A. Potassium
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
1. Potassium and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
The benefits
Administration of high potassium diets is found to be effective in lowering of blood pressure in some animal models of hypertension. Researchers suggested that the effect may be the result of diuretic action in reducing the extracellular fluid volume, thus decreased blood pressure. Others insisted that the lowering blood pressure of high potassium diet may enhance the potassium modifies central or the peripheral neural mechanisms that regulate blood pressure. In fact, increase fruit and vegetable intake such as banana, papaya, mango, spinach, tomatoes, etc., may help increase dietary potassium and reduce hypertension-related disease.
References
(1) Role of dietary potassium in the treatment of hypertension by Treasure J, Ploth D.(PubMed)
(2) Potassium and fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to social determinants and access to produce in New York City by Loftfield E, Yi S, Curtis CJ, Bartley K, Kansagra SM.(PubMed)
(3) Endoscopic Removal of Pharmacobezoar in Case of Intentional Potassium Overdose by Briggs AL, Deal LL.(PubMed)
2. Potassium and Cardiovascular diseases
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday. Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart.
The benefits
High diet of potassium is found to be effective in reducing the risk of stroke and CHD and total CVD, in the 11 Eleven studies with 15 cohort samples that included 247,510 male and female participants (follow-up 5 to 19 years), 7,066 strokes, 3,058 coronary heart disease (CHD) events. A systematic review also indicated that increased potassium intake reduces blood pressure in people with hypertension and has no adverse effect on blood lipid concentrations, catecholamine concentrations, or renal function in adults.
References
(1) Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies by D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses by Aburto NJ, Hanson S, Gutierrez H, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP.(PubMed)
3. Potassium and stroke
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.
The benefits
Prolonged period intake of low potassium diet may cause lower serum potassium level in diuretic users, and low potassium intake in those not taking diuretic of that were associated with increased stroke incidence in elder. Lower serum potassium also was associated with a particularly high risk for stroke in the small number of diuretic users. Other in the study of dietary potassium and total energy intake estimated that at baseline by using a 24-hour dietary recall, patients, who follow a low potassium diet of <34.6 mmol potassium per day are at 28% higher hazard of stroke and stroke-associated mortality.
References
(1) Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke by Green DM, Ropper AH, Kronmal RA, Psaty BM, Burke GL; Cardiovascular Health Study.(PubMed)
(2) Potassium intake, stroke, and cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies by D'Elia L, Barba G, Cappuccio FP, Strazzullo P.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study by Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E.(PubMed)
4. Potassium and metabolic syndrome
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Metabolic syndrome
According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, insulin resistance often goes along with other health problems, such as diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. These problems are all risk factors for heart disease. When a person has many of these problems at the same time, doctors commonly call it “metabolic syndrome.” It is sometimes called “insulin resistance syndrome” or “syndrome X.” Many people who have type 2 diabetes also have metabolic syndrome
Other defined it as a disorder of energy utilization and storage, diagnosed by a co-occurrence of 3 out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal (central) obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels. The metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, particularly heart failure, and diabetes.
The benefits
Lower potassium intake may be associated to increased risk of diabetes. The Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2008-2010, The incidence was more prominent in postmenopausal women, but not among men. Diet higher potassium is significantly associated with reduced risk of Metabolic syndrome in women, as well as insulin resistance (IR). In a cross-sectional study in 10,341 participants aged 40 years or older also supported the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Chinese with low serum potassium level. Nordic diet containing important potassium sources with intake in potatoes, fruit and berries, vegetables and milk products, is found to decreased diastolic ambulatory BP and mean arterial pressure as well as metabolic syndrome, may be attributed to higher intake of potassium products.
References
1. Metabolic syndrome (Wikipedia)
2. Metabolic syndrome, (American Academy of Family Physicians)
3. Potassium intake and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010 by Lee H, Lee J, Hwang SS, Kim S, Chin HJ, Han JS, Heo NJ.(PubMed)
4. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on ambulatory blood pressure in metabolic syndrome: a randomized SYSDIET sub-study by Brader L , Uusitupa M, Dragsted LO, Hermansen K.(PubMed)
5. Serum potassium level is associated with metabolic syndrome: A population-based study by Sun K, Su T, Li M, Xu B, Xu M, Lu J, Liu J, Bi Y, Ning G.(PubMed)
4. Serum Potassium and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
Fatty liver disease.
Fatty liver disease is defined as a condition of accumulation of fat in the liver, including people who drink little or no alcohol (Non alcohol fatty disease) or who are excessive alcohol drinking (Alcohol fatty liver disease). The disease can even occur after a short period of heavy drinking (acute alcoholic liver disease). More than 15 million people in the U.S. either abuse or overuse alcohol with fatty liver diseases with fat makes up 5-10 percent of liver weight.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a wide spectrum of clinical conditions, actually representing an emerging disease of great clinical interest(4).
The benefits
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are associated to increased risk of metabolic syndrome. In the study of in 8592 subjects with NAFLD (30·3%) and gradually decreased across serum potassium quartiles, to investigate the association of serum potassium with the risk of prevalent NAFLD. The result showed a significant relation between serum potassium level and NAFLD in women, younger subjects, those with insulin resistance and central obesity. Other in the study to investigate the association between NAFLD and primary aldosteronism (PA), and to identify determinants of NAFLD in this condition, showed that Serum potassium was lower in primary aldosteronism (PA) than in LREH patients with NAFLD (P < 0.001), while it was similar in PA and LREH patients without NAFLD.
References
(1) Low serum potassium level is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its related metabolic disorders by Sun K, Lu J, Jiang Y, Xu M, Xu Y, Zhang J, Xu B, Sun J, Sun W, Ren C, Liu J, Wang W, Bi Y, Ning G.(PubMed)
(2) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in primary aldosteronism: a pilot study by Fallo F, Dalla Pozza A, Tecchio M, Tona F, Sonino N, Ermani M, Catena C, Bertello C, Mulatero P, Sabato N, Fabris B, Sechi LA.(PubMed)
(3) Review article: the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease -- availability and accuracy of non-invasive methods by Festi D, Schiumerini R, Marzi L, Di Biase AR, Mandolesi D, Montrone L, Scaioli E, Bonato G, Marchesini-Reggiani G, Colecchia A.(PubMed)
5. Serum potassium and chronic kidney disease
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The benefits
Kidney is an important organ to keep the serum potassium (K+) level in range for normal physiology within the human body. Late stage chronic kidney disease patients are associated with high levels of serum potassium. Other in the study of the incidence of hyperkalemia in dogs with CKD, found hyperkalemia to be associated with commercial renal diets but with potassium-reduced diets hyperkalemia can be corrected.
Chronic kidney disease is a progression of degeneration of kidney function over a prolonged period of time, most often in years.
References
(1) Higher serum potassium level associated with late stage chronic kidney disease by Hsieh MF, Wu IW, Lee CC, Wang SY, Wu MS.(PubMed)
(2) Correction of hyperkalemia in dogs with chronic kidney disease consuming commercial renal therapeutic diets by a potassium-reduced home-prepared diet by Segev G, Fascetti AJ, Weeth LP, Cowgill LD.(PubMed)
6. Serum Potassium and Diabetic Nephropathy
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Diabetic Nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by disease of the blood vessels in the kidney glomeruli in diabetics.
The benefits
Angiotensin, a peptide hormone with function to cause vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Its inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers such as lisinopril (80 mg) were randomized to spironolactone (25 mg daily), losartan (100 mg daily) prescibed in conventional medicine for treating diabetic nephropathy may be distribute more safe depending to the levels of serum potassium after intake of the medicine. In a blinded, randomized, three-arm placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 participants with diabetic nephropathy taking lisinopril (80 mg) were randomized to spironolactone (25 mg daily), losartan (100 mg daily), or placebo (trial dates from July of 2003 to December of 2006), researcher suggested that a better understanding of extrarenal potassium homeostasis will provide an opportunity to use this drug more safely in patients with diabetic nephropathy as well as other patient populations.
Reference
(1) Potassium Handling with Dual Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition in Diabetic Nephropathy by Van Buren PN, Adams-Huet B, Nguyen M, Molina C, Toto RD.(PubMed)
(2) Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Chapter 195, Serum Potassium by Asghar Rastegar.
7. Lower serum potassium in hemodialysis patients
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health. In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Hemodialysis is the most common method to remove waste products for treatment in advanced and permanent kidney failure.
The benefits
Albumin is a protein made by the liver and found in your blood with function to help your body maintain fluid balance. Hypoalbuminemia, a medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low characterized by with lower Serum potassium and lower Serum sodium. In a study of Lower serum potassium combined with lower sodium concentrations predict long-term mortality risk in hemodialysis patients, suggested that hemodialysis patients with hypoalbuminemia combined with lower normalized protein catabolism rate (nPCR) are associated with is associated with worse health outcomes, more complex clinical management, and increased health care costs and those patients with higher levels of serum potassium and serum sodium tended to have better clinical outcomes. Other in the study of the same in chronic. indicated that hypoalbuminemia patients also had a lower cumulative survival rate than hyperkalemia (hyperK) patients.
References
(1) Lower serum potassium combined with lower sodium concentrations predict long-term mortality risk in hemodialysis patients by Hwang JC, Jiang MY, Wang CT.(PubMed)
(2) Hypokalemia is associated with increased mortality rate in chronic hemodialysis patients, by Hwang JC, Wang CT, Chen CA, Chen HC.(PubMed)
8. Serum potassium and leptospirosis
Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.
In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.
The Normal serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L. The total body potassium is lower in females and in older patients, serum potassium concentration is independent of sex and age.
Leptospirosis is disease caused by bacteria as a result of contact with water, soil or food contaminated by urine from infected animals.
The benefits
Patient infected by bacteria cause of Leptospirosisis susceptible to hypokalemic acute renal failure characterized with low level of serum of potassium and sodium may be associated to increased risk of mortality. In the study to measure the levels of serum potassium and serum creatinine andduration of symptoms at admission, showed the death rate increased with serum potassium: 11.1% in the hypoK, 14.7% in the normoK and 47.1% in the hyperK group (p = 0.002). the result suggested that hypoK is an positive and independent risk correlated with the risk of in-hospital death and hyperK are directly associated to increase risk of mortality in patient with Leptospirosis. Other in the study of the same also indicated that older age was also strongly and independently associated with higher risk of death.
Reference
(1) The association between serum potassium at hospital admission and the case-fatality rate of leptospirosis in men by Lopes AA, Costa E, Costa YA, Bina JC, Sacramento E.(PubMed)
(2) Comparative study of the in-hospital case-fatality rate of leptospirosis between pediatric and adult patients of different age groups by Lopes AA, Costa E, Costa YA, Sacramento E, de Oliveira Junior AR, Lopes MB, Lopes GB.(PubMed)
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