Mushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source, It is a genus A. Muscaria and belong to the family Amanitaceae and has been cultivation in many cultures all over the world for foods and health benefits.
Nutrients1. Carbohydrates
2. Protein
3. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
4. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
5. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
6. Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
7. Calcium
8. Phosphorus
9. Potassium
10. Sodium
11. Selenium
12. Iron
13. Copper
14. Zinc
15. Etc.
Chemical constituents
Astraodorol, Psilocybin, Lectin, adustin, ribonuclease, nicotine, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, orsellinic acid, melleolide, ergosterol, genistein, daidzein, daucosterol, genistin, uracil and D-mannitol(a).
1. Button Mushroom and Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cells growth of ovarian cells as that have become cancerous. It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.
button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), in scientific literature suggests that dietary components may exert cancer preventive effects(1). According to the Curtin University and National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam, high levels of intake mushroom is associated to reductions in cancer risk, especially in the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer in southern Chinese women, in the study of 500 incident patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and 500 controls(2), But some researchers concerned that minerals of nutritional value are common constituents of mushrooms collected from natural habitats, the problem is however their co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides(3).
References
(a) [Chemical constituents from fungus Armillaria mellea]. by [Article in Chinese] by Yuan XL1, Yan LH, Zhang QW, Wang ZM.(PubMed)
(1) The cancer preventive effects of edible mushrooms by Xu T1, Beelman RB, Lambert JD.(PubMed)
(2) Mushroom intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in southern Chinese women by Lee AH1, Pasalich M, Su D, Tang L, Tran VD, Binns CW.(PubMed)
(3) Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks. by Falandysz J1, Borovička J.(PubMed)
2. Button Mushroom and Breast cancer
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.
Dietary intake of with button Mushroom showed to protect against breast cancer, but little effect on the growth of human colon, prostate, gastric cancer, and murine Sarcoma 180 cells(1), may be through ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway(2)
In MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. extract from white button (WB, Agaricus bisporus) mushrooms or water alone (5% v/v), exerted its protective effect with significant suppression of cellular proliferation(3).
References
(a) [Chemical constituents from fungus Armillaria mellea]. by [Article in Chinese] by Yuan XL1, Yan LH, Zhang QW, Wang ZM.(PubMed)
(1) Macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities of polysaccharides isolated from Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms by Jeong SC1, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong YT, Song CH, Pang G.(PubMed)
(2) ROS-dependent mitochondria molecular mechanisms underlying antitumor activity of Pleurotus abalonus acidic polysaccharides in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by Shi X1, Zhao Y, Jiao Y, Shi T, Yang X.(PubMed)
(2) Commonly consumed and specialty dietary mushrooms reduce cellular proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Martin KR1, Brophy SK.(PubMed)
3. Button Mushroom and colon cancer
Bowel cancer also known as colorectal cancer, is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix. It is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including US and Canada.
A. bisporus showed to inhibit colon cancer cell line through positively increased GPx-1 and GPx-2 gene expression and GPx-1 enzyme activity in rat colon, due to the presented selenium(1). the Methodist Research Institute, Indianapolis study showed a positive effect of A. bisporus in inhibition of colon cancer (HT-29, HCT-116) cells, through cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase(2) and reversibly inhibits cell proliferation occurred within 30 min of the lectin being bound to the cell surface(3).
References
(a) [Chemical constituents from fungus Armillaria mellea]. by [Article in Chinese] by Yuan XL1, Yan LH, Zhang QW, Wang ZM.(PubMed)
(1) Selenium-enriched Agaricus bisporus increases expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase-1 and expression of glutathione peroxidase-2 in rat colon by Maseko T1, Howell K, Dunshea FR, Ng K.(PubMed)
(2) Pleurotus ostreatus inhibits proliferation of human breast and colon cancer cells through p53-dependent as well as p53-independent pathway by Jedinak A1, Sliva D.(PubMed)
(3) Intracellular trafficking and release of intact edible mushroom lectin from HT29 human colon cancer cells Lu-Gang Yu1, David G. Fernig2 an Jonathan M. Rhodes (The Febs Journal)
4. Button mushroom and Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Scientists may have found one of the natural food used in many different culture with a potential in reduced risk and protect against CVD.
Dietary fungi, such as, mushrooms, can protect against chronic disease by altering inflammatory environments through inhibition of inhibit cellular processes under pro-inflammatory conditions which are associated with CVD.
Strong evidences through epidemiological studies suggested that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is strongly associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).
According to Dr. Martin KR., ergothioneine (ERT), a novel antioxidant, presented in edible mushrooms, accumulated through diet was found effective in interrupted pro-inflammatory induction of adhesion molecule expression associated with atherogenesis.
Mushroom, a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source, contains several important nutrients including Thiamine (Vitamin B1), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Niacin (Vitamin B3), Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Selenium, Iron, Copper and Zinc which are necessary to maintain the growth, body functions as well as protect against chronic diseases.
Its antioxidants such as Astraodorol, Psilocybin, Lectin, adustin, ribonuclease, nicotine, etc. may also consist the magic power in reduced risk and treatment of vary types of cancer, including colon, breast and gastric cancers through inhibition of cell cycle arrest, significant suppression of cellular proliferation, n tested cancer cell lines.
These findings showed to support the notion of dietary mushrooms in protection of CVD, but multi canters and large sample size studies to identify the main ingredient which comparable to current medicine used are necessary to improve its validation.
But, the study of University of Gdańsk, in the reviews and updates data on macro and trace elements and radionuclides in edible wild-grown and cultivated mushrooms suggested that the coexistence of
minerals of nutritional value collected from natural habitats, and co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides should be taken certain precautions.
References
(1) The bioactive agent ergothioneine, a key component of dietary mushrooms, inhibits monocyte binding to endothelial cells characteristic of early cardiovascular disease by Martin KR.(PubMed)
(2) Both common and specialty mushrooms inhibit adhesion molecule expression and in vitro binding of monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells in a pro-inflammatory environment by Martin KR.(PubMed)
(3) Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks. by Falandysz J1, Borovička J.(PubMed)
(4) Intracellular trafficking and release of intact edible mushroom lectin from HT29 human colon cancer cells Lu-Gang Yu1, David G. Fernig2 an Jonathan M. Rhodes (The Febs Journal)
(5) Commonly consumed and specialty dietary mushrooms reduce cellular proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Martin KR1, Brophy SK.(PubMed)
(6) Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks. by Falandysz J1, Borovička J.(PubMed)
(7) Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks.
(8) Fruit and vegetable consumption and all-cause, cancer and CVD mortality: analysis of Health Survey for England data by Oyebode O1, Gordon-Dseagu V, Walker A, Mindell JS.(PubMed)
(9) Seasonal consumption of salad vegetables and fresh fruit in relation to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer by Cox BD1, Whichelow MJ, Prevost AT.(PubMed)
(10) Intakes of fruits, vegetables and carbohydrate and the risk of CVD by Joshipura KJ1, Hung HC, Li TY, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Willett WC.(PubMed)
5. Button mushroom and Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams(1).
In athymic mice, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), found in white button mushroom extract and its major component showed to inhibit proliferation in the prostate cancer cell lines in vitro within 72 hours and to decrease the prostate tumor size of DU145 and PC3(2). But according to the study by University of Western Sydney, Agaricus bisporus white button mushroom (WBM), in a tetrazolium dye [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]-based assay, it showed a little effect on the growth of human colon, prostate, gastric cancer, and murine Sarcoma 180 cells but breast cancer cell line MCF-7(3). Button mushrooms with a rich source of vitamin D2 that when consumed can increase and maintain blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in a healthy range(4) of that may lead to reduced risk of prostate cancer(5).
References
(1) Prostate Cancer (Health tips for better living and living health)
(2) White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice by Adams LS1, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S.(PubMed)
(3) Macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities of polysaccharides isolated from Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms by Jeong SC1, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong YT, Song CH, Pang G.(PubMed)
(4) Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans by Keegan RJ, Lu Z, Bogusz JM, Williams JE, Holick MF.(PubMed)
(5) Prostate cancer risk and prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Finland) by Merja H. Ahonen, Leena Tenkanen, Lyly Teppo, Matti Hakama, Pentti Tuohimaa (Springer link)
6. Button Mushroom and Immunologic effects
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
In number of studies, Mushrooms have been shown to enhance immune response. according to Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, white button mushroom showed to enhance both innate and T cell-mediated immunity leading to a more efficient surveillance and defense mechanism against microbial invasion and tumor development, through promotion of DC maturation and enhance their antigen-presenting function.(1). A. bisporus polysaccharides isolated from white button mushrooms, exhibited macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities, through stimulation the production of nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α via activation of nuclear factor-κB with the production p50/105 heterodimers(2).
References
(1) White button mushroom enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice by Ren Z1, Guo Z, Meydani SN, Wu D.(PubMed)
(2) Macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities of polysaccharides isolated from Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms by Jeong SC1, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong YT, Song CH, Pang G(PubMed)
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7. Button mushroom and Anti-inflammatory activities
Chronic inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. Button mushroom showed to retain anti-inflammatory activities even after 'cooking', allowing its active compounds to reach therapeutic levels in target tissues, through inhibited NO production, according to selection of 115 samples prepared by a generic food-compatible processing method involving heating by University of Western Sydney(1). Ethanolic extract of white button mushroom, also showed a significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in serums, livers and hearts of administration of mice, in vitro and vivo(2).
References
(1) Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant- and mushroom-based foods by Gunawardena D1, Shanmugam K, Low M, Bennett L, Govindaraghavan S, Head R, Ooi L, Münch G.(PubMed)
(2) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by Liu J1, Jia L, Kan J, Jin CH.(PubMed)
8. Button mushroom and Hepatic Steatosis
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place.
Hepatic Steatosis is the early stage of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease which is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.
In HepG2 cell line, button mushroom (WBM), Agaricus Bisporus, has protective effects against liver steatosis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, though down regulating genes related to the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, particularly for fatty acid synthetase (Fas) and fatty acid elongase 6 (Elovl6)(1).
References
(1) Protective effects of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) against hepatic steatosis in ovariectomized mice as a model of postmenopausal women by Kanaya N1, Kubo M, Liu Z, Chu P, Wang C, Yuan YC, Chen S.(PubMed)
9. Button mushroom and Arthritis
Arthritis is a condition of inflammation of one or more joints
According to Oklahoma State University, white button mushroom in the reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in dilute brown non-agouti mice, through deduction of reduce the CIA index and plasma TNFα(1).
References
(1) White button and shiitake mushrooms reduce the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis in dilute brown non-agouti mice by Chandra L1, Alexander H, Traoré D, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Lightfoot SA, Kuvibidila S.(PubMed)
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