Habitual coffee consumed by myocardial infarction patients showed a significantly reduced risk and rate of mortality, some scientists suggested.
Myocardial infarction is another term of heart attack occurred when blood flow suddenly decreases or stops to a part of the heart, that cause substantial damage to the heart muscle.
The causes of a heart attack are associated to the building up plaque in the arteries, affecting the volumes of blood flood in transport nutrients and fluids to the body organs and tissue due to narrowing of the blood vessels.
Cholesterol narrowing the arteries is one common cause of coronary artery disease, a major cause of heart attack.
According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
People in the early stage of a heart attack may experience symptoms of chest pain or discomfort which may affect upper body, including the pain of the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.
Researchers at the Mayo clinic suggested, "Limiting how much saturated and trans fats you eat is an important step to reduce your blood cholesterol and lower your risk of coronary artery disease" and "A high blood cholesterol level can lead to a buildup of plaques in your arteries, called atherosclerosis, which can increase your risk of heart attack and stroke".
In the differentiation of the effect of fruit and vegetable intake and risk for coronary heart disease, Dr. Joshipura KJ at Harvard School of Public Health indicated
* Highest quintile of vegetables and fruits intake is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease with the relative odds ratio of .80 in compared to lowest quintile of intake.
* The risk of coronary heart disease is reduced by 4% for each 1-serving/d increase of fruits or vegetables. The odd ratio decreases further to those who eat green leafy vegetables, regularly.
Coffee, a popular and social beverage all over the world, particularly in the West, is a drink made from roasted bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.
In a study of 4365 Dutch patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort, aged 60-80 y (21% female) and experienced an MI <10 y before study enrollment, using baseline (2002-2006), to evaluate the dietary data including coffee consumption over the past month collected and 203-item validated food-frequency questionnaire, after examine the returned questionnaire from participants, researchers showed that
* Most of the patients(96%) were coffee drinkers
* Intake of coffee >4 cups/d, regularly and daily expressed an inverse association to risk of mortality in compared to 0-2 cups/d.
* Motility risk after myocardial infarction (MI) was decreased for every cup of additional coffee intake
Interesting, researchers also found out that there was no risk difference between caffeine and decaffeinated coffee.
These findings suggested that the efficacy of reduced risk of mortality of MI patients may be associated to chemical constituents in coffee, other than caffeine.
Additionally, in the review of literature in the database of MEDLINE and Embase published between 1946 and 2015, 2 eligible studies involved-AMI mortality risk against coffee consumption with a total of 3271 patients and 604 died, in patients classified as light coffee drinkers (1-2 cups/day) versus non-coffee drinkers, heavy coffee drinkers (a>2 cups/day) versus noncoffee drinkers and heavy coffee drinkers versus light coffee drinkers, scientists filed the following results
* All groups showed a significant reduction in risk ratio in compared to nondrinkers.
* The hazard risk ratio was 0.79 in light coffee drinkers versus non-coffee drinkers.
* The risk ratio of 0.54 was found in heavy coffee drinkers versus non-coffee drinkers and
* Heavy coffee drinkers versus light coffee drinkers were associated with a risk ratio of 0.69
Although there was no linear association of the amount of coffee intake in risk of MI and MI morality, coffee intake expressed a strong effect against the risk of MI and MI death in patients after a heart attack.
These results of coffee efficacy may be associated with coffee hypercholesterolemic activity in the prevention of cholesterol building up for the development of coronary artery disease(5).
Most important, even though habitual coffee consumption exerted an enormous effect in reduced risk
coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, and stroke as well as decreasing risk of mortality, but most of the data on coffee's health effects are based on observational examine with very few randomized, controlled studies, and association does not prove causation.
Therefore, further data collection on studies performed with human consumption over a long-term in compared coffee and noncoffee intake ( risk of heart attack)and during the course of the disease(risk of mortality) will be necessary to complete the picture of possibilities of coffee efficacy.
Additionally, while addressing the possible advantages of regular coffee consumption, researchers must also take into account potential, risks such as anxiety, insomnia, tremulousness, and palpitations.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Coffee consumption after myocardial infarction and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a prospective analysis in the Alpha Omega Cohort by van Dongen LH1, Mölenberg FJ1, Soedamah-Muthu SS1, Kromhout D1,2, Geleijnse JM3.(PubMed)
(2) Coffee reduces the risk of death after acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis by Brown OI1, Allgar V, Wong KY. (PubMed)
(3) Effects of habitual coffee consumption on cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause mortality by O'Keefe JH1, Bhatti SK, Patil HR, DiNicolantonio JJ, Lucan SC, Lavie CJ.(PubMed)
(4) The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease by Joshipura KJ1, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Speizer FE, Colditz G, Ascherio A, Rosner B, Spiegelman D, Willett WC(PubMed)
(5) Coffee polyphenols exert hypocholesterolemic effects in zebrafish fed a high-cholesterol diet by Meguro S, Hasumura T, Hase T.(PubMed)
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