Phytochemical Allicin

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
1. Phytochemical Allicin  and anti bacterial activity
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The Benefits
Garlic has been used as foods and medicine throughout human history. Allicin, major constituent of garlic in the test for the antimicrobial activity on oral pathogens associated with dental caries and periodontitis, showed an effectiveness against all types of bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and Actinomyces oris. Other in the study of Streptolysin O (SLO), a potent cytolytic toxin produced by almost all strains of group A streptococci, found that  allicin likely inhibits the SLO by binding to the cysteine residue in the binding site and suggested that allicin and allicin may be a potential alternative drug against streptococcal diseases.

References
(1) Garlic allicin as a potential agent for controlling oral pathogens by Bachrach G, Jamil A, Naor R, Tal G, Ludmer Z, Steinberg D.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of streptolysin O by allicin - an active component of garlic by Arzanlou M, Bohlooli S.(PubMed)

2. Phytochemical Allicin and anti cognitive activity
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic. 
Cognition is the process of the brain including the attention of working memory, producing and comprehending language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

The benefits
Cognitive abilities tend to decline in aging. The study of allicin on endogenous antioxidant defenses in hippocampus of cognitively impaired aged mouse, showed a positive effects as allicin significantly ameliorated ageing-induced cognitive dysfunction through enhancing of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways. Allcin also exerted its antioxidant effect in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer and aging, including the oxidant-mediated brain cell damage that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease.

References
(1)  Cognition (Wikipedia)
(2) Allicin ameliorates cognitive deficits ageing-induced learning and memory deficits through enhancing of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways by Li XH, Li CY, Lu JM, Tian RB, Wei J.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract by Borek C.(PubMed)

3. Phytochemical Allicin and cardiovascular diseases
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
There are many causes of heart diseases. Most of heart diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated fat and trans fat. All these add to the formation of atherosclerosis lesions and eventually arterial blockage or anything that serves to damage the inner lining of blood vessels and impedes the transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the heart can be defined as a risk of heart disease. 

The health benefits
It is known that allicin, found in garlic and onion is easily absorbed after intake  to exert it effects in circulation system without damaging the to the phospholipid bilayer made of two layers of lipid molecules to provide cardio-protective effects including cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet aggregation, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. Other in the study of allicin effect on vascular endothelium dysfunction in healthy male Wistar rats, fed high fat diet in comparison with fenofibrate, fenofibrate alone or the combined therapy with allicin increased the levels of high density lipoprotein,  the levels of NO, but the combined therapy had greatest high endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation responses of blood vessel.

References
(1) The effect of combination therapy of allicin and fenofibrate on high fat diet-induced vascular endothelium dysfunction and liver damage in rats by Li W, Wang D, Song G, Zuo C, Qiao X, Qin S.(PubMed)
(2) Endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors by R F Furchgott and P M Vanhoutte
 (The Fasteb JournaL)
(3) The effect of combination therapy of allicin and fenofibrate on high fat diet-induced vascular endothelium dysfunction and liver damage in rats BY Li W, Wang D, Song G, Zuo C, Qiao X, Qin S.(PubMed)
(4) A review of the cardiovascular benefits and antioxidant properties of allicin by Chan JY, Yuen AC, Chan RY, Chan SW.(PubMed)

4.  Phytochemical Allicin as antioxidants
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls. 

The health benefits
Beside with protective effect against development of certain diseases, allicin found in garlic and onion may also be a antioxidant scarvenger of oxygen free radicals (OFRs). In the study of allicin effect in hydroxyl radicals (.OH), researcher found that allicin prevented the lipid peroxidation of malondialdehyde in liver homogenate in a concentration-dependent manner. Other in the study of the hydroxyl scavengers of allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide, showed that allicin did not exhibit hydroxyl radical scavenging but exhibited  antioxidant activities as protective compounds against free radical damage.

References
(1) Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic by Prasad K, Laxdal VA, Yu M, Raney BL.(PubMed)
(2) The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, alliin, allicin, and allyl disulfide by Chung LY.(PubMed)

5. Phytochemical allicin and hypertension
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
Blood pressure medications have undoubtedly prevented many deaths from heart disease in the past 30 years, but they have many side effects such as damaging the kidney. If you can control your diet, such as making changes to lifestyle, maintaining ideal weight and diet with low salt, you could do just fine without the drugs.

The health benefits
Allicin, found in garlic and onion may consist an antihypertensive effects by lowering the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In the study of a popular garlic preparation containing 1.3% allicin at a large dose (2400 mg)  in nine patients with rather severe hypertension, after 5 hours taking the preparation, sitting blood pressure fell 7/16, with a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure from 5-14 hours after the dose. Other in the study of the hypotensive action of time-released garlic powder tablets (Allicor) and compared with that of regular garlic pills (Kwai) in 84 men with mild or moderate arterial hypertension, the result indicated that both Kwai and garlic powder tablets decrease in systolic blood pressure but no decrease in diastolic blood pressure was observed with Kwai. These different effects may be as a result of the prolonged action of Allicor. 

 References
(1) Can garlic lower blood pressure? A pilot study by McMahon FG, Vargas R.(PubMed)
(2) Time-released garlic powder tablets lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men with mild and moderate arterial hypertension by Sobenin IA, Andrianova IV, Fomchenkov IV, Gorchakova TV, Orekhov AN.(PubMed)

6. Phytochemical Allicin and hyper cholesterol
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.

The health benefits
Evidences emerging that allicin may not only benefit in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease but also lower the blood cholesterol. In the study of the effect of allicin  on hypercholesterolemia in male ICR mice, the chemical constituent of garlic showed a positive effect not  in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels , as well as lowering the hepatic cholesterol storage, but also decreasing appetite daily. Other in the study of the same but woth rat fed with high cholesterol diet, showed a reduction of blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats. These result showed that allicin may be considered as a potent agent in treating hypercholesterol in the future.

References
(1) Cholesterol-lowering effect of allicin on hypercholesterolemic ICR mice, Lu Y, He Z, Shen X, Xu X, Fan J, Wu S, Zhang D.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of allicin from garlic powder on serum lipids and blood pressure in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet by Ali M, Al-Qattan KK, Al-Enezi F, Khanafer RM, Mustafa T.(PubMed)

7. Allicin and anti fungal effects
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health effects
Beside controlling the domino's effect of free radicals during the stage of oxidation, allicin, the chemical constituent of garlic also expressed its anti fungal activity by enhancing the cell immunity with its breakdown products with out damaging to the cells. In candidiasis study, allicin exerted its anti fungal property against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis,in doses depending manner, including drug resistance Candida species.

References
(1) An overview of the antifungal properties of allicin and its breakdown products--the possibility of a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic by Davis SR.(PubMed)
(2) In vitro investigation of antifungal activity of allicin alone and in combination with azoles against Candida species by  Khodavandi A, Alizadeh F, Aala F, Sekawi Z, Chong PP.(PubMed)

8. Phytochemical allicin and anti microbial activity
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health benefits
Allicin, the chemical compound of garlic is found to show a positive effect against infectious diseases caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In parasite study, allicin inetracted with thiol groups of various enzymes against some major human intestinal protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia; and iv). In recent publication, garlic extract is found to contain a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many genera of bacteria and fungi. There result indicated that garlic may play an important role in the ecological control of pathogenic microorganisms in nature.

References
(1) Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic by Ankri S, Mirelman D.(PubMed)
(2) Allium sativum (garlic)--a natural antibiotic by Adetumbi MA, Lau BH (PubMed)

9. Phytochemical allicin and malaria
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by parasitic protozoans

The health effects
Malaria has infected millions of people a year in the third world. The urgency in finding a natural existence agent in treating the diseases with less economical cost is become necessary. Allicin, found in garlic, may be one of them, as it enhanced the immune reponses of the host to reduce parasitaemia and prolong the survival of the host in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, mice injected with allicin had found to decrease the levels of Plasmodium infections compared to controls, prevent  sporozoites cause of malaria when allicin was injection into mice before induction. orally or intravenously of allicin also significantly decreased parasitemias and increased the survival of infected mice by 10 days.

References
(1) Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection by Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Shang H, Cui L, Cao Y.(PubMed)
(2) Antimalarial activity of allicin, a biologically active compound from garlic cloves by Coppi A, Cabinian M, Mirelman D, Sinnis P.(PubMed)

10. Phytochemical allicin and Colon cancer
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Colon Cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon.

The health effects
Allicin, a biologically active component in freshly crushed garlic extract, in the study of its effects against colon cancer cell lines HCT-116, LS174T, HT-29, and Caco-2, showed that allicin exert it anti proliferative property to cause death of  HCT-116 cell. Other in the study of the effect of allicin on human colon cancer cell line LoVo and the combined effect of allicin and CPT-11 on this cancer cell line, showed that allicin may be a potent agent in treating colon cancer as it not only exerted the anti-proliferation effect on human colon cancer cell line LoVo by induction of apoptosis and arrestment of cell cycle but also enhanced the cytotoxicity of CPT-11 on the colon cancer LoVo cell.

References
(1) Allicin purified from fresh garlic cloves induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells via Nrf2 by Bat-Chen W, Golan T, Peri I, Ludmer Z, Schwartz B.(PubMed)
(2) [Allicin enhances cytotoxicity of CPT-11 to colon cancer LoVo cell in vitro].

[Article in Chinese] by Gao Y, Liu Y, Cao W, Deng Z, Liu H, Xu L, Chen X.(PubMed)

9. Phytochemical allicin and osteosarcoma

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.

Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer found mostly in teenagers and people over age 60.

The health benefits

Phytochemical compounds derived from garlic such as Allicin, diallyl thiosulfinate, have been drawn of interest in cancer treatment research. In the study of the effects of artesunate combined with allicin on osteosarcoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo, found that treatment with artesunate and allicin enhanced the synergistic effects on osteosarcoma cell proliferation and apoptosis. diallyl sulfide (DAS) derived from allicin, in the study of its effect on proliferation of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells, showed to significantly suppress the growth of MG-63 tumor-bearing tissue. Immunohistochemistry in different concentrations (20 and 40 μg/mL) and decrease microvessel density (MVD) of MG-63 tumor-bearing tissue by suppressing the expression of Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA.

References

(1) The synergistic anticancer effect of artesunate combined with allicin in osteosarcoma cell line in vitro and in vivo by Jiang W, Huang Y, Wang JP, Yu XY, Zhang LY.(PubMed)

(2) Experimental study on inhibitory effects of diallyl sulfide on growth and invasion of human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells by Hu Y, Chen L, Yi C, Yang F, Chen J.(PubMed)

10. Phytochemical allicin and pancreatic cancer

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Cancer of pancreas or pancreatic cancer is defined as condition of a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, as the cells have become cancerous and divided uncontrollably. Most pancreatic cancers start in the ducts (exocrine component of the pancreas) that carry pancreatic juices with cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue accounts for over 75 - 90% of all cases of exocrine cancers.

The health benefits
Allicin found in garlic and onion has drawn many interest in scientific community in finding a natural potent agent with little and no side effects in preventing and treating cancers. Garlic preparations inhibition of cancer cell-growth has been attributed to a group of structurally-related organosulfur compounds, such as allicin, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide. Combined treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on pancreatic cancer and explored the potential immunological mechanism in mice, showed a significant suppression of cells growth and prolonged survival time in the combined treatment with allicin and rIL-2 group, with increased mature Th cells express the surface protein CD4 and CD8, natural killer cell (NK cell) and Serum levels of interferon-gamma.


References
(1) Effect of combined treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 and allicin on pancreatic cancer by Wang CJ, Wang C, Han J, Wang YK, Tang L, Shen DW, Zhao Y, Xu RH, Zhang H.(PubMed)
(2) Anti-proliferation activity of synthetic ajoene analogues on cancer cell-lines by Kaschula CH, Hunter R, Hassan HT, Stellenboom N, Cotton J, Zhai XQ, Parker MI.(PubMed)

11. Phytochemical allicin and breast cancer
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.

The health benefits
The prevalence of breast cancer is widespread in develop world as 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8. Treating breast cancer with natural elements with little or no side eefcts have drawn many interests to the research community. Allicin, generated by oxidation of diallyl disulfide (DADS) may be effective in suppressing breast cancer as in rat study, its activation of metabolizing enzymes that detoxify carcinogens, the suppression of DNA adduct formation, the inhibition of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulation of cell-cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis as well as reducting the side effects caused by anti-cancer agents.

References
(1) Anticancer effects of garlic and garlic-derived compounds for breast cancer control BY Tsubura A, Lai YC, Kuwata M, Uehara N, Yoshizawa K.(PubMed))

12. Phytochemical allicin and liver cancer
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Liver cancer is defined as a condition of out of controlled growth of hepatocellular cells in the liver. Since the organ is a soft tissue with less nerve, most liver cancer patient are diagnosed in the later stage of the cancer. According to the statistic, liver cancer remains the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary liver cancer.

The health benefits
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent type of liver cancer in Southeast Asia. Anti cancer agent , although effective with many side effects. The urgency in finding of a natural treatment with little or no side effects has drawn many interest. Study showed that allicin induced degradation of cell death in human HCC Hep G2 (p53(wild type)) cells and apoptotic cell death through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in human cellular tumor antigen p53. on the other hand, Allicin treatment also found to induce apoptotic cell death in p53 knock down Hep G2 cells similar to that of Hep 3B cells. These results suggest that allicin  might be a potential novel complementary gene therapeutic agent for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant cancer cells.

References
(1) Allicin induces anti-human liver cancer cells through the p53 gene modulating apoptosis and autophagy by Chu YL, Ho CT, Chung JG, Raghu R, Lo YC, Sheen LY.(PubMed)
(2) Allicin induces anti-human liver cancer cells through the p53 gene modulating apoptosis and autophagy by Chu YL, Ho CT, Chung JG, Raghu R, Lo YC, Sheen LY.(PubMed)

12. Phytochemical allicin and endometrium cancer
Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Endometrium is the inner lining of the mammalian uterus and very susceptible hormone change, particular to menstrual cycle. Endometrial cancer is a late adulthood cancer defined as a condition of which the cells of the endometrial lining of uterus have growth uncontrollable or become cancerous as a result of the alternation of cells DNA. It's the fourth most common cancer among women overall, after breast cancer, lung cancer, and bowel cancer.

The benefits
Although garlic has drawn many interest in scientific community, but believe or not allicin is the least studied. In the study of the effect of allicin's antiproliferative effect in vitro models, showed a significantly inhibited proliferation of human mammary (MCF-7), endometrial (Ishikawa), and colon (HT-29) cancer cells (50% inhibitory concentration = 10-25 microM)  attributed to the ability of allicin to transiently deplete the intracellular GSH level.

References
(1) Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation by Hirsch K, Danilenko M, Giat J, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Levy J, Sharoni Y.(PubMed)

13. Phytochemical allicin and endometrium cancer
Brain and spinal cord make up the nervous system. Most primary tumors are caused by abnormal cells growth that surround and support neurons, with a small number may be caused by gene defect from exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals. Benign tumors are noncancerous, and malignant tumors are cancerous. More than 190.000 people in US are diagnosed with a brain tumor each year alone. Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans.

The benefits
Allicin, the main flavor compound in garlic, has exerted its anti-carcinogenic activities against a wide range of cancer cells. U87MG  is one of a number of cell lines derived from malignant glioma was inhibited, causing apoptosis of cells by allicin in a dose- and time-dependent manner, involve the mitochondrial pathway of Bcl-2/Bax, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and antioxidant enzyme systems.

References
(1) Allicin inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in U87MG human glioblastoma cells through an ERK-dependent pathway by Cha JH, Choi YJ, Cha SH, Choi CH, Cho WH.(PubMed)

 

14. Phytochemical allicin and gastric cancer

Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Stomach cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells of the inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.

The health effects 
Allicin, even though is the least studied in scientific community, but its antitumor properties is undeniable in research. Study of the underlying mechanism of allicin on gastric cancer cells, allicin induced  apoptosis  and inhibited proliferation in gastric cancer cells, through induced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and increased caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation, with concomitant upregulation of bax and fas expression in the tumor cells. In the effect of allicin on cell proliferation and apoptosis of progressive gastric carcinoma, allicin showed effects in up-regulating the protein expressions of apoptosis promoting gene Bax and apoptosis initiating gene Fas, and down-regulating that of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-2 via local application of allicinvia gastroscopy.


Refrerences
(1) Allicin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways by Zhang W, Ha M, Gong Y, Xu Y, Dong N, Yuan Y.(PubMed)
(2) [Effect of local application of allicinvia gastroscopy on cell proliferation and apoptosis of progressive gastric carcinoma].[Article in Chinese] by Zhang ZD, Li Y, Jiao ZK.(PubMed)
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Phytochemical Tartaric acid

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Tartaric acid is a phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, apricots, apples, sunflower, avocado, grapes, etc.

1. Phytochemical Tartaric acid enhances intestinal absorption
Tartaric acid is a phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, apricots, apples, sunflower, avocado, grapes, etc.

In the study of the effects of D-tartaric acid (TA) on intestinal drug absorption in rat moldel, showed a significantly increase of the intestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a class of conjugated proteins. rhodamine 123 and daunorubicin. Other in the study of  starch preparations analysed for their resistance to enzymatic digestion in vitro with the presence of inorganic (hydrochloric) and organic (citric and tartaric) acids under controlled conditions. Tannic acid showed a significantly stronger influence on starch hydrolysis than citric acid.

References
(1) Improvement of intestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate by D-tartaric acid by Iida A, Tomita M, Idota Y, Takizawa Y, Hayashi M.(PubMed)
(2) New starch preparations resistant to enzymatic digestion by Jochym K, Kapusniak J, Barczynska R, Sliżewska K.(PubMed)

2. Phytochemical Tartaric acid and Antibacterial activity  Tannic acid showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7. in the study of the anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 effect of fresh (FRMJ) and processed red muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) juice (PRMJ). Other in the study of  Organic Acids as Antimicrobial Agents, Fumaric Acidhas been shown to be a more effective antimicrobial agent than Lactic or Acetic Acids in manyapplications. Tartaric, Citric, and Malic Acids are all less hydrophobic than the acids shown and areless effective as antimicrobial agents

Reference
(1) Antimicrobial effect of water-soluble muscadine seed extracts on Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Kim TJ, Weng WL, Stojanovic J, Lu Y, Jung YS, Silva JL(PubMed)

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Phytochemical Piperine

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
1. Phytochemical Piperine and antimicrobial activity
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health benefits
In the study of piperine combination with mupirocin for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains including meticillin-resistant S. aureus, the combination showed more effective against the tested subject when compared with the commercially available formulation of 2 % mupirocin alone. Other in the study of the same subject showed the enhanced accumulation and decreased efflux of ethidium bromide in the wild-type and mutant (CIPr-1) strains in the presence of piperine.

References
(1) Piperine as an inhibitor of the MdeA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus by Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Kalia NP, Zargar A, Khan IA.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine, a phytochemical potentiator of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus by Khan IA, Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Verma V, Qazi GN.(PubMed)

2. Phytochemical Piperine and Breast Cancer
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The health benefits
Piperine, a chgenical component of black pepper, showed a strongly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of breast caner cells and HER2 gene expression. pretreatment of piperine enhanced sensitization to paclitaxel killing in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Other study of piperine against breast cancer also showed Piperine (35-280 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of 4T1 cells in time- and dose-dependent manners (the IC(50) as Treatment of 4T1 cells with piperine (70-280 μmol/L) dose-dependently induced apoptosis of 4T1 cells, accompanying activation of caspase 3.
As the result, the phytochemical piperine may be a poteantial agent for treating breast cancer.

References
(I) Antitumor efficacy of piperine in the treatment of human HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells by Do MT, Kim HG, Choi JH, Khanal T, Park BH, Tran TP, Jeong TC, Jeong HG.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model by Lai LH, Fu QH, Liu Y, Jiang K, Guo QM, Chen QY, Yan B, Wang QQ, Shen JG.(PubMed) 

3. Phytochemical Piperine and cognitive impairment
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Cognition is the process of the brain including the attention of working memory, producing and comprehending language, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and decision making.

The health benefits
In chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in mice,
Piperine showed to potentiate the protective effects of curcumin in significantly improved behavioral and biochemical alterations, restored mitochondrial enzyme complex activities and attenuated increased acetylcholinesterase and serum corticosterone levels. In olfactory bulbectomy induced depression in rats, co-administration of piperine with curcumin significantly potentiated the effects in behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial, molecular and histopathological alterations. These potentiation of co administration also showed  to prevented all the behavioral, cellular, and neurochemical changes associated with the chronic administration of haloperidol, as compared to their effects alone.

References
(1) iperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice by Rinwa P, Kumar A.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of neuroinflammatory and apoptotic signaling cascade by curcumin alone and in combination with piperine in rat model of olfactory bulbectomy induced depression.

Rinwa P, Kumar A, Garg S.(PubMed)

(3) Protective effect of curcumin and its combination with piperine (bioavailability enhancer) against haloperidol-associated neurotoxicity: cellular and neurochemical evidence by Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Rongzhu L, Kulkarni SK.(PubMed)

 

4. Phytochemical Piperine and Angiogenesis

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

Angiogenesis is the form of new blood vessels in the body for healing and reproduction.

 

The benefits
Piperine, a major alkaloid constituent of black pepper, exerted it anti angiogenic effect to cause apoptosis in some cancer cell lines such as in inhibited the proliferation and G(1)/S transition of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) without causing cell death, as well as collagen-induced angiogenic activity by rat aorta explants and breast cancer cell-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. Piperine in the co administration with curcumin, enhancing the functions of curcumin in suppression of many diseases including angiogenesis.

References
(1) Piperine, a dietary phytochemical, inhibits angiogenesis by Doucette CD, Hilchie AL, Liwski R, Hoskin DW.(PubMed)
(2) Biological activities of curcumin and its analogues (Congeners) made by man and Mother Nature by Anand P, Thomas SG, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Sung B, Tharakan ST, Misra K, Priyadarsini IK, Rajasekharan KN, Aggarwal BB.(PubMed)

5. Phytochmical Piperind and analgesic and anticonvulsant effects
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Analgesic is a reduced pain agent
Anticonvulsant is type of medicines in preventing and treating convulsions (seizures)

The effect
Piperine effectiveness in exerting it analgesic and anticonvulsant effects in treating pain and epilepsy may be a result of its mediated function via opioid and GABA (main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system)-ergic pathways.

References
(1) The analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of piperine in mice by Bukhari IA, Pivac N, Alhumayyd MS, Mahesar AL, Gilani AH.(PubMed)

6. Phytochemical Piperine and Obesity's inflammatory metabolic dysfunctions
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.
The benefits
Study of combination of bioactive food ingredients, including piperine in Forty-one patients and 45 pients in control group, showed a significantly greater decrease in insulin resistance, with leptin, ghrelin, C-reactive protein decreased and resting energy expenditure increased significantly in the supplemented group compared to the placebo. In mice fed with high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, administration of piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) significant increased in plasma adiponectin levels, induced elevated plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose. Piperine also reversed HFD-induced down-regulation of adiponecitn-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)( a metabolic enzyme in controls a number of metabolic pathways) signalling molecules linking to  lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation and insulin signalling in the livers of mice. Also in Male Wistar rats fed with high fat diet study, piperine supplementation also improved the plasma levels of apo A-I, T3, T4, testosterone, and I and significantly reduced apo B, TSH, and insulin to near normal levels.

References
(1) Improvement in insulin resistance and favourable changes in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss associated with two months' consumption of a combination of bioactive food ingredients in overweight subjects by Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Klersy C, Cava E, Paolini M, Scavone L, Ceccarelli P, Castellaneta E, Savina C, Donini LM.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine reverses high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice by Choi S, Choi Y, Choi Y, Kim S, Jang J, Park T.(PubMed)
(3) Piperine, an active principle from Piper nigrum, modulates hormonal and apo lipoprotein profiles in hyperlipidemic rats by Vijayakumar RS, Nalini N.(PubMed)

7. Phytochemical Piperine and diabestes
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
Administration of piperine isolated from the fruits of Piper nigrum crude extract diabestes induced in albino mice using alloxan, showed the crude extract exhibit its anti-diabetic  effect inducing a  significant blood glucose lowering at dose of 20 mg/kg on day 14. In other alloxan-induced diabetic models study, piperine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic activity of nateglinide(a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes), leading to synergistic anti-hyperglycemic activity of the diabetic medicine. In diabetes-induced oxidative stress in 30-day streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats, piperine treatment  (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 14 days) reversed the diabetic effects on oxidized glutathione concentration in brain, on renal glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, and on cardiac glutathione reductase activity and lipid peroxidation.

Reference
(1) Evaluation of the effect of piperine per se on blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic mice by Atal S, Agrawal RP, Vyas S, Phadnis P, Rai N.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of piperine on antihyperglycemic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of nateglinide by Sama V, Nadipelli M, Yenumula P, Bommineni MR, Mullangi R.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of piperine on antioxidant pathways in tissues from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Rauscher FM, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd.(PubMed)

8. Piperine and allergic effect
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.

The effects
In picryl chloride (PC)-induced ear swelling in PC sensitized mice, PN-ext exhibited its histamine release inhibitory activity, in vitro on compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Piperine (4.5 and 2.25 mg/kg) orally administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks in a murine model of asthma, showed an effectiveness in suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness  by suppression of the production of interleukin-4, interleukin-5(white blood cells expression), immunoglobulin E and histamine

References
(1) Histamine release inhibitory activity of Piper nigrum leaf by Hirata N, Naruto S, Inaba K, Itoh K, Tokunaga M, Iinuma M, Matsuda H.(PubMed)
(2) Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model by Kim SH, Lee YC.(PubMed)

9. Piperine and immunity
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The effects
Ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L.(PLE) and piperine was found to inhibit the lethal action of venom both in the in vitro lethality neutralization assay and in vivo lethality neutralization assay against Russell's viper venom in mice by enhancing production of antigen and antibodies response.
In the study of the same subject, administration of PLE and piperine significantly (p<0.01) inhibited venom induced lethality, haemorrhage, necrosis, defibrinogenation and inflammatory paw edema in mice in a dose dependent manner, reduced venom induced mast cell degranulation in rats.

References
(1) Production of high titre antibody response against Russell's viper venom in mice immunized with ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and piperine by Shenoy PA, Nipate SS, Sonpetkar JM, Salvi NC, Waghmare AB, Chaudhari PD.(PubMed)
(2) Anti-snake venom activities of ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) against Russell's viper venom: characterization of piperine as active principle by Shenoy PA, Nipate SS, Sonpetkar JM, Salvi NC, Waghmare AB, Chaudhari PD.(PubMed)

10. Piperine and asthma
Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper, etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

The effects
Study of bacterial infections causes of frequent respiratory infections, including bacterial infections provoke asthma attack, showed a positive effect of Piper Longum L. Extract (20% Piperine) in  exhibition of a moderate activity antibacterial activity against selected strains, such as Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyrogene and Staphylococcus aureus. In the study of antioxidant defenses of asthma patient, Piper longum extract (20% Piperine) showed a potent antioxidant activiy by scavenging Nitric oxide to  prevent the bronchial inflammation in asthmatic patients.
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References
(1) Effect of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents against micro organism causing upper respiratory tract infection by Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Elango K.(PubMed)
(2) Invitro antioxidant activity of selected antiasthmatic herbal constituents by Nilani P, Kasthuribai N, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Ilango K, Suresh B.(PubMed)

 

@Phytochemical Phytic acid

 Phytochemicals, a natural chemical constituents in plants, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Study of Phytochemicals have emerged as a potential source of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or side effects or creation of their synthetic equivalences for commercial profits.
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.

1. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing problems with memory, thinking and behavior severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal.

The benefits
 In the study of the effects of Phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate), a phytochemical found in food grains an others, against amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in MC65 cells and the Tg2576 mouse model, after 48-72-hour treatment, found to be provided a complete protection against amyloid precursor protein-C-terminal fragment-induced cytotoxicity. 2% phytic acid in drinking water for 70 days showed a significant increase in brain levels of cytochrome oxidase and a decrease in lipid peroxidation. Other in  the study of composition and method for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related amyloid plaque development and reduction of amyloid plaque, amyloidosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with a phytate salt, an isomer or hydrolysate of phytic acid or a phytate salt, or a mixture of any combination showed the effective in very low doses in treatment and prevention of aggregation of beta amyloid proteins as are commonly seen in the brains of Alzheimer's patients.
References
(1) Phytic acid as a potential treatment for alzheimer's pathology: evidence from animal and in vitro models by Anekonda TS, Wadsworth TL, Sabin R, Frahler K, Harris C, Petriko B, Ralle M, Woltjer R, Quinn JF.(PubMed)
(2) Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of Alzheimer's disease using phytic acid and phytate to reduce amyloid beta plaque and tau protein(Patnetdocs)

2. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Colorectal cancer
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Bowel cancer also known as colorectal cancer, is defined as a condition of the abnormal proliferation of cells in the colon, rectum, or vermiform appendix. Bowl is divided in 2 parts, the first part of the bowel, the small bowl, is involved with the digestion and absorption of food. The 2nd part, the large bowel which consist the the colon and rectum, is involved in absorption of water from the small bowel contents and broken down of certain materials in the feces into substances of which some of them to be re absorbed and reused by the body. Bowel cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way.
Bowel cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including U>S and Canada.

The benefits
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), or phytic acid is best known as a natural fighter against cancers. In the study on HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells, the phytochemical exerted a strong evidence for the induction of apoptotic cell death, by up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-xl in favor of apoptosis. Other in the study of the expression changes of β-catenin and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cell proliferation in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence after treatment with rice bran PA by immunocytochemistry also showed the similar result with phytic acid lowering the proliferating index as compared to azoxymethane (AOM) alone (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation (p=0.01) was noted between COX-2 expression(significantly correlated with primary tumor size) and proliferation.

References
(1) Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Rice Bran Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) on HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cells by Shafie NH, Esa NM, Ithnin H, Saad N, Pandurangan AK.(PubMed)
(2) Suppression of β-catenin and cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell proliferation in azoxymethane-induced colonic cancer in rats by rice bran phytic acid (PA) by Saad N, Esa NM, Ithnin H.(PubMed) 

3. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Cancers
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
The health benefits
Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) or phytic acid has been observed in many studies for its effects in  inhibition of tumor growth and induction of cell differentiation in the presence of IP6 in some cancer cell lines, including colon, nipple, breast, prostate, cervix, liver, pancreas, melanoma and glioblastoma, Through its effects as an antioxidant and ability to enhance NK-cells, in influence on cell cycle, induction of differentiation in transformed cells and in activation of programmed death pathways. In other study, Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) showed to inhibit cell growth, decrease cellular proliferation and cause differentiation of malignant cells often resulting in a reversion to normal phenotype.

Reference
(1) [Phytic acid--anticancer nutriceutic].[Article in Polish] by Nawrocka-Musiał D, Latocha M.(PubMed)
(2) IP6: a novel anti-cancer agent by Shamsuddin AM, Vucenik I, Cole KE.(PubMed)

4. Phytochemicals Phytic acid and Prostate cancers
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
The health benefits
In prostate cancer, inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) expressed it anti cancer effect in inhibiting the cells proliferation and induced apoptosis through targeting the PI3K, a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions and  in multiple cellular processes pathway. Other in the study of the same found that Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) inhibited both growth and proliferation and decreased cell viability of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells through certain pathways, including aberrant EGF receptor (EGFR) or IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway in downregulation of growth promoting and survival signaling cascades in advanced and androgen-independent human PCa PC-3 cells.

References
(1) Inositol hexaphosphate suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in prostate carcinoma cells in culture and nude mouse xenograft: PI3K-Akt pathway as potential target by Gu M, Roy S, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R.(PubMed)
(2) Inositol hexaphosphate downregulates both constitutive and ligand-induced mitogenic and cell survival signaling, and causes caspase-mediated apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells. by Gu M, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R.(PubMed)

5. Phytochemical Phytic acid  and Diabetes
Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abundantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose. It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.

The benefits
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, fed with or without phytic acid supplementation for thirty days, showed a positive effects in lowering spike in random blood glucose, in the same group, serum triglycerides and increased total cholesterol and HDL was also reduced. On the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism with rats fed formulated diets supplemented with zinc or without zinc, formulated diets supplemented with zinc plus phytic acid extracted from sweet potato (Ipomea batatas) or commercial phytic acid respectively, showed a lowered blood glucose levels in Phytic acid extract consumption from sweet potato and commercial phytic acid plus zinc supplement. These results may indicted that the use of sweet potato diet in diabetic management.

References
(1) The potential benefits and adverse effects of phytic Acid supplement in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Omoruyi FO¹, Budiaman A¹, Eng Y¹, Olumese FE², Hoesel JL³, Ejilemele A³, Okorodudu AO (PubMed)
(2) The effect of phytic acid on the levels of blood glucose and some enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by Dilworth LL, Omoruyi FO, Simon OR, Morrison EY, Asemota HN(PubMed)

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@Phytochemical Anacardic acids

 Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent, protect the plants against diseases and form their outer's color. Phytochemicals may be next potential sources of new medicine for treatment of diseases with little or no side effects.
Anacardic acids
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.

1. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and Breast cancer
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast. In 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during life time of a women is 1/8.

The health benefits
Dietary foods containing Anacardic acid (AnAc; 2-hydroxy-6-alkylbenzoic acid) may be potential to reduce the risk of breast cancer as its AnAc 24:1(omega5) purified from geranium inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in an ER-dependent manner. Other in the study of Synthesis of benzamides related to anacardic acid, showed a exhibited activities similar to that of AA, In U937 cells, it induced cell-cycle arrest in the G1 phase, caused apoptosis in about 20 % of the cells and increased the acetylation levels of H3.


References
(1) Anacardic acid inhibits estrogen receptor alpha-DNA binding and reduces target gene transcription and breast cancer cell proliferation by Schultz DJ, Wickramasinghe NS, Ivanova MM, Isaacs SM, Dougherty SM, Imbert-Fernandez Y, Cunningham AR, Chen C, Klinge CM.(PubMed)
(2) New anacardic acid-inspired benzamides: histone lysine acetyltransferase activators.

Souto JA, Benedetti R, Otto K, Miceli M, Alvarez R, Altucci L, de Lera AR.(PubMed)


2. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and Prostate cancer
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
The health Benefits
Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid), a natural chemical constituent from ancient plant Amphipterygium adstringens, also known as a non-specific histone acetyltransferase inhibitor of p300, beside exhibuts its anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidative, and antimicrobial effects, but also revealed that Src protein expression, tumor cell proliferation, and microvessel density could be remarkably suppressed by anacardic acid.  Other study of Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid), also showed to inhibit of prostate cancer by  down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) through supressing p300. There results showed that the phytochemical may be considered as a potent agent to treat prostate cancer.

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References
(1) Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) inhibits tumor angiogenesis by targeting Src/FAK/Rho GTPases signaling pathway by Wu Y, He L, Zhang L, Chen J, Yi Z, Zhang J, Liu M, Pang X.(PubMed)
(2) Anacardic acid (6-pentadecylsalicylic acid) induces apoptosis of prostate cancer cells through inhibition of androgen receptor and activation of p53 signaling by Tan J, Chen B, He L, Tang Y, Jiang Z, Yin G, Wang J, Jiang X.(PubMed)

3. Anacardic acid and Lung cancer
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.

The health benefits
Anacardic acid (AA), a chemical conpound found in some foods and herb has exerted its cytotoxicity  property to causes cell on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells through the activation of mitochondrial-mediated involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway and an contact activation pathway executioner such as cytochrome c. The phytochemical on the other hand also expresses its anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and radiosensitization through suppresion of a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, the NF-kappaB signalling pathway. These results may demonstrate a novel role for anacardic acid in potentially preventing or treating cancer through modulation of certain pathways.

References
(1) Anacardic acid induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells by Seong YA, Shin PG, Kim GD.(PubMed)
(2) Anacardic acid (6-nonadecyl salicylic acid), an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-regulated gene products involved in cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and inflammation through inhibition of the inhibitory subunit of nuclear factor-kappaBalpha kinase, leading to potentiation of apoptosis by Sung B, Pandey MK, Ahn KS, Yi T, Chaturvedi MM, Liu M, Aggarwal BB.(PubMed)

4. Anacardic acid and anti microbal activity
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

The health effects
An anacardic acids mixture isolated from Amphipterygium adstringens has performed its anti bacterial effect as an alternate to antibiotics by inhibition of the regulator of virulence and biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Anacardic acid mixture (AAM) showed 94% of inhibition of the violecin production at 166 μg/mL and 86% of inhibition of pyocyanin production  at 200 μg/mL). Otehr in the study of a new anacardic acid, indicated that its deviratives, 16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid and masticadienonic acid also inhibited bacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis with minimum inhibitory concentrations.

References
(1) Amphypterygium adstringens anacardic acid mixture inhibits quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors of Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Castillo-Juárez I, García-Contreras R, Velázquez-Guadarrama N, Soto-Hernández M, Martínez-Vázquez M. (PubMed)
(2) Isolation of the new anacardic acid 6-[16'Z-nonadecenyl]-salicylic acid and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by Rivero-Cruz BE, Esturau N, Sánchez-Nieto S, Romero I, Castillo-Juárez I, Rivero-Cruz JF.(PubMed)

5. Phytochemical Anacardic acids and pituitary adenomas
Anacardic acids are phenolic lipids, phytochemicals of the organic acid found abundantly in cashews, mangoes, etc.
Pituitary adenomas are noncancerous tumors that occur in the pituitary gland

The effects
In GH3 and MMQ, pituitary adenoma cell lines, anacardic acid  exerted its a novel antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects by increasing in poly([adenosine diphosphate]-ribose) polymerase cleavage, sub-G1 arrest, and annexin V staining, to incuce apoptotic cell death, possible nonclassical apoptotic mechanism.

Reference
(1) Anacardic acid induces caspase-independent apoptosis and radiosensitizes pituitary adenoma cells by Sukumari-Ramesh S, Singh N, Jensen MA, Dhandapani KM, Vender JR.(PubMed)

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