piperine was found to inhibit the lethal action of venom both in the in vitro lethality neutralization assay and in vivo lethality neutralization assay against Russell's viper venom in mice by enhancing production of antigen and antibodies response.
In the study of the same subject, administration of PLE and piperine significantly (p<0.01) inhibited venom induced lethality, haemorrhage, necrosis, defibrinogenation and inflammatory paw edema in mice in a dose dependent manner, reduced venom induced mast cell degranulation in rats.

References
(1) Production of high titre antibody response against Russell's viper venom in mice immunized with ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and piperine by Shenoy PA, Nipate SS, Sonpetkar JM, Salvi NC, Waghmare AB, Chaudhari PD.(PubMed)
(2) Anti-snake venom activities of ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) against Russell's viper venom: characterization of piperine as active principle by Shenoy PA, Nipate SS, Sonpetkar JM, Salvi NC, Waghmare AB, Chaudhari PD.(PubMed)

10. Piperine and asthma
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

The effects
Study of bacterial infections causes of frequent respiratory infections, including bacterial infections provoke asthma attack, showed a positive effect of Piper Longum L. Extract (20% Piperine) in  exhibition of a moderate activity antibacterial activity against selected strains, such as Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyrogene and Staphylococcus aureus. In the study of antioxidant defenses of asthma patient, Piper longum extract (20% Piperine) showed a potent antioxidant activiy by scavenging Nitric oxide to  prevent the bronchial inflammation in asthmatic patients.
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References
(1) Effect of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents against micro organism causing upper respiratory tract infection by Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Elango K.(PubMed)
(2) Invitro antioxidant activity of selected antiasthmatic herbal constituents by Nilani P, Kasthuribai N, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Ilango K, Suresh B.(PubMed)

 

@Phytochemical Phytic acid

 Phytochemicals, a natural chemical constituents in plants, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Study of Phytochemicals have emerged as a potential source of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or side effects or creation of their synthetic equivalences for commercial profits.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.

1. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal.

The benefits
 In the study of the effects of Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate), a phytochemical found in food grains an others, against amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in MC65 cells and the Tg2576 mouse model, after 48-72-hour treatment, found to be provided a complete protection against amyloid precursor protein-C-terminal fragment-induced cytotoxicity. 2% phytic acid in drinking water for 70 days showed a significant increase in brain levels of cytochrome oxidase and a decrease in lipid peroxidation. Other in  the study of composition and method for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related amyloid plaque development and reduction of amyloid plaque, amyloidosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a phytate salt, an isomer or hydrolysate of phytic acid or a phytate salt, or a mixture of any combination showed the effective in very low doses in treatment and prevention of aggregation of beta amyloid proteins as are commonly seen in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
References
(1) Phytic acid as a potential treatment for alzheimer's pathology: evidence from animal and in vitro models by Anekonda TS, Wadsworth TL, Sabin R, Frahler K, Harris C, Petriko B, Ralle M, Woltjer R, Quinn JF.(PubMed)
(2) Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Alzheimer's disease using phytic acid and phytate to reduce amyloid beta plaque and tau protein(Patnetdocs)

2. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Colorectal cancer
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Bowel cancer also known as colorectal cancer, is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix. Bowl is divided in 2 parts, the first part of the bowel, the small bowl, is involved with the digestion and absorption of food. The 2nd part, the large bowel which consist the the colon and rectum, is involved in absorption of water from the small bowel contents and broken down of certain materials in the feces into substances of which some of them to be re absorbed and reused by the body. Bowel cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way.
Bowel cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including U>S and Canada.

The benefits
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), or phytic acid is best known as a natural fighter against cancers. In the study on HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells, the phytochemical exerted a strong evidence for the induction of apoptotic cell death, by up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xl in favor of apoptosis. Other in the study of the expression changes of β-catenin and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cell proliferation in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence after treatment with rice bran PA by immunocytochemistry also showed the similar result with phytic acid lowering the proliferating index as compared to azoxymethane (AOM) alone (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation (p=0.01) was noted between COX-2 expression(significantly correlated with primary tumor size) and proliferation.

References
(1) Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Rice Bran Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) on HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells by Shafie NH, Esa NM, Ithnin H, Saad N, Pandurangan AK.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of β-catenin and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell proliferation in azoxymethane-induced colonic cancer in rats by rice bran phytic acid (PA) by Saad N, Esa NM, Ithnin H.(PubMed) 

3. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Cancers
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
The health benefits
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) or phytic acid has been observed in many studies for its effects in  inhibition of tumor growth and induction of cell differentiation in the presence of IP6 in some cancer cell lines, including colon, nipple, breast, prostate, cervix, liver, pancreas, melanoma and glioblastoma, Through its effects as an antioxidant and ability to enhance NK-cells, in influence on cell cycle, induction of differentiation in transformed cells and in activation of programmed death pathways. In other study, Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) showed to inhibit cell growth, decrease cellular proliferation and cause differentiation of malignant cells often resulting in a reversion to normal phenotype.

Reference
(1) [Phytic acid--anticancer nutriceutic].[Article in Polish] by Nawrocka-Musiał D, Latocha M.(PubMed)
(2) IP6: a novel anti-cancer agent by Shamsuddin AM, Vucenik I, Cole KE.(PubMed)

4. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Prostate cancers
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
The health benefits
In prostate cancer, inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) expressed it anti cancer effect in inhibiting the cells proliferation and induced apoptosis through targeting the PI3K, a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions and  in multiple cellular processes pathway. Other in the study of the same found that Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) inhibited both growth and proliferation and decreased cell viability of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells through certain pathways, including aberrant EGF receptor (EGFR) or IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway in downregulation of growth promoting and survival signaling cascades in advanced and androgen-independent human PCa PC-3 cells.

References
(1) Inositol hexaphosphate suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in prostate carcinoma cells in culture and nude mouse xenograft: PI3K-Akt pathway as potential target by Gu M, Roy S, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R.(PubMed)
(2) Inositol hexaphosphate downregulates both constitutive and ligand-induced mitogenic and cell survival signaling, and causes caspase-mediated apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. by Gu M, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R.(PubMed)

5. Phytochemical Phytic acid  and Diabetes
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, fed with or without phytic acid supplementation for thirty days, showed a positive effects in lowering spike in random blood glucose, in the same group, serum triglycerides and increased total cholesterol and HDL was also reduced. On the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism with rats fed formulated diets supplemented with zinc or without zinc, formulated diets supplemented with zinc plus phytic acid extracted from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) or commercial phytic acid respectively, showed a lowered blood glucose levels in Phytic acid extract consumption from sweet potato and commercial phytic acid plus zinc supplement. These results may indicted that the use of sweet potato diet in diabetic management.

References
(1) The potential benefits and adverse effects of phytic Acid supplement in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Omoruyi FO¹, Budiaman A¹, Eng Y¹, Olumese FE², Hoesel JL³, Ejilemele A³, Okorodudu AO (PubMed)
(2) The effect of phytic acid on the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by Dilworth LL, Omoruyi FO, Simon OR, Morrison EY, Asemota HN(PubMed)

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@Phytochemical Anacardic acids

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Anacardic acids
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.

1. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and Breast cancer
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The health benefits
Dietary foods containing Anacardic acid (AnAc; 2-hydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acid) may be potential to reduce the risk of breast cancer as its AnAc 24:1(omega5) purified from geranium inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in an ER-dependent manner. Other in the study of Synthesis of benzamides related to anacardic acid, showed a exhibited activities similar to that of AA, In U937 cells, it induced cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, caused apoptosis in about 20 % of the cells and increased the acetylation levels of H3.


References
(1) Anacardic acid inhibits estrogen receptor alpha-DNA binding and reduces target gene transcription and breast cancer cell proliferation by Schultz DJ, Wickramasinghe NS, Ivanova MM, Isaacs SM, Dougherty SM, Imbert-Fernandez Y, Cunningham AR, Chen C, Klinge CM.(PubMed)
(2) New anacardic acid-inspired benzamides: histone lysine acetyltransferase activators.

Souto JA, Benedetti R, Otto K, Miceli M, Alvarez R, Altucci L, de Lera AR.(PubMed)


2. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and Prostate cancer
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
The health Benefits
Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid), a natural chemical constituent from ancient plant Amphipterygium adstringens, also known as a non-specific histone acetyltransferase inhibitor of p300, beside exhibuts its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidative, and antimicrobial effects, but also revealed that Src protein expression, tumor cell proliferation, and microvessel density could be remarkably suppressed by anacardic acid.  Other study of Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid), also showed to inhibit of prostate cancer by  down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) through supressing p300. There results showed that the phytochemical may be considered as a potent agent to treat prostate cancer.

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References
(1) Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) inhibits tumor angiogenesis by targeting Src/FAK/Rho GTPases signaling pathway by Wu Y, He L, Zhang L, Chen J, Yi Z, Zhang J, Liu M, Pang X.(PubMed)
(2) Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through inhibition of androgen receptor and activation of p53 signaling by Tan J, Chen B, He L, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Yin G, Wang J, Jiang X.(PubMed)

3. Anacardic acid and Lung cancer
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.

The health benefits
Anacardic acid (AA), a chemical conpound found in some foods and herb has exerted its cytotoxicity  property to causes cell on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells through the activation of mitochondrial-mediated involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway and an contact activation pathway executioner such as cytochrome c. The phytochemical on the other hand also expresses its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and radiosensitization through suppresion of a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, the NF-kappaB signalling pathway. These results may demonstrate a novel role for anacardic acid in potentially preventing or treating cancer through modulation of certain pathways.

References
(1) Anacardic acid induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells by Seong YA, Shin PG, Kim GD.(PubMed)
(2) Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl salicylic acid), an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and inflammation through inhibition of the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-kappaBalpha kinase, leading to potentiation of apoptosis by Sung B, Pandey MK, Ahn KS, Yi T, Chaturvedi MM, Liu M, Aggarwal BB.(PubMed)

4. Anacardic acid and anti microbal activity
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health effects
An anacardic acids mixture isolated from Amphipterygium adstringens has performed its anti bacterial effect as an alternate to antibiotics by inhibition of the regulator of virulence and biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anacardic acid mixture (AAM) showed 94% of inhibition of the violecin production at 166 μg/mL and 86% of inhibition of pyocyanin production  at 200 μg/mL). Otehr in the study of a new anacardic acid, indicated that its deviratives, 16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid and masticadienonic acid also inhibited bacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis with minimum inhibitory concentrations.

References
(1) Amphypterygium adstringens anacardic acid mixture inhibits quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Castillo-Juárez I, García-Contreras R, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Soto-Hernández M, Martínez-Vázquez M. (PubMed)
(2) Isolation of the new anacardic acid 6-[16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by Rivero-Cruz BE, Esturau N, Sánchez-Nieto S, Romero I, Castillo-Juárez I, Rivero-Cruz JF.(PubMed)

5. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and pituitary adenomas
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Pituitary adenomas are noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland

The effects
In GH3 and MMQ, pituitary adenoma cell lines, anacardic acid  exerted its a novel antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects by increasing in poly([adenosine diphosphate]-ribose) polymerase cleavage, sub-G1 arrest, and annexin V staining, to incuce apoptotic cell death, possible nonclassical apoptotic mechanism.

Reference
(1) Anacardic acid induces caspase-independent apoptosis and radiosensitizes pituitary adenoma cells by Sukumari-Ramesh S, Singh N, Jensen MA, Dhandapani KM, Vender JR.(PubMed)

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@Food therapy - Strawberries

Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin 

  

1.  Strawberries and Atherosclerosis

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease.
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.

Atherosclerosis is defined as a condition of wall thickens or hardening of the arteries.

The benefits

Pgytochemicals anthocyanin and ellagitannins as a the antioxidant have played role played  on fruit absorption, metabolism, and the possible beneficial biological activity on human health, including heart diseases. In subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind controlled trial, freeze-dried strawberry (FDS) improved glycemic control and antioxidant status, and reduced lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response in patients with T2D. Supplementation with freeze-dried berry products, as natural sources of antioxidants with low glycemic index, could be considered as an adjunctive therapy in ameliorating metabolic complications and short-term freeze-dried strawberry supplementation improved selected atherosclerotic risk factors, including dyslipidemia and circulating adhesion molecules in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Other study also indicated of supporting therapeutic roles of strawberries in metabolic syndrome, a prediabetic state characterized by several cardiovascular risk factors as it is found of lowering total and LDL-cholesterol, but not triglycerides, and decreasing surrogate biomarkers of atherosclerosis (malondialdehyde and adhesion molecules).

Reference

(1) The strawberry: composition, nutritional quality, and impact on human health. by Giampieri F, Tulipani S, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M.(PubMed)

(2) Phenolic Composition of Strawberry Genotypes at Different Maturation Stages(ACS Publication)

(3) Effects of freeze-dried strawberry supplementation on metabolic biomarkers of atherosclerosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. by Moazen S, Amani R, Homayouni Rad A, Shahbazian H, Ahmadi K, Taha Jalali M.(PubMed)

(4) Strawberries decrease atherosclerotic markers in subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Basu A, Fu DX, Wilkinson M, Simmons B, Wu M, Betts NM, Du M, Lyons TJ.(PubMed)

(5) Strawberries, Blueberries, and Cranberries in the Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Perspectives.

Basu A, Lyons TJ.(PubMed)

2. Food therapy - Strawberries and Lipid peroxidation
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

Lipid peroxidation is defined as a condition of oxidative degradation of lipids.

The Benefits
Strawberry chemical constituents are effective antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the testing of tested the hypothesis of freeze-dried strawberry powder (FSP) will lower fasting lipids and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation at four weeks compared to baseline, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation in the form of malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal (-14%, p < 0.01)were significantly lower at 4 weeks versus baseline. Others in the study of fruit extract of three strawberry cultivars also found the similar result as strawberry fruit that has a scavenging effect against the radicals prevents that lipid peroxidation in in vitro environment. In cooked chicken patties, SE also acted as an effective antioxidant and suppressed lipid peroxidation.

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Reference

(1) The strawberry: composition, nutritional quality, and impact on human health. by Giampieri F, Tulipani S, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M.(PubMed)

(2) Phenolic Composition of Strawberry Genotypes at Different Maturation Stages(ACS Publication)
(3) Freeze-dried strawberry powder improves lipid profile and lipid peroxidation in women with metabolic syndrome: baseline and post intervention effects. by Basu A, Wilkinson M, Penugonda K, Simmons B, Betts NM, Lyons TJ.(PubMed)

(4) The fruit extract of three strawberry cultivars prevents lipid peroxidation and protects the unsaturated fatty acids in the Fenton reagent environment. by Ozsahin AD, Gokce Z, Yilmaz O, Kirecci OA.(PubMed)
(5) Response surface optimisation of extraction of antioxidants from strawberry fruit, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential of the fruit extract in cooked chicken patties.

Saha J, Debnath M, Saha A, Ghosh T, Sarkar PK.(PubMed)

3. Food therapy - Strawberries and Neuroprotective effects
Neuroprotective effects is defined as an event which protect the central nervous system (CNS) by relatively preserving of neuronal structure and/or function.

The benefits

many studies has been oncarrying by scientists to explore the effective agent of which has a potential to prevent or slow disease progression and secondary injuries by halting or at least slowing the loss of neurons. In spite of nitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS)  as a major factor in the underlying pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases, chemical constituent anthocyanins suppress MOS-induced apoptosis by preserving mitochondrial GSH and inhibiting cardiolipin oxidation and mitochondrial fragmentation. Also in the the study of Berry fruit supplementation, polyphenolic compounds found in berry fruits, such as blueberries and strawberries, may exert their beneficial effects either through their ability to lower oxidative stress and inflammation or directly by altering the signaling involved in neuronal communication, calcium buffering ability, neuroprotective stress shock proteins, plasticity, aubMed)nd stress signaling pathways. Dr. Richardson JS. indicated that pharmacological agents that protect damaged neurons are not ready yet for widespread clinical use, neuron damaging oxidative stress can be kept in check by insuring adequate dietary sources of antioxidants with little or no scientific evidence, but the consumption of high antioxidant foods, such as blueberries and strawberries, is appealing to most people regardless of any neuroprotective potential.

Reference

(1) The strawberry: composition, nutritional quality, and impact on human health. by Giampieri F, Tulipani S, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Quiles JL, Mezzetti B, Battino M.(PubMed)

(2) Phenolic Composition of Strawberry Genotypes at Different Maturation Stages(ACS Publication)

(3) The Promise of Neuroprotective Agents in Parkinson’s Disease  by Stacey E. Seidl and Judith A. Potashkin(Frontiers in Neurology)

(4) Neuroprotective effects of anthocyanins on apoptosis induced by mitochondrial oxidative stress. by Kelsey N, Hulick W, Winter A, Ross E, Linseman D.(PubMed)

(5) Neuroprotective agents. by Richardson JS.(PubMed) 

(6) Berry fruit supplementation and the aging brain. by Shukitt-Hale B, Lau FC, Joseph JA.(PubMed)

4.  Strawberries Anti-inflammatory activities
Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Inflammation is a condition of Immune system self-protection to remove harmful stimuli, including damaged cells, irritants, pathogens... from our body.

The benefits
Intake fruits and vegetables are considered of reducing the risk of many diseases, including incidence of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. Mixture of blueberry, strawberry, and spinach extracts inhibited prolyl endopeptidase, a regulator of central neuropeptide stability and may be considered as an potential agent in neurology and psychiatry as a result of thiers phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity. In the study to test the anti-inflammatory and blood glucose (BG)-regulating capacity of strawberries in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity, although modest, diet of strawberries is found to reduce the risks associated with obesity and diabetes, and regulate the levels of inflammatory markers in non-obese individuals.

References
(1) Anti-inflammatory and neuroactive properties of selected fruit extracts by Heim KC, Angers P, Léonhart S, Ritz BW.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary strawberry powder reduces blood glucose concentrations in obese and lean C57BL/6 mice, and selectively lowers plasma C-reactive protein in lean mice by Parelman MA, Storms DH, Kirschke CP, Huang L, Zunino SJ.(PubMed)

5. Strawberries and Diabetes
Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin

The benefits
Study in a mouse model of diet-induced  to test for the strawberry health effect, show a promising role for dietary strawberries in reducing the risks associated with obesity and diabetes. Phenolic constituent found in the fruit, including  ellagitannins are found to be good potential for the management of hyperglycemia and hypertension linked to type 2 diabetes as purified ellagitannins from strawberries enhanced  the antiproliferative activity and in vitro inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) relevant for potential management of hyperglycemia and hypertension. Unfortunately, Glycemic effect of adding 10-g carbohydrate portions of apple, banana, grapes, honeydew, orange, or strawberries to a standard meal on found that Blood-glucose response to meals containing grapes, honeydew, orange, or strawberries was slightly higher than meals containing apple, banana, or no fruit.

The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc.

References
(1) Dietary strawberry powder reduces blood glucose concentrations in obese and lean C57BL/6 mice, and selectively lowers plasma C-reactive protein in lean mice by Parelman MA, Storms DH, Kirschke CP, Huang L, Zunino SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Evaluation of antiproliferative, anti-type 2 diabetes, and antihypertension potentials of ellagitannins from strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) using in vitro models, by Pinto Mda S, de Carvalho JE, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI, Shetty K(PubMed)
(3) The glycemic response to meals with six different fruits in insulin-dependent diabetics using a home blood-glucose monitoring system by Hoover-Plow J, Savesky J, Dailey G. (PubMed)

6. Strawberries and Hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways. Blood pressure medications have undoubtedly prevented many deaths from heart disease in the past 30 years, but they have many side effects such as damaging the kidney.

The benefits

Purified ellagitannins from strawberries were found to be effective in lowering high blood pressure and may be considered as a potential agent in management of hypertension. In the study of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) activity using fruit extracts, in general, Strawberry cultivars with combined inhibitory potential against alpha-glucosidase and ACE and with moderate or low alpha-amylase inhibitory potential could be targeted for potential management of hyperglycemia-linked type 2 diabetes and related complication of hypertension. Other in the study of the same above showed high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in whole food but. However, very low in all cultivars thus low anti-hypertensive potential.

References

(1) Evaluation of antiproliferative, anti-type 2 diabetes, and antihypertension potentials of ellagitannins from strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) using in vitro models, by Pinto Mda S, de Carvalho JE, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI, Shetty K(PubMed)

(2) Phenolic-linked variation in strawberry cultivars for potential dietary management of hyperglycemia and related complications of hypertension. Cheplick S, Kwon YI, Bhowmik P, Shetty K.(PubMed)

(3) Functionality of bioactive compounds in Brazilian strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cultivars: evaluation of hyperglycemia and hypertension potential using in vitro models. by da Silva Pinto M, Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Lajolo FM, Genovese MI, Shetty K.

(PubMed)

7. Strawberries and Heart diseases

Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart.

The benefits

Anthocyanin-rich foods, blueberries and strawberries intake is found to be ppotential in preventing myocardial infarction (MI) in young and middle-aged women, according to study, as it associated with a decreased risk of MI  in a comparison of those consuming >3 servings a week and those with lower intake. In other study, the water-soluble pigments, Anthocyanins besides displays wide range of biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic activities and a variety of effects on blood vessels, platelets and the risk of coronary heart diseases.In fact, Dietary intakes of flavanones, anthocyanidins, and certain foods rich in flavonoids were associated with reduced risk of death due to CHD, CVD, and all causes.

References

(1) High anthocyanin intake is associated with a reduced risk of myocardial infarction in young and middle-aged women by Cassidy A, Mukamal KJ, Liu L, Franz M, Eliassen AH, Rimm EB..(PubMed)

(2) Anthocyanins and heart health by Mazza GJ.(PubMed)

(3) Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. byMink PJ, Scrafford CG, Barraj LM, Harnack L, Hong CP, Nettleton JA, Jacobs DR Jr.(PubMed)

8. Strawberries and Breast cancer

Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.

The benefits
The consumption of berry fruits, including strawberries, has been suggested to have beneficial effects to human health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. methanolic extract of strawberry (MESB) fruits in treatment of mice bearing breast adenocarcinoma with MESB blocked the proliferation of tumor cells in a time-dependent manner and resulted in extended life span. Other in the study of the anti cancer effects of The berry extracts showed an ability to inhibit the growth of human oral (KB, CAL-27), breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29, HCT116), and prostate (LNCaP) tumor cell lines at concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 micro g/mL. by increasing inhibition of cell proliferation in all of the cell lines.

The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc.
References
(1) Extracts of strawberry fruits induce intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice.by Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC.(PubMed)
(2) Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro.by Seeram NP, Adams LS, Zhang Y, Lee R, Sand D, Scheuller HS, Heber D.(PubMed)

9.  Strawberries and leukaemia (CEM)
Leukemia is defined as condition of abnormal increase of white blood cells produced by the bone marrow and/or the lymphatic system. Depending to the malignant granulocytes or lymphocytes, leukemia is classified into myelogenous or lymphoblastic leukemia.

The benefits
Intake of certain amounts of berry fruits, including strawberries, has been suggested to have beneficial effects against oxidative stress mediated diseases. The methanolic extract of strawberry (MESB) fruits are found to inhibit the  tumor cell proliferation by activating apoptosis with no side effects in a time-dependent manner and resulted in extended life span. Other in the study of flavonoids from strawberry 'Nohime', showed the effect of these flavonoids on the degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. due to suppression of [Ca(2+)]i elevation and Syk activation.

References
(1) Extracts of strawberry fruits induce intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in breast cancer cells and inhibits tumor progression in mice by Somasagara RR, Hegde M, Chiruvella KK, Musini A, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch on IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3.by Itoh T, Ninomiya M, Yasuda M, Koshikawa K, Deyashiki Y, Nozawa Y, Akao Y, Koketsu M.(PubMed)

10. Strawberries and human Oral cancer
Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Oral cancer is any malignant cell growth in the tissue located in the oral cavity, including the tissue of the lips or the tongue, cheek lining, floor of the mouth, gums (gingiva) and the roof of the mouth (palate).

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin

The benefits
Strawberries contain multiple phenolic compounds, which are thought to contribute to their biological properties in reducing the risk of cancer and chronic diseases. the anthocyanins, the major constituent found in strawberry were the most potent antioxidants in the inhibition of  the growth of human oral (CAL-27, KB) cancer cells with different sensitivities observed between cell lines. Other chemical constituents such as anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, ellagitannins, gallotannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, are also found to be potent in inhibition of oral cancer in increasing concentration manner.

The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc. References
(1) Isolation and identification of strawberry phenolics with antioxidant and human cancer cell antiproliferative properties. by Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Lee R, Feng L, Heber D.(PubMed)
(2) Blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry extracts inhibit growth and stimulate apoptosis of human cancer cells in vitro by Seeram NP, Adams LS, Zhang Y, Lee R, Sand D, Scheuller HS, Heber D.(PubMed)

11. Strawberries and Colon cancer

Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.

The benefits
Ellagitannins (ETs), a class of hydrolyzable tannins found in strawberry, may have beneficial effects against colon cancer as the component releases ellagic acid (EA) and are converted by gut microbiota to urolithin A (UA; 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzopyran-6-one) type metabolites, which may persist in the colon through enterohepatic circulation. Other study also found that Polyphenol-rich strawberry extracts to potential antiproliferative effectiveness using human cervical cancer (HeLa) and Colon cancer (CaCo-2) cells. In study of multiple phenolic compounds, researchers showed the Crude extracts (250 microg/mL) and pure compounds (100 microg/mL) inhibited the growth of human oral (CAL-27, KB), colon (HT29, HCT-116), and prostate (LNCaP, DU145) cancer cells with different sensitivities observed between cell lines.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.


The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc.  

References
(1) Effects of fruit ellagitannin extracts, ellagic acid, and their colonic metabolite, urolithin A, on Wnt signaling by Sharma M, Li L, Celver J, Killian C, Kovoor A, Seeram NP.(PubMed)
(2) Berry extracts exert different antiproliferative effects against cervical and colon cancer cells grown in vitro by McDougall GJ, Ross HA, Ikeji M, Stewart D.(PubMed)
(3) Isolation and identification of strawberry phenolics with antioxidant and human cancer cell antiproliferative properties by Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Lee R, Feng L, Heber D.(PubMed)

12. Strawberries and benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer

 Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.Starting at age 40, the levels of the by-product prolactin of testosterone of men increases, stimulating the production of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase that causes the conversion of testosterone to gihydro-testosterones DHT triggering prostate enlargement and other problems. Therefore in order to prevent the symptoms of enlarged prostate is to naturally impend the conversion of testosterone to DHT. Unfortunately, aging is not the only cause of enlarged prostate. 
Prostate Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the prostate. 

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.

The benefits

Lycopene,  a phytochemical of member of the carotenoid family, found abundantly in tomatoes, tomato-based products, strawberries, and watermelon, has exerted its antioxidant effects in preventing the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Other strawberry polyphenols has also exerted its cytotoxic effects on prostate epithelial cell line (P21) and two tumour cell lines relative to comparable normal cells from the same tissue derived from the same patient. Unfortunately, in a three RCTs systematic review, found the high risk of bias in two of the three studies and there is insufficient evidence to either support, or refute, the use of lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer. Similarly, there is no robust evidence from RCTs to identify the impact of lycopene consumption upon the incidence of prostate cancer, prostate symptoms, PSA levels or adverse events.

The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc.   
References

(1) Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a systematic review by Ilic D, Misso M.(PubMed) 

(2) Strawberry polyphenols are equally cytotoxic to tumourigenic and normal human breast and prostate cell lines by Weaver J, Briscoe T, Hou M, Goodman C, Kata S, Ross H, McDougall G, Stewart D, Riches A.(PubMed)

(3) Lycopene for the prevention of prostate cancer by Ilic D, Forbes KM, Hassed C.(PubMed) 

13. Other potential impact of strawberry on human health

 Strawberry is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.

Nutrients and Chemicals constituents

1. Carbohydrate
2. Dietary fiber
3. Omega 3 fatty acid
4. Calcium
5. Iron
6. Magnesium
7. Phosphorus
8. Potassium
9. Sodium
10. Zinc
11. Copper
12. Manganese
13. Selenium
14. Vitamin C
15. Thiamin
16. Niacin
17. Pantothenic acid
18. Vitamin B-6
19. Folate
20. Vitamin B-12
21. Vitamin A
22. Vitamin E
23. Vitamin K
24. Etc. 

The major chemical compounds include anthocyanin and ellagitannins and p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.

The benefits
Strawberry phenolics antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, may be potential impact of directly and indirectly antimicrobial, anti-allergy and anti-hypertensive properties, as well as the capacity to inhibit the activities of some physiological enzymes and receptor properties. Other isolated compounds, linocinnamarin (LN) and and cinnamic acid (CA) are found to be effective in exhibiting antigen (Ag)-stimulated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells and may be potential use for alleviating symptoms of type I allergy and The flavonoids found to suppress the degranulation from Ag-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells to different extents and suggested that strawberry would be of some ameliorative benefit for the allergic symptoms.


The Side effects
1. Some people may beexperience anaphylactoid reaction to the consumption of strawberries

2. Oxalation
Oxalates in high concentration can cause problem for people with kidney diseases.

3. Etc.
 
References
(1|) The potential impact of strawberry on human health. by Giampieri F, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Mazzoni L, Romandini S, Bompadre S, Diamanti J, Capocasa F, Mezzetti B, Quiles JL, Ferreiro MS, Tulipani S, Battino M.(PubMed)
(2) Phenolic constituents isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch. inhibit antigen-stimulated degranulation through direct inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase activation by Ninomiya M, Itoh T, Ishikawa S, Saiki M, Narumiya K, Yasuda M, Koshikawa K, Nozawa Y, Koketsu M.(PubMed)
(3) Inhibitory effects of flavonoids isolated from Fragaria ananassa Duch on IgE-mediated degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 by Itoh T, Ninomiya M, Yasuda M, Koshikawa K, Deyashiki Y, Nozawa Y, Akao Y, Koketsu M.(PubMed)
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