Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis)

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

1. Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and skin
Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis), is one of many popular herb used as medicine in Europe, China, India and many place in the world. Essential oil of Calendula flowers has found effectively used as topical cream to protect against sun radiation damage as well as maintaining the natural pigments of skin. Others in the study of the same with cutaneous application of the essential oil, showed a most effective result as creams containing 4% and 5% of Calendula essential oil caused a significant decrease oxidative stress found in malonyldialdehyde level, whereas the levels of antioxidants (catalaseEzyme, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid) and the total protein level were significantly increased after 1 month of daily irradiation and treatment. Calendula extract used in the study on the mechanical parameters of the skin by using the cutometer, showed newly formulated topical cream of Calendula officinalis extract exerted its protection of skin in significant improvements in hydration and firmness. Even with the result of the studies, some researchers suggested that many data are needed such as current concentration of use data,  ultraviolet (UV) absorption data, photosensitization data, dermal reproductive/developmental toxicity data; inhalation toxicity data, etc  before the essential oil of Herbal Calendula can be used as ingredients of cosmetic products.

Side effects
1. Calendula may cause allergic effect to certain people, symptoms include rash, itching, swelling, dizziness, trouble breathing, etc.
2. Do not use Calendula if you are pregnant or breast feeding, diabetes, alcohol dependence or liver disease with out consulting with related field specialist
3. Overdose can be Poisson. Etc.

References
(1) Phytochemical Constituents and PharmacologicalActivities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): AReview by BP Muley, SS Khadabadi and NB Banarase (Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research)
(2) Assessment of In vitro Sun Protection Factor of Calendula Officinalis L. (Asteraceae) Essential Oil Formulation by Mishra A, Mishra A, Chattopadhyay P.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of Calendula Essential Oil-Based Cream on Biochemical Parameters of Skin of Albino Rats against Ultraviolet B Radiation by Mishra AK, Mishra A, Verma A, Chattopadhyay P.(PubMed)
(3) Final report on the safety assessment of Calendula officinalis extract and Calendula officinalis.

[No authors listed](PubMed)

(4) Calendula extract: effects on mechanical parameters of human skin by Akhtar N, Zaman SU, Khan BA, Amir MN, Ebrahimzadeh MA.(PubMed)

2. Herbal Calendula (Calendula officinalis)  and edema

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

The benefits
Calendula officinalis flower extract has been used to effective in treating inflammatory causes of edema in a carrageenan and dextran-induced acute paw edema model by 41.9 and 42.4%  respectively in oral administration of  250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and Cox-2 and subsequent prostaglandin synthesis. Study the anti-inflammatory activity of three new terpenoids, also indicated that the new chemical constituent found in calendula protected agains  inhibition of croton oil induced ear oedema in mouse.

References
(1) Phytochemical Constituents and PharmacologicalActivities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): AReview by BP Muley, SS Khadabadi and NB Banarase (Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research)
(2)Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action by Preethi KC, Kuttan G, Kuttan R.(PubMed)(3) Improved anti-inflammatory activity of three new terpenoids derived, by systematic chemical modifications, from the abundant triterpenes of the flowery plant Calendula officinalis by Neukirch H, D'Ambrosio M, Sosa S, Altinier G, Della Loggia R, Guerriero A.(PubMed)

3. Herbal Calendula and chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Chronic blepharitis is a condition of chronic inflammation of the eyelid, depending to its severity.
The study of a total of 110 patients aged from 3 to 42 years old with chronic blepharitis treatment: 50 patients with chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome, moist warm pads eyelid massage with blepharolotion and calendula extraction showed to improve efficacy in patients with meibomian gland hypofunction and have no effect in blepharitis with excessive meibomian gland secretion(1)

References
(1) [Efficacy of physiotherapy and hygienic procedures in treatment of adults and children with chronic blepharitis and dry eye syndrome].[Article in Russian] by Prozornaia LP, Brzhevskiĭ VV.(PubMed)

4. Herbal Calendula and Neuroprotective effects
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Neuro protective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the brain.
In 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity in rats, Calendula officinalis Linn. flower extract (COE) showed asignificantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative damage and striatal neuronal loss, probably through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties(1). Monosodium glutamate (MSG) a popular flavour enhancer used in food industries may cause neurotoxicity if excess intake.
In neurotoxic mice induced by excess intake of MSG, the similar extract also significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and hippocampal damage(2)

References
(1) Protective effect of Calendula officinalis Linn. flowers against 3-nitropropionic acid induced experimental Huntington's disease in rats by Shivasharan BD¹, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP, Bansal P, Unnikrishnan MK(PubMed)
(2) Protective Effect of Calendula officinalis L. Flowers Against Monosodium Glutamate Induced Oxidative Stress and Excitotoxic Brain Damage in Rats by Shivasharan BD, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP(PubMed)

5. Herbal Calendula and Atherosclerosis
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of thickening of an artery wall as a result of the accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride.
The study of natural products including botanicals for both therapy of clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and reduction of atherosclerosis risk, showed a positive effects of herbal Caendula in reduced risk of atherosclerosis and progression of the disease(1). Inflaminat, a composition of (calendula, elder, and violet), which possesses anti-cytokine activity, showed to cause the regression of carotid atherosclerosis(2). Other composition, including calendula, elder, and pansy showed to enhanced maximum antiinflammatory activity. Thus can be used for pathogenetic therapy of various inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis(3).

References
(1) Anti-atherosclerotic therapy based on botanicals by Orekhov AN¹, Sobenin IA, Korneev NV, Kirichenko TV, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Balcells M, Edelman ER, Bobryshev YV.(PubMed)
(2) Direct anti-atherosclerotic therapy; development of natural anti-atherosclerotic drugs preventing cellular cholesterol retention by Orekhov AN(PubMed)
(3) Use of natural products in anticytokine therapy by Gorchakova TV¹, Suprun IV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN(PubMed)

5. Calendula officinalis as antioxidants 
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.
Atherosclerosis is a condition of thickening of an artery wall as a result of the accumulation of cholesterol and triglyceride.

A randomized controlled clinical study, conducted by Babol University of Medical Sciences on radiation-induced oropharyngeal mucositis (OM) in patients with head-and-neck cancer, showed a effectiveness of Calendula officinalis flowers extract mouthwash on decreasing the intensity of radiotherapy- induced OM during the treatment, probably through its antioxidant capacity(1). In experimentally induced thermal burns in rats, the extract not only significantly lowered issue damage marker enzymes- alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate transaminases in a dose dependant manner(2) but showed a protective role against CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity and cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity, possibly through mechanism of action of its antioxidant activity and reduction of oxygen radicals(3).
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References
(1) Antioxidant capacity of calendula officinalis flowers extract and prevention of radiation induced oropharyngeal mucositis in patients with head and neck cancers: a randomized controlled clinical study. by Babaee N, Moslemi D, Khalilpour M, Vejdani F, Moghadamnia Y, Bijani A, Baradaran M, Kazemi MT, Khalilpour A, Pouramir M, Moghadamnia AA.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of Calendula officinalis Flower Extract on Acute Phase Proteins, Antioxidant Defense Mechanism and Granuloma Formation During Thermal Burns by Chandran PK, Kuttan R.(PubMed)
(3) Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract by Preethi KC, Kuttan R.(PubMed)

6. Calendula officinalis and wound healing

Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

According to the Federal University of Goiás, the ethanolic extract, the dichloromethane, and hexanic fractions from Calendula showed a positive effect in speeding up the chorioallantoic membrane and cutaneous wounds healing through its anti-inflammatory and anti bacterial activities in rat models.(1).
The exertion of angiogenesis of this herb may be not directly related to the expression of VEGF and probably associated to other pro-angiogenic factors(2). "Oral and topical application of Calendula officinalis flower extract showed a significant increase was observed in the hydroxy proline and hexosamine content in the extract-treated group compared with the untreated animals" Dr. Preethi KC, and Dr. Kuttan R.said(3).


References

(1) Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Effect in Animal Models of Calendula officinalis L. Growing in Brazil by Parente LM¹, Lino Júnior Rde S, Tresvenzol LM, Vinaud MC, de Paula JR, Paulo NM.(PubMed)
(2) Angiogenic activity of Calendula officinalis flowers L. in rats by Parente LM¹, Andrade MA, Brito LA, Moura VM, Miguel MP, Lino-Júnior Rde S, Tresvenzol LF, Paula JR, Paulo NM.(PubMed)
(3) Wound healing activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis by Preethi KC¹, Kuttan R.(PubMed)

7. Calendula officinalis and anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis effects
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins.

In  a two hundred and forty patients within the age group of 20-40 years having gingivitis (probing depth (PD) ≤3 mm), enrolled with a complaint of bleeding gumsin this study with their informed consent, oral administration of Calendula officinalis (C. officinalis) enhanced reducing dental plaque and gingivitis adjunctive to scaling, according to the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) in the the third month of second visit(1). Other in testing of desquamative gingivitis (DG) treated with a handling gel containing clobetasol, nystatin, Calendula officinalis L and pectin in custom trays indicated a positive effect of the compound in induced desquamative gingivitis(2).


References
(1) Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent by Khairnar MS, Pawar B, Marawar PP, Mani A.(PubMed)
(2) Management of two cases of desquamative gingivitis with clobetasol and Calendula officinalis gel by Machado MA¹, Contar CM, Brustolim JA, Candido L, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Gregio AM, Trevilatto PC, Soares de Lima AA.(PubMed)

8.  Calendula (Calendula officinalis) and Cancers
Calendula is also known as pot marigold, a annual or perennial herbaceous plants of about 12–20 species of genus Calendula, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Southern Europe. It has been used in herbal medicine as spasmolytic, spasmogenic, inflammatory effects and to treat abdominal cramps, wound healing, skin diseases, colitis, constipation, etc.
Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causes of swelling in the feet, ankles and legs.

Ingredients
Beside major chemical constituents of triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, quinones, volatile oil,carotenoids and amino acids, the herb also contains loliolide (calendin), calendulin and n-paraffins

The study of Calendula against the Angiogenesis for the growth, invasion, and metastasis of most solid tumors, indicated the positive effect through its antiangiogenic activity via exhibited selectivity against the endothelial cells proliferation(1). Its extract, according to Universidad de Granada, also showed to  exhibit cytotoxic tumor cell activity and induced lymphocyte activation in vivo against tumor growth of Ando-2 melanoma cells and prolonged the survival day of the mice, through cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and Caspase-3-induced apoptosis(2).On lung metastasis by B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice, Calendula officinalis flower extract showed to reduce the lung tumor nodules by 74% with 43.3% increase in life span, probably through the inhibition of key enzymes involved in processes of metastasis(3).

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References
(1) Screening the antiangiogenic activity of medicinal plants grown and sold in Jordan by Zihlif M¹, Afifi F, Muhtaseb R, Al-Khatib S, Abaza I, Naffa R.(PubMed)
(2) A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation by Jiménez-Medina E¹, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L, Algarra I, Collado A, Garrido F.(PubMed)
(3) Inhibition of metastasis of B16F-10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice by an extract of Calendula officinalis L flowers by Preethi KC¹, Siveen KS, Kuttan R, Kuttan G.(PubMed)