Medical Advisor Journals

Wednesday, August 10, 2016

Dietary Minerals: Potassium - The Effect on Hypertension

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Dietary Minerals

Dietary Minerals are the group of minerals which is essential for our body to sustain normal functions and physical health.

Potassium

In General, potassium is a very essential mineral to the human body for maintaining to build proteins and muscle, break down carbohydrates, maintain normal body growth and normal heart electricity, etc.

The Effect on Hypertension

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.

The benefits
Administration of high potassium diets is found to be effective in lowering of blood pressure in some animal models of hypertension. Researchers suggested that the effect may be the result of diuretic action in reducing the extracellular fluid volume, thus decreased blood pressure. Others insisted that the lowering blood pressure of high potassium diet may enhance the potassium modifies central or the peripheral neural mechanisms that regulate blood pressure. In fact, increase fruit and vegetable intake such as banana, papaya, mango, spinach, tomatoes, etc., may help increase dietary potassium and reduce hypertension-related disease.

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References
(1) Role of dietary potassium in the treatment of hypertension by Treasure J, Ploth D.(PubMed)
(2) Potassium and fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to social determinants and access to produce in New York City by Loftfield E, Yi S, Curtis CJ, Bartley K, Kansagra SM.(PubMed)
(3) Endoscopic Removal of Pharmacobezoar in Case of Intentional Potassium Overdoseby Briggs AL, Deal LL.(PubMed)

Regular Walking Reduces Risk and Complications of Hypertension in Older Adults

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 15.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
Blood pressure medications have undoubtedly prevented many deaths from heart disease in the past 30 years, but they have many side effects such as damaging the kidney. If you can control your diet, such as making changes to lifestyle, maintaining ideal weight and diet with low salt, you could do just fine without the drugs. According to the UT Southwestern Medical Center, prevalent users of high blood pressure medications were recovered after long term of maximal exercise(1).

But there is a concern of experts in the discontinued intake of medication contributed to risks of macrovascular events, microvascular events together and separately and all-cause mortality(2).

The 2008 joint study of a total of 4294773 patients diagnosed with hypertension and subsequently prescribed anti-hypertensive medications led by the University College of Medicine, suggested the importance of medication adherence (MA) and the incidence of complications in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension because of its highly prevalent rate of complications(4).

Regular physical activity has long been found to associate to the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, but regular walking contribution of reduced risk and complications of hypertension in the younger and older elderly have been lacking, probably due to the effectiveness of modern medication in syndrome of controlling (3).

Does regular walking reduces risk of hypertension?
Dr. Okura T and colleagues at the Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine insisted, regular physical activity (PA), including daily walking, not only reduces the risk of many chronic diseases, especially hypertension" but also induces the controlled BP in hypertensive patients."(5).

The review of 2246 citations; 26 studies with a total of 2767 participants also suggested that the use of a pedometer is associated with significant increases in physical activity and significant decreases in body mass index and blood pressure(6).

Does regular walking reduces risk of hypertension complications?

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) led by the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA showed that a culturally-tailored community-based walking reduces stroke risk by increasing physical activity among African American, Latino, Chinese, and Korean seniors with hypertension(7).

Dr. Pugh D said, " regular exercise can produce up to a 30% reduction in all cause mortality with a 35% lower risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease and stroke" and "There is evidence to show that 37% of CHD deaths can be attributed to physical inactivity compared with 19% and 13% for smoking hypertension respectively"(8).

Taking altogether, there are strong evidences to suggest that regular walking Reduces Risk and Complications of Hypertension patients with or without syndrome of hypertension, particular in Older Adults populations.

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References
(1) Heart Rate Recovery and Systolic Blood Pressure Recovery After Maximal Exercise in Prevalent Users of Stimulant Medications by Westover AN1, Nakonezny PA, Barlow CE, Adinoff B, Brown ES, Halm EA, Vongpatanasin W, DeFina LF.(PubMed)
(2) Risks associated with permanent discontinuation of blood pressure-lowering medications in patients with type 2 diabetes by Hirakawa Y1, Arima H, Webster R, Zoungas S, Li Q, Harrap S, Lisheng L, Hamet P, Mancia G, Poulter N, Neal B, Williams B, Rogers A,Woodward M, Chalmers J.(PubMed)
(3) Examining the relationship between antihypertensive medication satisfaction and adherencein older patients by Al-Ruthia YS1, Hong SH2, Graff C3, Kocak M4, Solomon D5, Nolly R6.(PubMed)
(4) Medication Adherence and the Occurrence of Complications in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Hypertension by Kim HJ1, Yoon SJ2, Oh IH3, Lim JH3, Kim YA4.(PubMed)
(5) The Importance of Walking for Control of Blood Pressure: Proof Using a Telemedicine System by Okura T1, Enomoto D2, Miyoshi KI1, Nagao T1, Kukida M1, Akiko T1, Pei Z1, Higaki J1, Uemura H3.(PubMed)
(6) Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review by Bravata DM1, Smith-Spangler C, Sundaram V, Gienger AL, Lin N, Lewis R, Stave CD, Olkin I, Sirard JR.(PubMed)
(7) Study protocol of "Worth the Walk": a randomized controlled trial of a stroke risk reductionwalking intervention among racial/ethnic minority older adults with hypertension in community senior centers by Kwon I1, Choi S2, Mittman B3, Bharmal N4, Liu H5, Vickrey B6, Song S7, Araiza D8, McCreath H9, Seeman T10, Oh SM11, Trejo L12,Sarkisian C13(PubMed)
(8) Time to encourage patients to take more exercise by Pugh D1.(PubMed)

Phytochemicals in Foods - The Effects of Gallocatechin

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Gallocatechin

Gallocatechin, containing catechin is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in green tea, almonds, black diamond plums, black tea, cocoa beans, Fuji apples, golden delicious apple, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Bone metabolism
In the investigation of three tea catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin(GC), and gallocatechin gallate (GCG) for their effects on bone metabolism, found that EGC significantly inhibited osteoclast formations from RAW 264.7 cells upon receptor activation of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand induction on the fourth day of treatment, at a concentration of 10 microM. EGC also dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA expression of tatrate-resistant acid phosphatase. GC and GCG could decrease osteoclastogenesis at 20 microM. The present study illustrated that the tea catechins, EGC in particular, had positive effects on bone metabolism through a double process of promoting osteoblastic activity and inhibiting osteoclast differentiations, according to "Effects of tea catechins, epigallocatechin,gallocatechin, and gallocatechin gallate, on bone metabolism" by Ko CH, Lau KM, Choy WY, Leung PC.(1)

2. Antimetastatic effects
In the evaluation of the antimetastatic effects of P urinaria L extracts (PUE), containingpolyphenols including gallic acid, methyl gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, gallocatechin-3-gallate, rutin, epicatechin-3-gallate, and naringin, found that PUE inhibits the transcription of MMP-2 mRNA. PUE also exerted an inhibitory effect on the DNA-binding activity and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and AP-1. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of PUE on the metastasis and growth of LLC cells in vivo were proven. These results indicate that PUE could be applied to be a potential antimetastatic agent, according to "Antimetastatic Potentials of Phyllanthusurinaria L on A549 and Lewis Lung Carcinoma Cells via Repression of Matrix-Degrading Proteases" by Tseng HH, Chen PN, Kuo WH, Wang JW, Chu SC, Hsieh YS.(2)

3. Anti skin cancer
In the determination of the effect of green tea catechins on the invasive potential of human melanoma cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using A375 (BRAF-mutated) and Hs294t (Non-BRAF-mutated) melanoma cell lines as an in vitro model, found that Inhibition of melanoma cell migration by EGCG was associated with transition of mesenchymal stage to epithelial stage, which resulted in an increase in the levels of epithelial biomarkers (E-cadherin, cytokeratin and desmoglein 2) and a reduction in the levels of mesenchymal biomarkers (vimentin, fibronectin and N-cadherin) in A375 melanoma cells. Together, these results indicate that EGCG, a major green tea catechin, has the ability to inhibit melanoma cell invasion/migration, an essential step of metastasis, by targeting the endogenous expression of COX-2, PGE(2) receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, according to "Green tea catechins reduce invasive potential of human melanoma cells by targeting COX-2, PGE2 receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition" by Singh T, Katiyar SK(3)

4. Antidiabetic activity
In the observation of Terminalia sericea stem bark extract and theirs effect against alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzymes, found that four known compounds namely beta-sitosterol (1), beta-sitosterol-3-acetate (2), lupeol (3), and stigma-4-ene-3-one (4), in addition to two inseparable sets of mixtures of isomers [epicatechin-catechin (M1), and gallocatechin-epigallocatechin (M2). 1 and 3 showed the best inhibitory activity on alpha-glucosidase (IC50:54.5 and 66.5 microM). Bio-evaluation of the inhibitory activity of the purified compounds on alpha-amylase showed that 3 and 1 exhibited IC50 values of 140.7 and 216.02 microM, respectively against alpha-amylase, according to "Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia sericea constituents" by Nkobole N, Houghton PJ, Hussein A, Lall N.(4)

5. Anti-uveal melanoma activity
In the study of the MeOH extract of Acacia nilotica pods, resulted in the isolation of the new compound gallocatechin 5-O-gallate in addition to methyl gallate, gallic acid, catechin, catechin 5-O-gallate, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose and digallic acid, found that in addition to uveal melanoma, the antiproliferative activities of the isolated compounds and the related compound epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCG) were evaluated against cutaneous melanoma, ovarian cancer, glioblastoma and normal retinal pigmented cells, according to "In vitro anti-uveal melanoma activity of phenolic compounds from the Egyptian medicinal plant Acacia nilotica" by Salem MM, Davidorf FH, Abdel-Rahman MH.(5)

6. Degenerative diseases
In the inestigation of whether green tea and its components can regulate the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in pluripotent rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The rat MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of tibiae and femora, found that among six tested tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin (EGC) was shown to be the most effective in promoting osteogenic differentiation. At 20 μM, EGC increased ALP levels and Ca deposition significantly by 2.3- and 1.7-fold, respectively, when compared with the control group. EGC also increased the mRNA expression of bone formation markers runt-related transcription factor 2, ALP, osteonectin, and osteopontin, according to "Pro-bone and antifat effects of green tea and its polyphenol, epigallocatechin, in rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro" by Ko CH, Siu WS, Wong HL, Shum WT, Fung KP, San Lau CB, Leung PC.(6)

7. Antioxidants
In the identification of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and its important roles in the maintenance of cellular redox balance, found that Pretreatment with green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) effectively blocked peroxynitrite-induced glutathione depletion, p53 accumulation, and apoptosis in both normal and G6PD-deficient cells. EGCG, administered to cells alone or as pretreatment, caused activation of Akt. The protective effect was abolished by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, wortmannin, and LY294002, according to "Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects cells against peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: modulatory effect of cellular G6PD status" by Ho HY, Wei TT, Cheng ML, Chiu DT.(7)

8. Anti HIV
In the investigation of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea and its effect on HIV-1, found that EGCG appears to act mainly as an allosteric reverse transcriptase inhibitor with mechanisms different from those of currently approved NNRTIs that directly interact with the NNRTI binding pocket. Thus, EGCG is a good candidate for use as an additional or supportive anti-HIV agent derived from natural plants, according to "Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits the HIV reverse transcription step" by Li S, Hattori T, Kodama EN.(8)

9. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
In the evaluation of the radioprotective efficacy of green tea polyphenols and the component ingredients against irradiated-induced damage in mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, found that Moreover GTP and its bioactive components (catechin, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate) assisted in decreasing the leukocytopenia seen after whole mice irradiation and significantly reduced the elevated serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Green tea polyphenols have a potential to be developed as radioprotective agents against irradiated-induced toxicity. Furthermore the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of GTP can be attributed to the interaction of the different components through multiple and synergistic mechanisms, according to "Bioactive components from the tea polyphenols influence on endogenous antioxidant defense system and modulate inflammatory cytokines after total-body irradiation in mice" by Hu Y, Guo DH, Liu P, Cao JJ, Wang YP, Yin J, Zhu Y, Rahman K.(9)

10. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects
In the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect of nanocatechin on CBP and plasma concentration of catechins in an animal model, found that the use of ciprofloxacin, catechin, and nanocatechin showed statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth and improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with the control group. The nanocatechin group showed statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth and improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with the catechin group. Plasma concentrations of epicatechin, gallocatechingallate, and epigallocatechin gallate were significantly higher in the nanocatechin group than those in the catechin group. These results suggest that nanocatechin has better antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects on rat CBP than catechin due to higher absorption into the body, according to "Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of nanocatechin in a chronic bacterial prostatitis rat model" by Yoon BI, Ha US, Sohn DW, Lee SJ, Kim HW, Han CH, Lee CB, Cho YH.(10)

11. Ultraviolet B irradiation protection
In the investigation of the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the immune function of dendritic cells (DCs) after ultraviolet B irradiation (UVB), found that the inhibition rate of DCs was improved to some extent after treatment with 200 microg/mL of EGCG. UVB showed no significant influence on the secretion of IL-10 and IL-12 from DCs, while EGCG was able to down-regulate the secretion level of IL-12 and up-regulate that of IL-10, according to "Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the immune function of dendritic cells after ultraviolet B irradiation" by Jin SL, Zhou BR, Luo D.(11)

12. Antiviral effect
In the identification of tea polyphenols were evaluated for their ability to inhibit enterovirus 71 (EV71) replication in Vero cell culture, found that The viral inhibitory effect correlated well with the antioxidant capacity of polyphenol. Mechanistically, EV71 infection led to increased oxidative stress, as shown by increased dichlorofluorescein and MitoSOX Red fluorescence. Upon EGCG treatment, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was significantly reduced. Consistent with this, EV71 replication was enhanced in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient cells, and such enhancement was largely reversed by EGCG, according to "Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71" by Ho HY, Cheng ML, Weng SF, Leu YL, Chiu DT.(12)

13. Neuroprotective effect
In the research of beta-Amyloid (Abeta) peptide, a major component of senile plaques has been regarded to play a crucial role in the development and neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), found that EGCG may have preventive and/or therapeutic potential in AD patients by augmenting cellular antioxidant defense capacity and attenuating Abeta-mediated oxidative and/or nitrosative cell death, according to" Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against beta-amyloid-induced oxidative and nitrosative cell death via augmentation of antioxidant defense capacity" by Kim CY, Lee C, Park GH, Jang JH.(13)

14. Etc.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbal Therapy - Popular Chinese Herbs - Kuan Jin Teng (Ramus Tinosporae Sinensis)

Kuan Jin Teng (Ramus Tinosporae Sinensis)

Kuan Jin Teng is also known as Chinese tinospora stem. The sweet, slightly acrid and neutral herb has been used in TCM as anti-inflammatory agent and immune enhancer and to treat difficulty in urination, edema, constipation, rheumatism, influenza, hepatitis, stomachache, diarrhea, mastitis, acute cellulitis etc., as it expels Wind-Damp, soothes the sinews, promotes circulation, etc, by enhancing the functions of liver and spleen channels.

Ingredients
1. Tinosposides A and B (lignan glucosides)
2. Tinosinen (phenolic glycoside).
3. Betulin,
4. β-sitositerol,
5. Lupeol
6. Etc.

Health Benefits
1. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extracts from nine vine plants used in traditional Chinese medicine used to treat inflammatory conditions against a panel of key enzymes relating to inflammation, including Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill, showed that All of the plant extracts showed inhibitory activities against at least one of the enzymes in various percentages depending upon the concentrations. The extract from S. suberectus was found to be active against all enzymes except COX-2. Its IC(50) values were 158, 54, 31 and 35 microg/ml in COX-1, PLA(2), 5-LO and 12-LO assays, respectively(1).

2. Inhibition of nitric oxide release
In the examination of the Inhibition of nitric oxide release by an aqueous extract of Tinospora tuberculata, showed that when the aqueous extract was added to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages, it inhibited NO release dose-dependently, and similar activity was found in a cell-free system using sodium nitroprusside as a NO donor(2).

3. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without first consult with your doctor or related field specialist
2. Do not use the herb in postpartum period
3. Etc.

General Health: Cirrhosis - The Complications

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is defined as a condition of irreversible scarring liver as a result of liver tissue by fibrosis due to final phase of chronic liver diseases of that can lead to poor function of the liver and liver failure. According to the statistics, Number of discharges with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis as the first-listed diagnosis: 101,000 in 2009 and Deaths per 100,000 population: 10.3 in 2010(a). Hepatitis B infection cause of the disease is very prevalent in South-East Asia.

The Complications

1. Liver Cancer
Following development of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, liverdisease may continue to progress and decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may occur, especially in those with active viral replication. Decompensation may manifest with jaundice, ascites, variceal bleeding or hepatic encephalopathy(26).

2. Short life expentency
Cirrhosis can lead to shorten life expectancy in patients, according to the study of retrospectively analysed 59 patients from western Austria over 15 years (mean 6 yearsby the Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, indicated that the mean survival time in our study was 112.7 months, 25% were dead by 132(27).

3. Liver cancer
An estimated 170 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), which is characterized histologically by a persistent immune and inflammatory response that fails to clear HCV from hepatocytes of that can lead to Liver Cancer(28).

4. Ascites
In the study to provide an evidence-based overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management of ascites secondary to liver cirrhosis, showed that portal hypertension, splanchnic vasodilatation and renal sodium retention are fundamental in the pathophysiology of ascites formation. The SAAG (serum-ascites albumin gradient) allows reliable assessment of the cause of ascites. The majority of cirrhotic patients with ascites can be managed with dietary sodium restriction in combination with diuretic agents. Large volume paracentesis with albumin suppletion and TIPS are therapeutic options in patients with refractoryascites(29).

5. Variceal bleeding
There is a report of a case of a 38-year-old female with a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis visited our hospital with a massive hematochezia. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy did not demonstrate any bleeding source, and a colonoscopy showed a massive hemorrhage in the ascending colon but without an obvious focus(30). Other indicated that due to portal hypertension and bleedingdisorders, patients with liver cirrhosis are at increased risk for severe gastrointestinal bleedings (GIB)(31).

6. Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is defined as a condition of deteriotion of brain function due to failure of liver in toxic removeal. According to the study by the Medical Clinic II, Diakoniekrankenhaus, the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is unknown. Many theories have been proposed. Most established therapies are based on such theories but since no theory has have ever been proved, therapies have to be considered empiric. The spectrum of HE ranges from minimal cerebral functional deficits, which can only be found by sensitive psychometric tests, to coma with signs of decerebration(32).

7. Frequent Hospital readmission
According to the study by the University of Pittsburgh, in the study to determinerisk factors for frequent readmissions among patients with cirrhosis and identify barriers to transplantation in this population, showed that a small group of patients with cirrhosis account for a disproportionately high number of hospital admissions. Interventions targeting this high-risk group may decrease frequent hospital readmissions and increase access to transplantation(33).

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(a) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/liverdis.htm
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22504333
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8165815
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23322900
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18081661
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345957
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23315647
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11152016
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23383085

Men Health: Prostate cancer: The effects of Vitamin E

Prostate cancer

The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades. Foods for diseases' management have been prescribed in folk medicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.

The effects of Vitamin E

The conflict results
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed an adverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per 1000 person-years.(1)or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men(2). In the study of combination used of vitamin C and E of total of 14,641 male physicians in the United States initially aged 50 years or older, including 1307 men with a history of prior cancer at randomization, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor C supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or totalcancer(3). Positively, on prostate cancer (PCa), in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP), animals fed a control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT) significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression(3). Some researchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease(5).

The serum of tocopherol
In the study of the effects of Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations(12).
Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer(13). But in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serum tocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin E fractions, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol(14) and higher alpha-tocopherol (and not beta-carotene or retinol) status increases overall prostate cancer survival(15).

The benefits
Study of 8-wk-old male TRAMP mice fed 0.1% γ-TmT or a control diet for 16 weeks, observation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed that γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT) inhibited CpG methylation (promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers ) in the Nrf2 promoter in the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and in TRAMP-C1 cells(6). Inprostate cancer, combination use of NAG-1 and Vitamin E succinate (VES), showed the enhancement of VES in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA through transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner(7). On prostate cancer in male smokers. long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancerincidence and mortality(8). In the study of the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancer declined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth(9).
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, showed a decreased risk of prostate cancer with oral administration of daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years and lowerprostate cancer mortality(10). Other suggestion of inhibitory prostate cancer activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) may be as a result of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products(11).

Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha-tocopherol may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer accompanied with diet, life style change(16)(17)(18). Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

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particular in treatment of Reproductive Men Health

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References
(1) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E CancerPrevention Trial (SELECT) by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH(PubMed)
(2) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) byLippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial by Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE(PubMed)
(4) Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches LD, Santos SA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GD, Favaro WJ, Reis MD, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA Jr(PubMed)
(5) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK.(PubMed)
(6) A γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols maintains Nrf2 expression inprostate tumors of TRAMP mice via epigenetic inhibition of CpG methylation by Huang Y, Khor TO, Shu L, Saw CL, Wu TY, Suh N, Yang CS, Kong AN(PubMed)
(7) Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism by Shim M, Eling TE (PubMed)
(8) long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Heinonen OP1, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK.(PubMed)
(9) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer by Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW(PubMed)
(10) Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study by Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(11) Cancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by Yang CS, Suh N(PubMed)
(12) Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study by Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D(PubMed)
(13) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(14) Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancerrisk in a prospective study by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(15) Associations between alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol andprostate cancer survival by Watters JL, Gail MH, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(16) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(17) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(18) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)

Women Health: Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): The Effects of Fatty Acids

Premenstrual syndrome(PMS)

Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.

The Effects of Fatty Acids

I. Types of Fat Acids
1. Mono-unsaturated fats
Mono-unsaturated have only one double bond between 2 carbon atoms in the chemical chain and the rest of the carbon atoms are single-bonded, therefore, mono-unsaturated fatty acids have a higher melting temperature than polyunsaturated fatty acids but lower than saturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature. Since our body can not produce them, we have to take them regularly.

2. Poly-unsaturated fats
Poly-unsaturated fats contains 2 or more double bonds in the chemical chain. Since it is one hydrogen atom deficits on the molecule's surface, leading to significant lowering melting temperature than other fats. It is also liquid in the room temperature and contains most important essential fatty acids Omega 3 and 6. Since our body can not make them, we have to take them regularly.

3. Saturated fats
Saturated fat contains only saturated fatty acid radicals. Chemically, in saturated fats every member carbon atoms is surrounded by maximum number of hydrogen as a straight chain with all atoms packing together tightly.

4. Trans fats
By adding hydrogen to the vegetable oils and eliminating some double bond in their chemical structures, to make the oils solid at room temperature, trans fats raise bad cholesterol (LDL) and lower the good cholesterol (HDL) and it can be found everywhere, including margarine, fast foods, vegetable shortening, baked foods, packaged foods and frozen foods.

II. The Effects
A. Liver
Over consumption of saturated fat reduces function of liver(1) in secreting bile and interference with liver in regulating function of pancreas in insulin production(1), elevating symptoms of PMS including menstrual cramp and pain(2)(3).

B. Prostaglandins hormones
1. Definition
Prostaglandins are found in most tissues and organs. They are produced by all nucleated cells except lymphocytes. Prostaglandins are generated from
a) Gamma linoneic acid ( GLA)
b) Arachidinic acid (AA)
c) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

2. How prostaglandins effect women with PMS
a. Gamma linoneic acid ( GLA)
GLA is also known as essential Omega 6 fatty acid, having anti-inflammatory properties found primarily in vegetable oils. It may also be converted from linolenic acid before converting to prostaglandins PGE1(5) with function in regulating the uterine contraction(4). If there are blockage caused abnormal function of fat and protein metabolism, imbalance of essential Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids(4) and nutrients deficiency(6), may induce imbalance of prostaglandins hormones, to cause over contraction of uterine muscles(4).

b. Arachidinic acid (AA)
Arachidinic acid (AA) is also converted from linoleic acids after converting to dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). Arachidinic acid (AA) deficiency or over abundant cause over production of PGE2 in inducing symptoms of PMS including menstrual pain and cramps(9) and reduced blood flow to the uterus(4)(8). Since meats contain high levels of AA(7), reducing intake of such products will help to restore the balance of prostaglandins hormone PG1 and PG2.

c. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Omega 3 fatty acid containing eicosapentaenoic acid is also known as also eicosapentaenoic acid converted from Alpha-linolenic acid(10). EPA is vital for the production of good prostaglandins PGE3 in lessening the risk of inflammation(11) and nervous symptoms of PMS(12).

Unbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids causes unbalance of hormone of members in the prostaglandins and weakens the liver in fatty acids metabolism, leading to increased risk of symptoms of premenstrual syndrome(3)(4)(5).

C. Saturated fat
Saturated fat is fat consisted of triglycerides and contained only saturated fatty acid radicals mainly from animals. It blocks the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system including essential fatty acids and vitamins and minerals(13), leading to unbalance of prostaglandins family and interfering liver in fat and protein metabolism(12), if consumed in large amount. By the way, saturated fat also enhances building up of cholesterol and triglycerides in your blood, causing numbers of disease including heart diseases and stroke(14).

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References
(1) Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Rosqvist F1, Iggman D2, Kullberg J3, Cedernaes J4, Johansson HE1, Larsson A5, Johansson L6, Ahlström H3, Arner P7, Dahlman I7, Risérus U8 .(PubMed)
(2) The effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat by Elmes MJ1, Tan DS, Cheng Z, Wathes DC, McMullen S.(PubMed)
(3) Reproductive hormones in plasma over the menstrual cycle in primarydysmenorrhea compared with healthy subjects by Liedman R1, Hansson SR, Howe D, Igidbashian S, McLeod A, Russell RJ, Akerlund M.(PubMed)
(4) The effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 on in vitro myometrial contractility and uterine structure by Chiossi G1, Costantine MM, Bytautiene E, Kechichian T, Hankins GD, Sbrana E, Saade GR, Longo M.(PubMed)
(5) Physiology and pharmacology of prostaglandins by Konturek SJ, Pawlik W.(PubMed)
(6) Characterization of an arachidonic acid-deficient (Fads1 knockout) mouse model by Fan YY1, Monk JM, Hou TY, Callway E, Vincent L, Weeks B, Yang P, Chapkin RS.(PubMed)
(7) Contribution of meat fat to dietary arachidonic acid by Li D1, Ng A, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ.(PubMed)
(8) [Imbalance of blood flow induced by sympathetic block was corrected byprostaglandin E1].[Article in Japanese by Okuda Y1, Kitajima T.(PubMed)
(9) Clinical use of misoprostol in nonpregnant women: review article by Choksuchat C.(PubMed)
(10) The Evidence for α-Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Benefits: Comparisons with Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid by Fleming JA1, Kris-Etherton PM2.(PubMed)
(11) Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease by Niknam M1, Paknahad Z2, Maracy MR3, Hashemi M4.(PubMed)
(12) Fishy business: effect of omega-3 fatty acids on zinc transporters and free zinc availability in human neuronal cells by De Mel D1, Suphioglu C2.(PubMed)
(13) Influence of intermittent fasting and high-fat diet on morphological changes of the digestive system and on changes of lipid metabolism in the laboratory mouse by Krízová E1, Simek V.(PubMed)
(14) Effect of a high saturated fat and no-starch diet on serum lipid subfractions in patients with documented atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease by Hays JH1, DiSabatino A, Gorman RT, Vincent S, Stillabower ME.(PubMed)