Fennel may have a potential and positive effect to act as antithrombotic medicine in reduced hyper blood coagulation in initiated some forms of immune disorder, cardiac and infectious diseases, some scientists suggested.
Coagulation abnormalities are common medical conditions associated to patients in critical illness.
Dr. de Laforcade A, in the article "Diseases associated with thrombosis" said, "Traditionally, clinically relevant coagulation disorders have consisted mostly of bleeding associated with advanced stages of disseminated intravascular coagulation or toxin ingestion" and "Targeting those populations most at risk for thrombotic complications are necessary for better understanding the need for prophylactic anticoagulant therapy.".
According to medical literature, the function of the antithrombotic agent used in conventional medicine can be divided into 2 categories, for the prevention or treatment of a dangerous blood clot (acute thrombus) therapeutically.
Blood coagulation is very dangerous if it is untreated.
People who are hypercoagulable are associated to increase risk of blood clots developing in the arteries (blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart) and veins (blood vessels that carry blood to the heart), leading to stroke(4), heart attack(5), severe hip and leg pain(6), difficulty walking(7),...... epidemiological studies strongly suggested.
In-depth analysis, complications of untreated thrombosis are broader than general belief, including many forms of the immune-mediated disease, cardiac disease and infectious diseases(9).
Some researchers suggested that implications for communicating about family history of thrombosis may be necessary as it is one of the common risk factors in the increased onset of the condition.
People having the above symptoms together with the family history of blood clot should be diagnosed early to confirm or rule out such condition.
Early diagnosis of thrombosis is associated to increase survival and reduce the risk of complications.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of genus, belongings to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean, used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc
19. Etc.
In the screen of the potential effect of essential oils extracted from fennel in guinea pig and rat plasma to assess antiplatelet activity and inhibition of clot retraction, researchers at the Università di Parma launched an investigation in compared a number of essential oil extracts from numbers of the herbal plant.
Including in the evaluation are essential oils isolated from Anthemis nobilis L., Artemisia dracunculus L., Cannabis sativa L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Curcuma longa L., Foeniculum vulgare L., Hypericum perforatum L., Hyssopus officinalis L., Mentha spicata L., Monarda didyma L., Ocimum basilicum L., Ocotea quixos Kosterm., Origanum vulgare L., Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold, Pinus silvestris L., Piper crassinervium Kunth., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Salvia sclarea L., Santolina chamaecyparissus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinaie L.
In compared to other essential oil, F. vulgaris essential oil exerted strong anti coagulative activities against ADP, Arachidonic Acid and the Thromboxane A2 agonist U46619, and a good ability to destabilize clot retraction.
Adenine di-Phosphate (ADP), an important platelet agonist that plays a vital role in normal hemostasis and thrombosis. The defective ADP may induce impairment of platelet aggregation.
Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and the precursor of thromboxane and prostacyclin, two of the most active compounds related to platelet function.
Thromboxane A2 (TxA2) is a potent vasoconstrictor derived from the metabolism of arachidonic acid and has prothrombotic properties.
Further examination also found that tested essential oils, including fennel, demonstrate a significant correlation between antiplatelet potency and phenylpropanoids content.
The phenylpropanoids synthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine are associated to the ability in inhibited blood clotting.
These results suggested that essential oils isolated from fennel and other herbal plants may play a key role for this moiety in the prevention of clot formation, Dr. Tognolini M, the lead author suggested, after taking into account of other co and confounders.
Moreover, anethole, the main fragrance and bioactive compound of fennel also exerted antithrombotic activity involved numbers of mechanisms others than those mentioned above.
According to the Università di Parma, the property of anethole in decreased thrombosis was attributed to the efficacy of the compound in modulated several cell signaling pathways, mainly NF-kB and TNF-α signaling.....
In thrombosis, NF-κB transcription factors, P50/P65 process the ability to regulate the expression of tissue factor (TF), a principal initiator of the coagulation cascade, according to the joint study led by the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology(8).
Tumor necrosis factor is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) best known for its role in systemic inflammation and the acute phase reaction. The protein also plays an essential role in platelet thrombus formation.
The differentiation of anethole's role in decreased thrombosis suggested that activation of inflammatory cytokines by the immune system in the acute phase of infection also stimulates the production of platelets. And inflammatory cytokines also process the ability in enhanced the retraction of the coagulum.
In tested guinea pig, application of anethole enhanced antiplatelet properties through a significant effect in inhibited arachidonic acid, collagen, ADP and U46619-induced aggregation (IC(50) from 4 to 147 microg ml(-1)).
Researchers at Università di Parma also found that
*Anethole, tested in rat aorta with or without endothelium, displays a similar effect to those of NO-independent vasorelaxant activity at antiplatelet concentrations.
* . In vivo, anethole orally administered in a subacute treatment to mice (30 mg kg(-1)day(-1) for 5 days) showed significant antithrombotic activity in preventing the paralysis induced by collagen-epinephrine intravenous injection (70% and 83% protection, respectively).
After taking into account of other co and confounders, Dr. Tognolini M, the lead author at the Università di Parma said, "F. vulgare essential oil, and its main component anethole, a safe antithrombotic activity that seems due to their broad spectrum antiplatelet activity, clot destabilizing effect and vasorelaxant action".
The findings indicated that fennel and its bioactive compound anethole may be considered as a functional food to reduce the risk of diseases associated to thrombosis, such as immune-mediated disease, neoplasia, systemic inflammation and sepsis, cardiac disease, protein-losing states, and infectious diseases(9).
However, further data collection on large sample size and multi-center clinical studies performed with human consumption during the course of the investigation will be necessary to complete the picture of fennel and its bioactive anethole' protective effect against onset thrombosis possibilities.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blog, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity by Tognolini M1, Barocelli E, Ballabeni V, Bruni R, Bianchi A, Chiavarini M, Impicciatore M(PubMed)
(2) Protective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil and anethole in an experimental model of thrombosis by Tognolini M1, Ballabeni V, Bertoni S, Bruni R, Impicciatore M, Barocelli E.(PubMed)
(3) Anethole and Its Role in Chronic Diseases by Aprotosoaie AC1, Costache II2, Miron A3.(PubMed)
(4) Embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for ischemic stroke with homologous blood clots in rats by Jin R1, Zhu X1, Li G(PubMed)
(5) How to prevent clots in the legs and lungs. A blockage outside the heart can be just as dangerous as a heart attack.[No authors listed](PubMed)
(6) Deep venous thrombosis in a patient presenting with severe left inguinal and hip pain: a case report by Fidan F1, Alkan BM, Tosun A, Ardçoğlu Ö(PubMed)
(7) Building a protocol to guide mobility in the ICU by Dammeyer J1, Dickinson S, Packard D, Baldwin N, Ricklemann C(PubMed)
(8) NF-κB TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR p50 CRITICALLY REGULATES TISSUE FACTOR IN DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS by Yi-Dan Li1,#, Bu-Qing Ye1,#, Sheng-Xi Zheng1 , Jin-Tao Wang1 , Jian-Guo Wang2 , Ming Chen1 , Ji-Guo Liu1 , Xin-Hui Pei1,3, Li-Jing Wang4 , Zhi-Xin Lin3 , Kalpna Gupta5 , Nigel Mackman2 , Arne Slungaard5 , Nigel S. Key2 , Jian-Guo Geng(JBC (Papers in Press)
(9) Diseases associated with thrombosis by de Laforcade A(PubMed)
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