Medical Advisor Journals

Thursday, July 28, 2016

Herbal therapy: Popular Herbal Pygeum

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar and Master of Nutrients, all right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Herbal Pygeum

Pygeum is an extracts from the bark of Prunus africana which is is an evergreen tree, in the genus Prunus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to the montane regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and and the Islands of Madagascar, Sao Tome, Fernando Po and Grande Comore at about 900–3400 m(I). The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate), inflammation, erectile dysfunction, kidney disease, male baldness, stomach upset, urinary tract disorders, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
In the determination of the effect of Pygeum africanum (Tadenan) used in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia, found that the oral intake of Pygeum africanum resulted in serum levels of active substances that were sufficient to inhibit the proliferation of cultured myofibroblasts prostatic cells. This inhibition was associated with changes in the transcriptome, according to "Biological effect of human serum collected before and after oral intake ofPygeum africanum on various benign prostate cell cultures" by Larré S, Camparo P, Comperat E, Boulbés D, Haddoum M, Baulande S, Soularue P, Costa P, Cussenot O.(1)

2. Antiandrogenic activity
In the investigation of the the compound N-butylbenzene-sulfonamide (NBBS) isolated from extracts from Pygeum africanum are used in the treatment of prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa), found that NBBS inhibits both endogenous PSA expression and growth of human PCa cells. Mechanistically, NBBS binds to AR and inhibits its translocation to the cell nucleus. Our data suggest that NBBS is one of the active compounds of P. africanum bark and may serve as a naturally occurring, novel therapeutic agent for treatment of prostatic diseases. Thus, NBBS and its derivatives may serve as novel chemical platform for treatment prostatitis, BPH and PCa, according to "NBBS isolated from Pygeum africanum bark exhibits androgen antagonistic activity, inhibits AR nuclear translocation and prostate cancer cell growth" by Papaioannou M, Schleich S, Roell D, Schubert U, Tanner T, Claessens F, Matusch R, Baniahmad A.(2)

3. Anti diabetes
In the identification of the gene and protein expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and substance P (SP) in the bladder 8 weeks after diabetes induction found that the decrease in NGF and SP may be a contributory factor in diabetic cystopathy. In addition, P. africanum could significantly upregulate the expression of NGF and SP in diabetic rats, according to "Nerve growth factor and substance P: expression in a rat model of diabetic bladder" by

Li Y, Shi B, Wang D, Wang P, Laudon V, Zhang J, Liu Y.(3)

4. Lipid peroxidation
In the Identification of components of chloroform extract from the bark of Prunus africana found that The extract, V-1326, and fractions containing high levels of myristic acid potently inhibited lipid peroxidation, according to "Identification of components of Prunus africana extract that inhibit lipid peroxidation" by Hass MA, Nowak DM, Leonova E, Levin RM, Longhurst PA.(4)

5. Symptoms of obstructive bladder dysfunction
In the study of Tadenan, an extract of Pygeum africanum, and its therapeutic prescribed effect in Europe to relieve symptoms of obstructive bladder dysfunction found that tadenan treatment of obstructed rabbits resulted in a dose dependent improvement in bladder ultrastructure in parallel with improved bladder compliance and contractile responses of isolated strips to stimulation, providing support for the hypothesis that damage to cellular and subcellular organelle membranes mediates the contractile dysfunction induced by partial outlet obstruction, according to "Effect of oral Tadenan treatment on rabbit bladder structure and function after partial outlet obstruction" by Levin RM, Hass MA, Bellamy F, Horan P, Whitbeck K, Chow PH, Kung LS, Gosling J.(5)

6. Anti cancers
in the evaluation a natural products, including pygeum, as potential cancer chemopreventive agents in a short term in vitro assay involving Epstein--Barr virus found that the activities of 16 new medicinal plants as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. Since inhibitors of EBV-EA promoted by TPA in vitro have been shown to be effective anti-tumor promoting agents in laboratory animal models, our results indicate new and potential applications of these herbal remedies as cancer chemopreventive agents since they are already in clinical use in the human population, according to "Inhibitory effect of herbal remedies on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation" by Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Tokuda H, Hang E, Mukainaka T, Nishino H, Sridhar R.(6)

7. Bladder protective effect
In the assessment of the pretreatment with Tadenan® (Pygeum africanum extract) has been shown to protect the rabbit bladder against the development of both contractile and biochemical dysfunctions induced by partial outlet obstruction found that tadenan pretreatment protected the nonischemic side of the bladder from the development of contractile dysfunctions, and unilateral ischemia resulted in a 10-fold increase in the expression of both Hsp-70 and c-myc in the bladders isolated from the Tadenan-treated rabbits, according to "Effects of Unilateral Ischemia on the Contractile Response of the Bladder: Protective Effect of Tadenan (Pygeum africanum Extract)" by Chen MW, Levin RM, Horan P, Buttyan RB.(7)

8. Urological and sexual effects
In the evaluation of the efficacy of an extract of Pygeum Africanum (Tadenan) (Roussel-Pharma) in patients suffering from prostatic hypertrophy or chronic prostatitis, found that Pygeum Africanum extract administration improved all the urinary parameters we investigated; prostatic echography relieved reduction of peri-urethral edema. Also an improvement of sexual behaviour has been obtained; but we have not found significant differences between serum hormonal levels before and after therapy, as well as for NPTR, according to "[Urological and sexual evaluation of treatment of benign prostatic disease using Pygeumafricanum at high doses].[Article in Italian]" by Carani C, Salvioli V, Scuteri A, Borelli A, Baldini A, Granata AR, Marrama P.(8)

9. Urination disorders
In the assessment of The efficacy of an extract of Pygeum africanum in the treatment of micturitional disorders due to benign prostatic hyperplasia was tested in a multicentre double-blind trial versus placebo, found that Overall assessment at the end of therapy, showed that micturition improved in 66% of the patients treated with Pygeum africanum extract, as compared with an improvement of 31% in the placebo group. The difference was significant at the statistical level of p less than 0.001. During therapy with Pygeum africanum extract, gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 5 patients. Treatment was discontinued in three of those cases, according to "[Efficacy of Pygeum africanum extract in the medical therapy of urination disorders due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: evaluation of objective and subjective parameters. A placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter study].[Article in German]" by Barlet A, Albrecht J, Aubert A, Fischer M, Grof F, Grothuesmann HG, Masson JC, Mazeman E, Mermon R, Reichelt H, et al.(9)

10. Etc.

Side effects
1. Pygeum may interact with other herbs or medicine
2. Overdoses can be toxic
3. Do not use the herb in children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without approval from the related field specialist.
4. The most common side effects of pygeum include constipation, diarrhea, nausea, etc.
5. Etc.

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Sources
(I) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_africana
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22198631
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965230
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20490673
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11962548
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956488
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884218
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10851290
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1723220
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1702916

Women Health: Menstrual Disorders - Irregular Period - Treatments in Traditional Chinese Medicine Perspective

Girls in South East Asia have learnt in their early women life from grand mother wisdom, that they do not engage in any activity, distorting their regular period.. Irregular period should be treated immediately, otherwise, it may cause wide range of women diseases, such as infertility, according to Traditional Chinese medicine.

Irregular menstruation or period is defined as condition in which a woman is experience abnormal variation of length of the menstrual cycle. While the normal menstrual cycle is 28-35 days, women who are experience with irregular menstrual cycle can have a length variation between 8 and 20 days or shorter than 21 days, or longer than 36 days.

The Treatments

C. Traditional Chinese medicine
1. Angelica root
Chinese Angelica is a sturdy perennial plant that is native to China and Japan. It has been used for over 5000 years in traditional Chinese medicine in treating an overall tonic for the reproductive system as well as balancing hormones and it is also used to relieve the discomforts of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, irregular menstruation and amenorrhagia. It is well known as female ginseng.

2. Radix Notoginseng
Also known as tian san qi or tien chi ginseng. It has been used in China for centuries in treating excessive bleeding in irregular menstruation. It is widely used in Asia for angina to help lower cholesterol and triglycerides, and to expand coronary arteries in order to promote blood circulation and prevent blood clots thereby helping to control excessive menstrual bleeding or menorrhagia. It also is a powerful antioxidant that helps to reduce inflammation thus reducing pain caused by menstruation disorders.

3. Licorice
Licorice has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to detoxify and to enhance or balance the effects of other herbs in herbal formula as well as promote estrogenic activity. In a study of "Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo". by Somjen D, Knoll E, Vaya J, Stern N, Tamir S., researchers concluded that glb behaved differently than E2 or gla, but similarly to raloxifene, being a partial agonist/antagonist of E2. Glabridin, on the other hand, demonstrated only estrogenic activity. Therefore, we suggest the use of glb with or without E2 as a new agent for modulation of vascular injury and atherogenesis for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in post-menopausal women.

4. Motherwort
Motherwort is a herbaceous perennial plant in the mint family, It has been used in trdiational Chinese medicine in tonifying the uterus and preventing the uterus against infection. Leonurine, a compound in the herb has an effect in promoting uterine contractions. As an emmenagogue, it enhance blood flow.

5. Skullcap
Skullcap is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to tonify the heart, treat insomnia and enhance immune system. It is said that a infusion of the plant can be used to promote menstruation. According to the article Skullcap - Botanical and Common Names posted in Innvista, the author indicated that An infusion of the fresh aerial parts (if possible) is used to soothe nervous exhaustion, excitability, overanxiety, and premenstrual tension.

6. Etc.

Pregnancy Miracle
Reverse Infertility And Get Pregnant Naturally
Using Holistic Ancient Chinese Medicine

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Most Common Diseases of 50 Plus: Thyroid disease: Silent thyroiditis – The Misdiagnosis and Diagnosis

Thyroid disease

Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid. Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is over active and produces too much thyroid hormones.

Silent thyroiditis

Silent thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. Patients with silent thyroiditis are experience back and forth between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The disease classically present with a triphasic course: a brief period of thyrotoxicosis due to release of preformed thyroid hormone that lasts for 1 to 3 months, followed by a more prolonged hypothyroid phase lasting up to 6 months, and eventual return to a euthyroid state. However, the types and degree of thyroid dysfunction are variable in these disorders, and individual patients may present with mild or more severe cases of thyrotoxicosis alone, hypothyroidism alone, or both types of thyroid dysfunction(a).

The Misdiagnosis

There is a report of silent thyroiditis misdiagoesd as Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid.
It was difficult to make differential diagnosis of this case from malignant lymphoma of the thyroid clinically and cytologically when immune rebound phenomena with invasion of lymphocyte and appearance of lymph follicle were the strongest. There is a report of a case of a 30-year-old female with postpartum silent thyroiditis misapprehended as malignant lymphoma of the thyroid(36).

The diagnosis

After recording the past and present history and completing a physical exam, including assessing symptoms and complaints commonly seen including enlarged thyroid gland, heart rate, shaking hand etc. The tests which your doctor orders may include
1. Radioactive iodine uptake test, or RAIU test
In the study to investigate the effects of iodine restriction on the RAIU value, and the necessity of iodine restriction in differentiating between Graves’ disease (GD) and silent thyroiditis (ST) of 415 patients, 277 of whom were patients with GD who had undergone iodine restriction before RAIU [GD(+)], 66 were patients with GD who did not undergo iodine restriction [GD(-)], 61 were patients with ST who had undergone iodine restriction [ST(+)], and the remaining 11 were patients with ST who did not undergo iodine restriction [ST(-)], indicated that high diagnostic value of the RAIU test was confirmed, but not affected by the presence of iodine restriction in the differentiation between GD and ST, therefore, iodine restriction before the RAIU test was unnecessary(37).
2. Blood test for blood levels of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4
The aim of the test is to the level of free T4 and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Circulating analytes used in the exploration of thyroid function are TSH and free thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3). TSH is used as first line analysis in diagnosis because a normal value excludes almost always a thyroid dysfunction(38).
3. Thyroid scintigraphy
Thyroid scintigraphy with 99mTc allows establishing the functional characteristics of thyroid nodules (warm or cold) and to precise the origin of a thyrotoxicosis (autonomous toxic nodule vs Graves-Basedow, sub acute or silent thyroiditis(39).
4. Thyroid biopsy
In the study of usefulness of thyroid needle biopsy in the differential diagnosis of thyroid disorders revealing unusual thyroid function, in 601 cases of chronic thyroiditis. indicated that group A, the majority of the cases showed a latent or overt hypothyroidism and in histologic group B, hyperthyroid, euthyroid and latent hypothyroid cases were found in nearly equal frequency, respectively. In histologic group C, most cases were in euthyroid and in histologic group D, most cases showed a hyperthyroidism. In the silent thyroiditis and postpartum thyroiditis, known to show a characteristic clinical and laboratory finding, the histologic features of thyroid gland were as follows: the observed characteristic histologic changes in both diseases were an extensive follicular destruction associated with chronic diffuse thyroiditis(40).

Chinese Food Therapy
The Best Way to prevent, treat your disease, including Obesity
and restore your health naturally with Chinese diet

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443972
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8341248
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15307943
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23091928
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23091928
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942566

General health: Cerebritis, Lupus, and Lupus Cerebritis Treatment and Management in Herbal Medicine Perspective

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Cerebritis, Lupus, and Lupus Cerebritis

Cerebritis is defined as an inflammation of the cerebrum, a structure associated with memory, speech, etc., as a result of the formation of an abscess within the brain itself, found commonly in patients with lupus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease as as a result of the development of autoantibodies that attack the systems and organs in the body.researchers at the indicated that saturated fatty acid palmitate, but not unsaturated oleate, induces the activation of the NLRP3-ASC inflammasome, causing caspase-1, IL-1β and IL-18 production.

Lupus cerebritis is a disorder of nervous system problems (an autoimmune inflammatory disorder) caused by lupus as as a result of the development of autoantibodies that attack the systems and organs in the body. It causes migraine headache, if the duration of the central nervous system involvement last for a few minutes, or causes dementia that can lead to neurological deficits as a transient attacks or permanently.

The Treatment and Management

B. In herbal medicine perspective
Herbs used to treat and manage lupus are associated to anti inflammation and enhanced immune system as the diseases are characterized as lupus is mainly thought of as an autoimmune disorder also considered a rheumatic condition
B.1. Immune system enhancing herbs
1. Andrographis
Andrographis paniculata (Burma) Wall. ex Ness (AP) beside have been used to treat upper respiratory tract infection (URI) as well as acute diarrhea, but its leaves also have exerted the activity of anti-bacteria against infection, according to the study of "Undetectable anti-bacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata(Burma) wall. ex ness" by Leelarasamee A, Trakulsomboon S, Sittisomwong N.(43)

2. Astragalus
Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) isolated from astragalus enhances the immune system by enhancing and regulating the function of T cells, by suppressing the CD4(+)CD25(+)Treg activity, at least in part, via binding TLR4 on Tregs and trigger a shift of Th2 to Th1, according to the study of "Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate postburn sepsis via inhibiting negative immunoregulation of CD4+ CD25(high) T cells" by Liu QY, Yao YM, Yu Y, Dong N, Sheng ZY., posted in PubMed(44)

3. Echinacea
In the observation of ethanolic extract of fresh Echinacea purpurea and the changes in cytokine production in blood samples from 30 volunteers before and during 8-day oral administration found that Echinaforce regulates the production of chemokines and cytokines according to current immune status, such as responsiveness to exogenous stimuli, susceptibility to viral infection and exposure to stress, according to the study of "Effects of Echinaforce® treatment on ex vivo-stimulated blood cells" by Ritchie MR, Gertsch J, Klein P, Schoop R.(46)

4. Goldenseal
In the investigation of new potential sources of antimicrobial agents to Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) resistance found that Extracts of Arctostaphylos uva ursi (kinnikinnick or bearberry), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), Prunus serotina (black cherry), and Rhodiola rosea (roseroot) inhibited the growth of all Ng isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 32 μg/mL, 4 to 32 μg/mL, 16 to >32 μg/mL, and 32 to 64 μg/mL, respectively. Extracts of Acorus americanus (sweet flag), Berberis vulgaris (barberry), Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), Ledum groenlandicum (Labrador tea), Ledum palustre (marsh Labrador tea), Oenothera biennis (common evening primrose), Sambucus nigra (elderberry), and Zanthoxylum americanum (prickly ash) had weak or no antimicrobial activity against the Ng isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥256 μg/mL, according to "Extracts of Canadian first nations medicinal plants, used as natural products, inhibit neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles" by Cybulska P, Thakur SD, Foster BC, Scott IM, Leduc RI, Arnason JT, Dillon JA.(47)

5. Cat's Claw
a. Oral extract of Cat's claw has demonstrated the activity of protection against indomethacin-induced gastritis, and prevention of TNFalpha mRNA expression and apoptosis, according to the study of `Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content`by Sandoval M, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles' FM, Musah RA, Bobrowski P, Miller MJ.(48)

b. Extract of U. tomentosa ingested daily for 15 days by a smoker has decreased the mutagenicity induced in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 by the subject's urine, according to the study of `Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities ofUncaria tomentosa and its extracts`by Rizzi R, Re F, Bianchi A, De Feo V, de Simone F, Bianchi L, Stivala LA.(49)

6. Etc.

B.2. Anti inflammatory herbs
1. Aloe Vera
Aloe Vera also is popular used in treating infection and inflamation as a result of its antioxidant property. according to the study of " In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Anthrone and Chromone from the Latex of Aloe harlana Reynolds" by Asamenew G, Bisrat D, Mazumder A, Asres K., (50)

2. Ginger
In the classification of the effect of ginger extract on the expression of NFκB and TNF-α in liver cancer-induced rats found that ginger extract significantly reduced the elevated expression of NFκB and TNF-α in rats with liver cancer. Ginger may act as an anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent by inactivating NFκB through the suppression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α, according to "Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale) has Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Ethionine-Induced Hepatoma Rats" by Shafina Hanim Mohd Habib,I Suzana Makpol, Noor Aini Abdul Hamid, Srijit Das, Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah, and Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof (51)

3. Saw Palmetto
In the Investigate the antiinflammatory activity of Serenoa repens (SeR), LY, and) on proinflammatory phenotype in rat peritoneal macrophages (Ms) found that the Ly-Se-SeR association caused a greater inhibitory effect on the expression of COX-2, 5-LOX, and iNOS. The Ly-Se-SeR association showed a higher efficacy in reducing the loss of IκB-α, the increased NF-κB binding activity, the enhanced mRNA levels of TNF-α, the elevated MDA, and nitrite content, according to "Effect of Serenoa repens, lycopene, and selenium on proinflammatory phenotype activation: an in vitro and in vivo comparison study" by Bonvissuto G, Minutoli L, Morgia G, Bitto A, Polito F, Irrera N, Marini H, Squadrito F, Altavilla D.(52)

4. Astragalus
Astragalus has exerted an anti-inflammatory effect as a result of inactivation the p38 and Erk1/2 and inhibition NFkappaB-mediated transcription, according to the study of "Astragali Radix elicits anti-inflammation via activation of MKP-1, concomitant with attenuation of p38 and Erk" by Ryu M, Kim EH, Chun M, Kang S, Shim B, Yu YB, Jeong G, Lee JS., posted in PubMed(45)

5. Green tea
In the investigation of l-Theanine is a unique amino acid in green tea effects on ethanol-induced liver injury of the study of "l-Theanine prevents alcoholic liver injury through enhancing the antioxidant capability of hepatocytes" by Li G, Ye Y, Kang J, Yao X, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Gao M, Dai Y, Xin Y, Wang Q, Yin Z, Luo L[5a], researchers found that l-theanine significantly inhibited ethanol-induced reduction of mouse antioxidant capability which included the activities of SOD, CAT and GR, and level of GSH. These results indicated that l-theanine prevented ethanol-induced liver injury through enhancing hepatocyte antioxidant abilities(53)

6. Etc.

The Obesity' Research and Studies of Health-related quality of life and weight loss practices among overweight and obese US adults

Most Common Diseases of 50 Plus: Thyroid disease: Silent thyroiditis – The Diseases associated to Silent thyroiditis

The Diseases associated to Silent thyroiditis

1. Rheumatoid arthritis
There is a report of a 41-year-old female with rheumatoid arthritis had nontender enlarged thyroid gland. Thyroid function tests revealed increased concentrations of serum free T3 (FT3, 10.8 pmol/L) and free T4 (FT4, 31.1 pmol/L) with suppressed concentration of thyrotropin (TSH, lower than 0.1 mU/L) and low 24-hour thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake (1.6%). Serum thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) was negative (0%) and she had positive anti-thyroglobulin and anti-microsomal antibodies(29).

2. Graves’ disease
There is a report of a patient who developed silent thyroiditis during the course of Graves’ disease, according to the study by the Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Saitama Medical School(30).
Other study indicated that Silent thyroiditis (ST) and Graves’ disease (GD) are two clinical entities belonging to the wide spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). The two diseases are closely linked because sequential development of GD followed by ST, or the reverse course of events(31).

3. Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS)
There is a report of a patient with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) who had increased serum T3 (235 ng/dl) and T4 (13.2 micrograms/dl) and low 24-h thyroidal 123I-uptake (1.2%). A diagnosis of silent thyroiditis was made on the basis of the clinical course and laboratory and histopathologic findings(32).

4. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (I.T.P.)
There is a report of a 51-year-old woman had symptoms of thyrotoxicosis which disappeared spontaneously within two months. She was diagnosed as a case of silent thyroiditis on the basis of both the clinical course and the laboratory data such as low uptake of radioactive iodine and technesium. She also had petechiae in her arms which were diagnosed as an idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (I.T.P.)(33).

5. Thymoma
Thymoma often accompanies an autoimmune disease as a paraneoplastic syndrome, and an immunological mechanism is thought to be involved in the onset of silent thyroiditis(34).

6. Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency
There is report of a case of a 23-year-old woman had silent thyrotoxic thyroiditis and chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease)(35).