By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over
10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on
line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base,
healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily,
etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Diseases of Central Nervous system
Dementia
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia,
and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is
the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's
every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia
in aging people.
V. Preventions
B. Antioxidants and Dementia
B.3. Common Free Radical Scavengers
1. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a prosthetic group
with a unique function in breaking down molecules into smaller units for
releasing
energy, excreted in bile and urine(263). As a cellular antioxidant, it
may protect against diseases associated with oxidative stress, through
mildly elevated serum bilirubin levels
and activation of heme oxygenase(264) and revert to biliverdin, a green
tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, through antioxidant redox cycle in
inhibition of the effects of mutagens when oxidized(265). A significant reduction of levels of bilirubin, has shown to associate to patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)(266).
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids
are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts
of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some
bacteria. The antioxidant has been under intense scrutiny studies for
finding of their potential in modulated chronic disease risk and
prevention of vitamin A deficiency(267). Plasma levels of HDL and carotenoids have shown to lower in patients with dementia related vascular disorders(268) and Alzheimer's disease(AD)(269).
Beta-Carotene, an organic compound is classified as a terpenoid, a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment in plants and fruits.
Beta-Carotene is not toxic and stored in liver for the production of vitamin
A(270) shown to inhibit cancer cell in experiment(271)(272). Its anti oxidative effects has shown to cover the main pathways
for formation, transformation, and decay of free
radicals(273), through relation to the antioxidant/pro-oxidant
properties(274). According to Yale University, the
decreased non-enzymatic antioxidants in blood, including β-carotene showed a significant oxidative damage in the process of neurodegeneration(275).
3. Flavonoids
Flavonoid
also known as Vitamin P and citrinare,
is a yellow pigments having a structure similar to that of flavones
occurred in varies plants. The antioxidant has been in human history for
over
thousands of years and discovered by A. S. Szent-Gyorgi in 1930. Vitamin
C and flavonoids combination has shown to expressed wound healing in
animal model(276).
Flavonoids process a
property as antioxidants in inhibition of cell growth, differentiation
and development, and overexpressed in gastric cancer, colorectal cancer,
pancreatic cancer, etc., probably through cell cycle arrest and induced
apoptosis(277). Intake of antioxidant flavonoids is associated to the reduced risk of incident dementia(278)and mild cognitive impairment(279).
Although
nitric oxide is considered a free radical produced
by immune system to destroy microbial(281) and cancerous
cells(282)(283). Over produced NO, showed to induce inflammation(280), flavonoids inhibit NO
production of
peroxynitrite(284) which is found to induce mitochondrial dysfunction
associated with PD progression(285) for prevention of the cause of
inappropriate damage to blood and tissues(284).
4. Vitamin A, C, E
a. Vitamin A
Vitamin
A occurred in the form retinol is best known for its function in
maintaining a critical role in vertebrate development, cell
differentiation, reproduction, vision and immune system(286). The vitamin also acts as an the major peroxyl radical scavenger
role in biological lipid phases such as membranes or low-density
lipoproteins (LDL)(291)(288), including incidence of bronchopulmonary
dysplasia (BPD) with respiratory failure(290). Prevention of its
depletion in fighting the increased free radicals activity by
radiation(287), and enhancement of the productions of insulin
pancreas(289).
b. Vitamin C
Vitamin
C beside, presences in aqueous compartments (e.g. cytosol, plasma, and
other body fluids)(292) plays an important role in synthesis of
collagen, carnitine, catecholamine and the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine(293). As an water soluble vitamin, vitamin C can
be easily carry in blood, operate in much of the part of body. By
recycling vitamin E, vitamin C also helps to fight against forming of free
radicals(294).
By enhancing the immune system(295)(296), it promotes against the
microbial and
viral(298) and irregular cell growth causes of infection and
inflammation(297).
Vitamin C also is a free radical scavenger in inhibiting pollution cause of oxidation(299).
c. Vitamin E
Vitamin
E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds, including
both tocopherols and tocotrienols(300) discovered by researchers Herbert
Evans and Katherine Bishop. The viutamin beside is important in protecting muscle
weakness(300), repairing damage tissues(302) caused by
oxidation(303), and promoting
blood clotting in healing wound(302), etc. It also is one of
powerful
antioxidant, moved into the fatty medium to prevent lipid
peroxidation(301), inhibited free radicals chain reactions by
curtailing them before they can start(304) and prevented or delayed
cognitive decline tested in clinical trials in both ageing population
of and mild cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)(306),
according to R & D Human Nutrition and Health(305).
5. Etc.
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References(263) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24151358
(264) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19754364
(265) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22438843
(266) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16534775
(267) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8621054
(268) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24448787
(269) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582848
(270) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17665093
(271) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8127329
(272) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7959271
(273) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8529916
(274) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12630889
(275) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23867235
(276) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633732
(277) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24707875
(278) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10959944
(279) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25515512
(280) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11515807
(281) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15189992
(282) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25519577
(283) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12528889
(284) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10660664
(285) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17936517
(286) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24662164
(287) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24583267
(288) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926898
(289) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25451926
(290) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24388327
(291) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1444060
(292) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1444060
(293) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23177992
(294) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12841645
(295) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6604680
(296) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515554
(297) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766384
(298) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23988864
(299) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13701588
(300) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10385606
(301) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11579997
(302) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24524083
(303) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1897277
(304) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15593395
(305) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25460513
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