Herbal Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa)

Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..
Ingredients
The chemical constustuents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

References
(1) Topical plant data base (Rain tree)

Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..

Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Ingredients
The chemical constustuents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

The benefits
Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa), the popular herb has emerged in scientific community in searching of organic chemical constistuents in treating cancers. Study of ethanol extract from the bark of the herb in different concentrations is found to be effective  in inhibiting proliferation of cervical carcinoma, breast carcinoma and lung carcinoma (A-549) with little of adverse effects. In the isolation of pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid mitraphylline from the dried inner bark of Cat's claw, concentrations of mitraphylline (5 microM to 40 microM) inhibited the proliferation of human Ewing's sarcoma MHH-ES-1 and breast cancer MT-3 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. With that result in mind, the herb may be a potential agent in treating certain types of human cancers in the future.

Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Topical plant data base (Rain tree)
(2) Anticancer activity of the Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC. preparations with different oxindole alkaloid composition by Pilarski R, Filip B, Wietrzyk J, Kuraś M, Gulewicz K.(PubMed)
(3) Cytotoxic effect of the pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark on human Ewing's sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines, by García Giménez D, García Prado E, Sáenz Rodríguez T, Fernández Arche A, De la Puerta R.(PubMed)

2. Cat's claw and Breast cancer
Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..

Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

Ingredients
The chemical constustuents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

The benefits
Claw's claw has been used in folk medicine in South-American history for treatment of cancers, arthritis, gastritis and epidemic diseases. In previous article, Cat's claw has exerted its anti breast caner activity in MT-3 cell lines as well as some other forms of cancers, but in other study of some extracts and their chromatographic fractions from Cat's claw, researcher found that beside possessed antimutagenic activity, the extracts  and fractions also consisted a direct antiproliferative activity on MCF7 cell line, with about 90% of inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/ml.

Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.

3. Herbal Cat's claw and osteoarthritis
Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

 Osteoarthritis is a group of diseases involved progressive denegation of joints, including articular cartilage and subchondral bone.

In the study to understand the effect of Cat's claw isolated active compounds against the pivotal molecular targets involved in inflammation and the joint destruction process and to summarize their toxicities and efficacy,  showed a positive effect in alleviation pain with no adverse effect(1).
Dr. Chrubasik S. at Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Freiburg, in the study of Cat's claw analgesics, found a the positive effect of the herb extract (Doloteffin (extraction solvent water))in relieving symptoms of chronic pain with at least 50 mg harpagoside in the daily dose(2).
Further more, the reviews of 16 clinical studies (11 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, three crossover trials, one case-controlled study, and one open-label study) at Bethesda North Hospital Pharmacy, showed the support of cat's claw alone or in combination for OA in 3 studies(3).

These effectiveness may be coincided with the use of herb in herbal medicine over thousand of year in treating disorders such as arthritis, gastritis and osteoarthritis(4).

Unfortunately, the study in reviews the data base by the University of Southampton, showed a doubt
of the methodological quality of the existing clinical trials and insisted that clinical evidence to date cannot provide a definitive answer to the two questions posed: (1) Does it work? And (2) is it safe?, although these trials may provide certain supports for effectiveness of the herb(5).

References
(1) Current nutraceuticals in the management of osteoarthritis: a review by Akhtar N¹, Haqqi TM.(PubMed)
(2) [Devil's claw extract as an example of the effectiveness of herbal analgesics].[Article in German]

 by Chrubasik S.(PubMed)

(3) Antioxidants and antiinflammatory dietary supplements for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis by Rosenbaum CC¹, O'Mathúna DP, Chavez M, Shields K.(PubMed)

(4) Cat's claw: an Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis by Hardin SR.(PubMed)

(4) Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety by Brien S¹, Lewith GT, McGregor G.(PubMed)

Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.

4. Herbal Cat's claw as Antioxidants
Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..

Ingredients
The chemical constituents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.

Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

Herbal Cat's claw has found to be efficacy for treatment of osteoarthritis, probably through its anti inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
According to the, oral administration of Cat's claw protected against indomethacin-induced gastritis, and prevented TNFalpha mRNA(proteins are key regulators of T-cell activation, migration, and proliferation) expression and apoptosis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities(1).
Pteropodine, a chemical compound isolated from Cat's claw, showed to exert its cytostatic, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties in DPPH assay(2).
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the Uncaria tomentosa bark, in the study at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, supported the antioxidant effect of the extract with the most in total phenolic compounds of the alcoholic preparations butmay cause undesirable gastric effects(3).
Other chemical compound, proanthocyanidins found in the decoctions prepared from the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) also was found to exert its high capacity to reduce the free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, and by its reaction with superoxide anion, peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals as well as with the oxidant species, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid(4).

Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.

References
(1) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content by Sandoval M¹, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles' FM, Musah RA, Bobrowski P, Miller MJ.(PubMed)
(2) Antigenotoxic, antioxidant and lymphocyte induction effects produced by pteropodine by Paniagua-Pérez R¹, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Molina-Jasso D, Reyes-Cadena S, Alvarez-González I, Sánchez-Chapul L, Pérez-Gallaga J.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC by Pilarski R¹, Zieliński H, Ciesiołka D, Gulewicz K.(PubMed)

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Reference
(1) Topical plant data base (Rain tree)
(2) The antiproliferative effects of Uncaria tomentosa extracts and fractions on the growth of breast cancer cell line bt Riva L, Coradini D, Di Fronzo G, De Feo V, De Tommasi N, De Simone F, Pizza C.(PubMed)
(3) Cat's claw: an Amazonian vine decreases inflammation in osteoarthritis by Hardin SR.(PubMed)
(4) Antioxidant properties of proanthocyanidins of Uncaria tomentosa bark decoction: a mechanism for anti-inflammatory activity by Gonçalves C¹, Dinis T, Batista MT.(PubMed)

Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

1. Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and skin
Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis), is one of many popular herb used as medicine in Europe, China, India and many place in the world. Essential oil of Calendula flowers has found effectively used as topical cream to protect against sun radiation damage as well as maintaining the natural pigments of skin. Others in the study of the same with cutaneous application of the essential oil, showed a most effective result as creams containing 4% and 5% of Calendula essential oil caused a significant decrease oxidative stress found in malonyldialdehyde level, whereas the levels of antioxidants (catalaseEzyme, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid) and the total protein level were significantly increased after 1 month of daily irradiation and treatment. Calendula extract used in the study on the mechanical parameters of the skin by using the cutometer, showed newly formulated topical cream of Calendula officinalis extract exerted its protection of skin in significant improvements in hydration and firmness. Even with the result of the studies, some researchers suggested that many data are needed such as current concentration of use data,  ultraviolet (UV) absorption data, photosensitization data, dermal reproductive/developmental toxicity data; inhalation toxicity data, etc  before the essential oil of Herbal Calendula can be used as ingredients of cosmetic products.

Side effects
1. Calendula may cause allergic effect to certain people, symptoms include rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing, etc.
2. Do not use Calendula if you are pregnant or breast feeding, diabetes, alcohol dependence or liver disease with out consulting with related field specialist
3. Overdose can be Poisson. Etc.

References
(1) Phytochemical Constituents and PharmacologicalActivities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): AReview by BP Muley, SS Khadabadi and NB Banarase (Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research)
(2) Assessment of In vitro Sun Protection Factor of Calendula Officinalis L. (Asteraceae) Essential Oil Formulation by Mishra A, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of Calendula Essential Oil-Based Cream on Biochemical Parameters of Skin of Albino Rats against Ultraviolet B Radiation by Mishra AK, Mishra A, Verma A, Chattopadhyay P.(PubMed)
(3) Final report on the safety assessment of Calendula officinalis extract and Calendula officinalis.

[No authors listed](PubMed)

(4) Calendula extract: effects on mechanical parameters of human skin by Akhtar N, Zaman SU, Khan BA, Amir MN, Ebrahimzadeh MA.(PubMed)

2. Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis)  and edema

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

The benefits
Calendula officinalis flower extract has been used to effective in treating inflammatory causes of edema in a carrageenan and dextran-induced acute paw edema model by 41.9 and 42.4%  respectively in oral administration of  250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and Cox-2 and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis. Study the anti-inflammatory activity of three new terpenoids, also indicated that the new chemical constituent found in calendula protected agains  inhibition of croton oil induced ear oedema in mouse.

References
(1) Phytochemical Constituents and PharmacologicalActivities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): AReview by BP Muley, SS Khadabadi and NB Banarase (Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research)
(2)Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action by Preethi KC, Kuttan G, Kuttan R.(PubMed)(3) Improved anti-inflammatory activity of three new terpenoids derived, by systematic chemical modifications, from the abundant triterpenes of the flowery plant Calendula officinalis by Neukirch H, D'Ambrosio M, Sosa S, Altinier G, Della Loggia R, Guerriero A.(PubMed)

3. Herbal Calendula and chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Chronic blepharitis is a condition of chronic inflammation of the eyelid, depending to its severity.
The study of a total of 110 patients aged from 3 to 42 years old with chronic blepharitis treatment: 50 patients with chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome, moist warm pads eyelid massage with blepharolotion and calendula extraction showed to improve efficacy in patients with meibomian gland hypofunction and have no effect in blepharitis with excessive meibomian gland secretion(1)

References
(1) [Efficacy of physiotherapy and hygienic procedures in treatment of adults and children with chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome].[Article in Russian] by Prozornaia LP, Brzhevskiĭ VV.(PubMed)

4. Herbal Calendula and Neuroprotective effects
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Neuro protective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the brain.
In 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity in rats, Calendula officinalis Linn. flower extract (COE) showed asignificantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative damage and striatal neuronal loss, probably through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties(1). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) a popular flavour enhancer used in food industries may cause neurotoxicity if excess intake.
In neurotoxic mice induced by excess intake of MSG, the similar extract also significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and hippocampal damage(2)

References
(1) Protective effect of Calendula officinalis Linn. flowers against 3-nitropropionic acid induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats by Shivasharan BD¹, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP, Bansal P, Unnikrishnan MK(PubMed)
(2) Protective Effect of Calendula officinalis L. Flowers Against Monosodium Glutamate Induced Oxidative Stress and Excitotoxic Brain Damage in Rats by Shivasharan BD, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP(PubMed)

5. Herbal Calendula and Atherosclerosis
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of thickening of an artery wall as a result of the accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride.
The study of natural products including botanicals for both therapy of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and reduction of atherosclerosis risk, showed a positive effects of herbal Caendula in reduced risk of atherosclerosis and progression of the disease(1). Inflaminat, a composition of (calendula, elder, and violet), which possesses anti-cytokine activity, showed to cause the regression of carotid atherosclerosis(2). Other composition, including calendula, elder, and pansy showed to enhanced maximum antiinflammatory activity. Thus can be used for pathogenetic therapy of various inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis(3).

References
(1) Anti-atherosclerotic therapy based on botanicals by Orekhov AN¹, Sobenin IA, Korneev NV, Kirichenko TV, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Balcells M, Edelman ER, Bobryshev YV.(PubMed)
(2) Direct anti-atherosclerotic therapy; development of natural anti-atherosclerotic drugs preventing cellular cholesterol retention by Orekhov AN(PubMed)
(3) Use of natural products in anticytokine therapy by Gorchakova TV¹, Suprun IV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN(PubMed)

5. Calendula officinalis as antioxidants 
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of thickening of an artery wall as a result of the accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride.

A randomized controlled clinical study, conducted by Babol University of Medical Sciences on radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer, showed a effectiveness of Calendula officinalis flowers extract mouthwash on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment, probably through its antioxidant capacity(1). In experimentally induced thermal burns in rats, the extract not only significantly lowered issue damage marker enzymes- alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases in a dose dependant manner(2) but showed a protective role against CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity and cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity, possibly through mechanism of action of its antioxidant activity and reduction of oxygen radicals(3).
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References
(1) Antioxidant capacity of calendula officinalis flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck cancers: a randomized controlled clinical study. by Babaee N, Moslemi D, Khalilpour M, Vejdani F, Moghadamnia Y, Bijani A, Baradaran M, Kazemi MT, Khalilpour A, Pouramir M, Moghadamnia AA.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of Calendula officinalis Flower Extract on Acute Phase Proteins, Antioxidant Defense Mechanism and Granuloma Formation During Thermal Burns by Chandran PK, Kuttan R.(PubMed)
(3) Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract by Preethi KC, Kuttan R.(PubMed)

6. Calendula officinalis and wound healing

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

According to the Federal University of Goiás, the ethanolic extract, the dichloromethane, and hexanic fractions from Calendula showed a positive effect in speeding up the chorioallantoic membrane and cutaneous wounds healing through its anti-inflammatory and anti bacterial activities in rat models.(1).
The exertion of angiogenesis of this herb may be not directly related to the expression of VEGF and probably associated to other pro-angiogenic factors(2). "Oral and topical application of Calendula officinalis flower extract showed a significant increase was observed in the hydroxy proline and hexosamine content in the extract-treated group compared with the untreated animals" Dr. Preethi KC, and Dr. Kuttan R.said(3).


References

(1) Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Animal Models of Calendula officinalis L. Growing in Brazil by Parente LM¹, Lino Júnior Rde S, Tresvenzol LM, Vinaud MC, de Paula JR, Paulo NM.(PubMed)
(2) Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers L. in rats by Parente LM¹, Andrade MA, Brito LA, Moura VM, Miguel MP, Lino-Júnior Rde S, Tresvenzol LF, Paula JR, Paulo NM.(PubMed)
(3) Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis by Preethi KC¹, Kuttan R.(PubMed)

7. Calendula officinalis and anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.

In  a two hundred and forty patients within the age group of 20-40 years having gingivitis (probing depth (PD) ≤3 mm), enrolled with a complaint of bleeding gumsin this study with their informed consent, oral administration of Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis) enhanced reducing dental plaque and gingivitis adjunctive to scaling, according to the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) in the the third month of second visit(1). Other in testing of desquamative gingivitis (DG) treated with a handling gel containing clobetasol, nystatin, Calendula officinalis L and pectin in custom trays indicated a positive effect of the compound in induced desquamative gingivitis(2).


References
(1) Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent by Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A.(PubMed)
(2) Management of two cases of desquamative gingivitis with clobetasol and Calendula officinalis gel by Machado MA¹, Contar CM, Brustolim JA, Candido L, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Gregio AM, Trevilatto PC, Soares de Lima AA.(PubMed)

8.  Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and Cancers
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

The study of Calendula against the Angiogenesis for the growth, invasion, and metastasis of most solid tumors, indicated the positive effect through its antiangiogenic activity via exhibited selectivity against the endothelial cells proliferation(1). Its extract, according to Universidad de Granada, also showed to  exhibit cytotoxic tumor cell activity and induced lymphocyte activation in vivo against tumor growth of Ando-2 melanoma cells and prolonged the survival day of the mice, through cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and Caspase-3-induced apoptosis(2).On lung metastasis by B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice, Calendula officinalis flower extract showed to reduce the lung tumor nodules by 74% with 43.3% increase in life span, probably through the inhibition of key enzymes involved in processes of metastasis(3).

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References
(1) Screening the antiangiogenic activity of medicinal plants grown and sold in Jordan by Zihlif M¹, Afifi F, Muhtaseb R, Al-Khatib S, Abaza I, Naffa R.(PubMed)
(2) A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation by Jiménez-Medina E¹, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F.(PubMed)
(3) Inhibition of metastasis of B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice by an extract of Calendula officinalis L flowers by Preethi KC¹, Siveen KS, Kuttan R, Kuttan G.(PubMed)








 

Food Therapy - Dried peas (Pisum)

Dried peas is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc Beside it main component of  Polyphenolic compounds , it also contains saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside, etc.

1. Dried peas (Pisum)  and Types 2 Diabetes
Dried peas found to contain a good sources of protein and fiber, is one of many rich-protein recommended for vegetarian. Together with a low glycemic index it may be considered as a high-fiber foods for daily carbohydrate intake in diabetes. Evidences of studies have showed that a low-glycemic load meal containing psyllium soluble fiber is significantly improves the breakfast postprandial glycemic, insulinemic in adults with Type 2 DM. In the study to compare the glycemic and insulinemic responses to 3 different meals based on dried peas, potatoes, or both in patients with type 2 diabetes, intake of after the pea meal is found to delay of the increased  postprandial plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, when compared to other meal. Since arbohydrates counting in dried peas have been disregarded, the nutrient dried peas should be included in the consumption of low-glycemic, high-fiber foods at the expense of high-glycemic, low-fiber foods for type II diabetics.

The Side effects
1. Purines
Excessive intake of purine can cause health problems for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases due to accumulation of uric acid.
2. Etc.

References
(1) Effects of breakfast meal composition on second meal metabolic responses in adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus by Clark CA, Gardiner J, McBurney MI, Anderson S, Weatherspoon LJ, Henry DN, Hord NG.(PubMed)
(2) Comparison of the effects of dried peas with those of potatoes in mixed meals on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes by Schäfer G, Schenk U, Ritzel U, Ramadori G, Leonhardt U.(PubMed)

2. Dried peas as Antioxidant
Dried peas is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc Beside it main component of  Polyphenolic compounds , it also saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside, etc.

The benefits
Consumption of low-glycemic, high-fiber foods have been to have no effect in on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in type II diabetes, such as dried peas in the family of Fabaceae. The dried powders were individually extracted from the six members in the family, including dried peas have found to exert theirs antioxidant effects against bacteria and free radicals. Other studied also showed that polyphenolics, and saponins as the antioxidants, in dried peas may exhibit hypocholesterolaemic and anticarcinogenic activity, and galactose oligosaccharides exert beneficial prebiotic effects in the large intestine.

The Side effects
1. Purines
Excessive intake of purine can cause health problems for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases due to accumulation of uric acid.
2. Etc.

Reference
(1) Antioxidative and antibacterial effects of seeds and fruit rind of nutraceutical plants belonging to the Fabaceae family by Chanda S, Dudhatra S, Kaneria M.(PubMed)
(2) Review of the health benefits of peas (Pisum sativum L. by Dahl WJ, Foster LM, Tyler RT.(PubMed)

3. Dried peas and colon cancer
Dried peas is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc Beside it main component of  Polyphenolic compound , it also saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside, etc.

The benefits
Evidences in studies showed positive effect of chemical compounds (polyphenolics, and saponins) in dried peas against the progression of cancers. The organic molecule combinations of TI1B (rTI1B), representing a major The Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) peas-derived serine protease inhibitor not only influenced the negatively the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT29 cells but not inactive mutant in a dose-dependent manner, but also  inhibited the growth of non-malignant colonic fibroblast CCD-18Co cells. The result may suggested that serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, should be considered as important targets in investigating the potential chemopreventive role of BBI during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis.

The Side effects
1. Purines
Excessive intake of purine can cause health problems for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases due to accumulation of uric acid.
2. Etc.

References
(1) Review of the health benefits of peas (Pisum sativum L. by Dahl WJ, Foster LM, Tyler RT.(PubMed)
(2) The anti-proliferative effect of TI1B, a major Bowman-Birk isoinhibitor from pea (Pisum sativum L.), on HT29 colon cancer cells is mediated through protease inhibition by Clemente A, Carmen Marín-Manzano M, Jiménez E, Carmen Arques M, Domoney C.(PubMed)

4. Dried Peas and Weight loss
Dried peas is a small but nutritionally mighty member of the legume family, genus Pisum belongs to the family Fabaceae. It has a healthy source of protein, fibers, vitamins and minerals that is good for everyone diet.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

The Nutrients and Chemical constituents
1. Carbohydrates
2. Dietary fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A ( Beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin)
6. B vitamins
7. Vitamin C
8. Calcium
9. Iron
10. Magnesium
11. Phosphorus
12. Potassium
13. Zinc Beside it main component of  Polyphenolic compound , it also saponin pisatin, L-pipecolic acid, glycoside-Pisatoside, tocopherols, cerebroside, etc.

The benefits
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic in Western world. The urgency in finding the solution has become the first priority in some research communities. Many researchers suggested to increased consumption of nonoilseed pulses of dry beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils may be helpful in weight control, as they are slowly digestible carbohydrates, with high fiber and protein contents, and moderate energy density. In a randomized controlled trials generally support a beneficial effect of pulses on weight loss when pulse consumption is coupled with energy restriction, but not without energy restriction, found a beneficial effect of pulses on short-term satiety and weight loss during intentional energy restriction. Other study into the growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.), showed a positive effects as lower levels of plasma insulin, corticosterone, IGF-I and T4 is observed as compared with casein controls. Liver and muscle total protein (mg) and total DNA (mg) were markedly decreased in the legume fed animals.

The Side effects
1. Purines
Excessive intake of purine can cause health problems for people with untreated kidney and gallbladder diseases due to accumulation of uric acid.
2. Etc.

References
(1) Pulse consumption, satiety, and weight management by McCrory MA, Hamaker BR, Lovejoy JC, Eichelsdoerfer PE.(PubMed)
(2) Growth, hormonal status and protein turnover in rats fed on a diet containing peas (Pisum sativum L.) as the source of protein by Martinez JA, Marcos R, Macarulla MT, Larralde J.(PubMed)
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Food Therapy - Beet (Beta vulgaris)

Beet
Beet is best known as the beetroot or garden beet and belong to the amaranth family. It is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall.

Nutrients and chemical Constituents
1. Energy
2. Carbohydrates
3. fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Beta-carotene
7. Trytophan
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
9. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
10. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
11. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
12. Vitamin B6
13. Folate (Vitamin B9)
14. Vitamin C
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Copper
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Magnesium
23. Betacyanin
24. Betaine
25. Etc.
Beside the major chemical constituents betalains and phenolics, it also contains lesser amount of isobetanin, probetanin, neobetanin, indicaxanthin, vulgaxanthins, etc.

1. Beet (Beta vulgaris) and Cancers
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
Food intake can help to prevent and treat cancers. 

The Benefits
Red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract (B), approved to be used as coloring by the FDA, and anticancer drug doxorubicin (D), when are tested for cytotoxic effects against the three cancer cells, showed both exerted the positive effects but the synergistic cytotoxicity was best when the B:D ratio of 1:5 was used in pancreatic (PaCa) cells at IC50, IC75 and IC90 dose levels and in breast (MCF-7) cells at IC90 dose level. Other in the study in the same comparison of the anti cancers effect of doxorubicin and the beetroot extract, both are found to exhibit a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in the two cancer cell lines tested. Although the cytotoxicity of the beetroot extract was significantly lower when compared to doxorubicin in human prostate (PC-3), and breast (MCF-7) and cancer cell lines.

References
(1) Synergistic cytotoxicity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract with doxorubicin in human pancreatic, breast and prostate cancer cell lines by Kapadia GJ, Rao GS, Ramachandran C, Iida A, Suzuki N, Tokuda H.(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23828331(PubMed)
(2) Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines by Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H. (PubMed)

2. Beet (Beta vulgaris) and Hypertension
Beet is best known as the beetroot or garden beet and belong to the amaranth family. It is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall.
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.

The Benefits
Consumption of beetroot juice on a low nitrate diet is said to lower blood pressure (BP) and therefore reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. In a fifteen women and fifteen men participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, showed a positive effect of beetroot juice in addition to a normal diet in men. Other study also found a low dose of 100g exerts the significant hypotensive effects which was unaffected by processing or the presence of betacyanins. Also enriching bread with beetroot may be a suitable vehicle to increase intakes of cardioprotective beetroot in the diet and may provide new therapeutic perspectives in the management of hypertension.

Side effects
1. Oxalates Oxalates in the beet can cause kidney and gallbadder problem. People with above diseases should contact their doctor before consuming.
2. Increase the rick of lowering calcium absorption for people with weak digestive system.
3. Etc.


References
(1) Effect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Coles LT, Clifton PM.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of beetroot juice on lowering blood pressure in free-living, disease-free adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial by Coles LT, Clifton PM.(PubMed)
(3) Acute ingestion of beetroot bread increases endothelium-independent vasodilation and lowers diastolic blood pressure in healthy men: a randomized controlled trial by Hobbs DA, Goulding MG, Nguyen A, Malaver T, Walker CF, George TW, Methven L, Lovegrove JA.(PubMed)

3. Beet (Beta vulgaris) and Type 2 diabetes
Beet is best known as the beetroot or garden beet and belong to the amaranth family. It is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall.
Endothelial dysfunction is a condition of abnormal function of inner lining of blood vessels, such as a defect in the production or activity of nitric oxide.

Nutrients and chemical Constituents
1. Energy
2. Carbohydrates
3. fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Beta-carotene
7. Trytophan
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
9. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
10. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
11. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
12. Vitamin B6
13. Folate (Vitamin B9)
14. Vitamin C
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Copper
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Magnesium
23. Betacyanin
24. Betaine
25. Etc.
Beside the major chemical constituents betalains and phenolics, it also contains lesser amount of isobetanin, probetanin, neobetanin, indicaxanthin, vulgaxanthins, etc.

The Benefits
Endothelial dysfunctionis associated with patients with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. evidences insome studies suggested that postprandial endothelial function was improve in patients with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, after a single dose of a Exenatide, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist (GLP-1 agonist) medication just before the meal. In the study to test the effects of  endothelial function after the intake of beetroot juice in overweight and slightly obese men following a mixed meal,, the postprandial impairment in Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was improved, plasma concentrations of the circulating NO pool were higher at T60, T120, and T240. Of these results, researchers suggested that a single dose of beet juice attenuates the postprandial impairment of FMD following a mixed meal and may be a potential alternative option to treat early onset of patient with type II diabetes, with little or no side effects.

Side effects
1. Oxalates Oxalates in the beet can cause kidney and gallbadder problem. People with above diseases should contact their doctor before consuming.
2. Increase the rick of lowering calcium absorption for people with weak digestive system.
3. Etc.


References
(1) Improvement of Postprandial Endothelial Function After a Single Dose of Exenatide in Individuals With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Recent-Onset Type 2 Diabete, by Juraj Koska, MD, Eric A. Schwartz, PHD, Michael P. Mullin, BS, Dawn C. Schwenke, PHD and, Peter D. Reaven, MD(Canadian Diabetes Association)

(2) Beetroot juice improves in overweight and slightly obese men postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a mixed meal by Joris PJ, Mensink RP.(PubMed)

4. Beet (Beta vulgaris) as antioxidants
Beet is best known as the beetroot or garden beet and belong to the amaranth family. It is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall.
Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease.

Nutrients and chemical Constituents
1. Energy
2. Carbohydrates
3. fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Beta-carotene
7. Trytophan
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
9. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
10. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
11. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
12. Vitamin B6
13. Folate (Vitamin B9)
14. Vitamin C
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Copper
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Magnesium
23. Betacyanin
24. Betaine
25. Etc.
Beside the major chemical constituents betalains and phenolics, it also contains lesser amount of isobetanin, probetanin, neobetanin, indicaxanthin, vulgaxanthins, etc.

The Benefits
Betanin a main chemical constituent found in  beet juice has exerted its hepatoprotective and anticarcinogenic effects, through the activation of Nrf2 and subsequent induction of the expression of genes controlled by this factor(Activation of Nrf2 essentially opens the door for the production of numbers of our body’s most important antioxidants as excessive free radicals induce better antioxidant production) in non-tumour THLE-2 cell line. In simple words, betanin in beet root enhances the antioxidant effects in protection of the liver against the development of liver cancers and diseases.

Side effects
1. Oxalates Oxalates in the beet can cause kidney and gallbadder problem. People with above diseases should contact their doctor before consuming.
2. Increase the rick of lowering calcium absorption for people with weak digestive system.
3. Etc.

 
References
(1) What is NRF2?
(2) Betanin, a beetroot component, induces nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated expression of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human liver cell lines by Krajka-Kuźniak V, Paluszczak J, Szaefer H, Baer-Dubowska W.(PubMed)



5. Beet (Beta vulgaris) and cardiovascular diseases
Beet is best known as the beetroot or garden beet and belong to the amaranth family. It is a perennial plant with leafy stems growing to 1–2 m tall.
Platelet aggregation is the process of platelets adhere to each other at sites of vascular injury.

Nutrients and chemical Constituents
1. Energy
2. Carbohydrates
3. fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Beta-carotene
7. Trytophan
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
9. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
10. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
11. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
12. Vitamin B6
13. Folate (Vitamin B9)
14. Vitamin C
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Copper
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Magnesium
23. Betacyanin
24. Betaine
25. Etc.
Beside the major chemical constituents betalains and phenolics, it also contains lesser amount of isobetanin, probetanin, neobetanin, indicaxanthin, vulgaxanthins, etc.

The benefits
Vegetables rich in inorganic nitrate has found to be beneficial vascular effects, including reducing blood pressure, inhibiting platelet aggregation, preserving or improving endothelial dysfunction, etc. In the study of health volunteers, approximately 3 hours after ingestion of a dietary nitrate load (beetroot juice 500 mL), it enhanced the rise in plasma nitrite, decrease in blood pressure, and inhibited on platelet aggregation. Beet juice is no doubt exerted its vasoprotective effects through activity of nitrite converted from the ingested nitrate and  the beneficial effects of a vegetable-rich diet may be considered as a low cost treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Side effects
1. Oxalates Oxalates in the beet can cause kidney and gallbadder problem. People with above diseases should contact their doctor before consuming.
2. Increase the rick of lowering calcium absorption for people with weak digestive system.
3. Etc.

 
References
(1) Acute blood pressure lowering, vasoprotective, and antiplatelet properties of dietary nitrate via bioconversion to nitrite By Webb AJ, Patel N, Loukogeorgakis S, Okorie M, Aboud Z, Misra S, Rashid R, Miall P, Deanfield J, Benjamin N, MacAllister R, Hobbs AJ, Ahluwalia A.(PubMed)
(2) Vascular effects of dietary nitrate (as found in green leafy vegetables and beetroot) via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway by Lidder S, Webb AJ.(PubMed)

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Dietary Minerals

Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
A. Potassium
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
1. Potassium and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.

The benefits 
Administration of high potassium diets is found to be effective in lowering of blood pressure in some animal models of hypertension. Researchers suggested that the effect may be the result of diuretic action in reducing the extracellular fluid volume, thus decreased blood pressure. Others insisted that the lowering blood pressure of high potassium diet may enhance the potassium modifies central or the peripheral neural mechanisms that regulate blood pressure. In fact, increase fruit and vegetable intake such as banana, papaya, mango, spinach, tomatoes, etc., may help increase dietary potassium and reduce hypertension-related disease.

References
(1) Role of dietary potassium in the treatment of hypertension by Treasure J, Ploth D.(PubMed)
(2) Potassium and fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to social determinants and access to produce in New York City by Loftfield E, Yi S, Curtis CJ, Bartley K, Kansagra SM.(PubMed)
(3) Endoscopic Removal of Pharmacobezoar in Case of Intentional Potassium Overdose by Briggs AL, Deal LL.(PubMed)

2. Potassium and Cardiovascular diseases
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart.

The benefits
High diet of potassium is found to be effective in reducing the risk of stroke and  CHD and total CVD, in the 11 Eleven studies with 15 cohort samples that included 247,510 male and female participants (follow-up 5 to 19 years), 7,066 strokes, 3,058 coronary heart disease (CHD) events. A systematic review also indicated that increased potassium intake reduces blood pressure in people with hypertension and has no adverse effect on blood lipid concentrations, catecholamine concentrations, or renal function in adults.

References
(1) Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies by D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses by Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP.(PubMed)

3. Potassium and stroke
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.

The benefits
Prolonged period intake of low potassium diet may cause lower serum potassium level in diuretic users, and low potassium intake in those not taking diuretic of that were associated with increased stroke incidence in elder. Lower serum potassium also was associated with a particularly high risk for stroke in the small number of diuretic users. Other in the study of dietary potassium and total energy intake estimated that at baseline by using a 24-hour dietary recall, patients, who follow a low potassium diet of <34.6 mmol potassium per day are at 28% higher hazard of stroke and stroke-associated mortality.
 
References
(1) Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke by Green DM, Ropper AH, Kronmal RA, Psaty BM, Burke GL; Cardiovascular Health Study.(PubMed)
(2) Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies by D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study by Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E.(PubMed)

4. Potassium and metabolic syndrome
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Metabolic syndrome
According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, insulin resistance often goes along with other health problems, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. These problems are all risk factors for heart disease. When a person has many of these problems at the same time, doctors commonly call it “metabolic syndrome.” It is sometimes called “insulin resistance syndrome” or “syndrome X.” Many people who have type 2 diabetes also have metabolic syndrome
Other defined it as a disorder of energy utilization and storage, diagnosed by a co-occurrence of 3 out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal (central) obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels. The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure, and diabetes.

The benefits
Lower potassium intake may be associated to increased risk of diabetes. The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2008-2010, The incidence was more prominent in postmenopausal women, but not among men. Diet higher potassium is significantly associated with reduced risk of  Metabolic syndrome in women, as well as insulin resistance (IR). In a cross-sectional study in 10,341 participants aged 40 years or older also supported the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese with low serum potassium level. Nordic diet containing important potassium sources with intake in potatoes, fruit and berries, vegetables and milk products, is found to decreased diastolic ambulatory BP and mean arterial pressure as well as  metabolic syndrome, may be attributed to higher intake of potassium products.

References
1. Metabolic syndrome (Wikipedia)
2.  Metabolic syndrome, (American Academy of Family Physicians)
3. Potassium intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010 by Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SS, Kim S, Chin HJ, Han JS, Heo NJ.(PubMed)
4. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on ambulatory blood pressure in metabolic syndrome: a randomized SYSDIET sub-study by Brader L , Uusitupa M, Dragsted LO, Hermansen K.(PubMed)
5. Serum potassium level is associated with metabolic syndrome: A population-based study by Sun K, Su T, Li M, Xu B, Xu M, Lu J, Liu J, Bi Y, Ning G.(PubMed)

4. Serum Potassium and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Fatty liver disease.
Fatty liver disease is defined as a condition of accumulation of fat in the liver, including people who drink little or no alcohol (Non alcohol fatty disease) or who are excessive alcohol drinking (Alcohol fatty liver disease). The disease can even occur after a short period of heavy drinking (acute alcoholic liver disease). More than 15 million people in the U.S. either abuse or overuse alcohol with fatty liver diseases with fat makes up 5-10 percent of liver weight.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, actually representing an emerging disease of great clinical interest(4).

The benefits
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated to increased risk of metabolic syndrome. In the study of in 8592 subjects with NAFLD (30·3%) and gradually decreased across serum potassium quartiles, to investigate the association of serum potassium with the risk of prevalent NAFLD. The result showed a significant relation between serum potassium level and NAFLD in women, younger subjects, those with insulin resistance and central obesity. Other in the study to investigate the association between NAFLD and primary aldosteronism (PA), and to identify determinants of NAFLD in this condition, showed that Serum potassium was lower in primary aldosteronism (PA) than in LREH patients with NAFLD (P < 0.001), while it was similar in PA and LREH patients without NAFLD.

References
(1) Low serum potassium level is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its related metabolic disorders by Sun K, Lu J, Jiang Y, Xu M, Xu Y, Zhang J, Xu B, Sun J, Sun W, Ren C, Liu J, Wang W, Bi Y, Ning G.(PubMed)
(2) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in primary aldosteronism: a pilot study by Fallo F, Dalla Pozza A, Tecchio M, Tona F, Sonino N, Ermani M, Catena C, Bertello C, Mulatero P, Sabato N, Fabris B, Sechi LA.(PubMed)
(3) Review article: the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease -- availability and accuracy of non-invasive methods by Festi D, Schiumerini R, Marzi L, Di Biase AR, Mandolesi D, Montrone L, Scaioli E, Bonato G, Marchesini-Reggiani G, Colecchia A.(PubMed)

5. Serum potassium and chronic kidney disease
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.

The benefits
Kidney is an important organ to keep the serum potassium (K+) level in range for normal physiology within the human body. Late stage chronic kidney disease patients are associated with high levels of serum potassium. Other in the study of the incidence of hyperkalemia in dogs with CKD, found hyperkalemia to be associated with commercial renal diets but with potassium-reduced diets hyperkalemia can be corrected.
Chronic kidney disease is a progression of degeneration of  kidney function over a prolonged period of time, most often in years.

References
(1) Higher serum potassium level associated with late stage chronic kidney disease by Hsieh MF, Wu IW, Lee CC, Wang SY, Wu MS.(PubMed)
(2) Correction of hyperkalemia in dogs with chronic kidney disease consuming commercial renal therapeutic diets by a potassium-reduced home-prepared diet by Segev G, Fascetti AJ, Weeth LP, Cowgill LD.(PubMed)

6. Serum Potassium and Diabetic Nephropathy
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Diabetic Nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by disease of the blood vessels in the kidney glomeruli in diabetics.

The benefits
Angiotensin,  a peptide hormone with function to cause vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Its inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers such as lisinopril (80 mg) were randomized to spironolactone (25 mg daily), losartan (100 mg daily) prescibed in conventional medicine for treating diabetic nephropathy may be distribute more safe depending to the levels of serum potassium after intake of the medicine.  In a blinded, randomized, three-arm placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 participants with diabetic nephropathy taking lisinopril (80 mg) were randomized to spironolactone (25 mg daily), losartan (100 mg daily), or placebo (trial dates from July of 2003 to December of 2006), researcher suggested that a  better understanding of extrarenal potassium homeostasis will provide an opportunity to use this drug more safely in patients with diabetic nephropathy as well as other patient populations.

Reference
(1) Potassium Handling with Dual Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition in Diabetic Nephropathy by Van Buren PN, Adams-Huet B, Nguyen M, Molina C, Toto RD.(PubMed)

(2) Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Chapter 195, Serum Potassium by Asghar Rastegar.

7. Lower serum potassium in hemodialysis patients

Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Hemodialysis is the most common method to remove waste products for treatment  in advanced and permanent kidney failure.

The benefits
Albumin is a protein made by the liver and found in your blood with function to help your body maintain fluid balance. Hypoalbuminemia, a medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low characterized by with lower Serum potassium and lower Serum sodium.  In a study of Lower serum potassium combined with lower sodium concentrations predict long-term mortality risk in hemodialysis patients, suggested that hemodialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia combined with lower normalized protein catabolism rate (nPCR) are associated with is associated with worse health outcomes, more complex clinical management, and increased health care costs and those patients with higher levels of serum potassium and serum sodium tended to have better clinical outcomes. Other in the study of the same in chronic. indicated that hypoalbuminemia patients also had a lower cumulative survival rate than hyperkalemia (hyperK) patients.

References
(1) Lower serum potassium combined with lower sodium concentrations predict long-term mortality risk in hemodialysis patients by Hwang JC, Jiang MY, Wang CT.(PubMed)
(2) Hypokalemia is associated with increased mortality rate in chronic hemodialysis patients, by Hwang JC, Wang CT, Chen CA, Chen HC.(PubMed)

8. Serum potassium and leptospirosis
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Leptospirosis is disease caused by bacteria as a result of  contact with water, soil or food contaminated by urine from infected animals.

The benefits
Patient infected by bacteria cause of Leptospirosisis susceptible to hypokalemic acute renal failure characterized with low level of serum of potassium and sodium may be associated to increased risk of mortality. In the study to measure the levels of serum potassium and serum creatinine andduration of symptoms at admission, showed the death rate increased with serum potassium: 11.1% in the hypoK, 14.7% in the normoK and 47.1% in the hyperK group (p = 0.002). the result suggested that hypoK is an positive and independent risk correlated with the risk of in-hospital death and hyperK are directly associated to increase risk of mortality in patient with Leptospirosis. Other in the study of the same also indicated that older age was also strongly and independently associated with higher risk of death.

Reference
(1) The association between serum potassium at hospital admission and the case-fatality rate of leptospirosis in men by Lopes AA, Costa E, Costa YA, Bina JC, Sacramento E.(PubMed)
(2) Comparative study of the in-hospital case-fatality rate of leptospirosis between pediatric and adult patients of different age groups by Lopes AA, Costa E, Costa YA, Sacramento E, de Oliveira Junior AR, Lopes MB, Lopes GB.(PubMed)

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