The immunomodulatory effect is a process in which the immune function is modulated to the needs of the body.
The immune system included the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver, is the body's defense against infectious organisms and foreign invaders.
The immune dysfunction can be classified into
* The underactive immune system is also known as the weakened immune system. People with the underactive immune system are susceptible to infection, recurrent infections.
* The overactive immune system is also known as autoimmune diseases. In this case, patients suffer diseases associated with the immune system that attacks the body tissues.
In the acute phase of infection, the immune macrophages, the first line of defense stimulates the production of blood palette to cover the wound or injury and pro-inflammatory cytokines to the site of infection to kill off pathogens before they can enter the body to multiply.
Most cases of infection are stopped at the acute phase, depending on the size and penetration of the wound.
The most common symptoms of acute inflammation occurred with a short period of time such as hours is pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat.
Conventionally, depending on the types of acute inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed to alleviate the pain by counteracting an enzyme that contributes to inflammation.
However, if the immune system for whatever reason such as in people with a weakened immune system can not destroy the foreign invaders in the set period of time (3-8 weeks), it will adapt to the new change, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation.
Low-grade inflammation over time has been found to destroy cells and tissues in the affected area or organ, inducing chronic inflammatory disease, including diabetes, arthritis, and cardiovascular disease.
Out of many low-grade inflammatory risk factors, some researchers suggested that the promotion of the Western diet over the past few decades may be one of the major culprits involved in facilitating the onset of the diseases.
Dr. Klurfeld DM, the lead scientist wrote, "Diet is a component in the etiology of the two major causes of death in the United States, namely, cardiovascular disease and cancer. During the last decade, various organizations have suggested that we alter the "typical" American diet in order to decrease the incidence of these diseases even though both diseases are indisputable of multiple etiology".
And, "Most Americans can safely reduce their intake of total calories, fat, sugar, and salt. Although this can be achieved most readily on a population basis by following a form of "prudent" diet, it is premature to promise medical benefits to individuals".
Ashwagandha also is known as Withania somnifera is a nightshade plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean.
The herbal medicine has been considered as Indian ginseng and used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss, and ulcers and considered as anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging herbal medicine.
On finding a potent compound for enhancing immune functioning, researchers examined the effects of ashwagandha root extract consumption on the differentially modulated immune response on BALB/c mice.
The study included three selected Withania somnifera chemotypes designated as NMITLI 101R, NMITLI 118R, and NMITLI 128R administered 10-100 mg/kg orally to BALB/c mice once daily for 14 days.
According to the tested assays, all three selected Withania somnifera chemotypes exerted immunomodulatory consequences in the humoral immune response on delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction.
Furthermore, the applications also inhibited the proliferation of T and B cells, intracellular and secreted Th1 and Th2 cytokines along with modulation in ROS production.
Moreover, peritoneal macrophages associated with anti-inflammatory expression was also exhibited by the lower doses (3-30 mg/kg/day) of these three chemotypes injection.
Compared to other chemotypes, the NMITLI 101R has been found to be most effective in the expression of the aforementioned parameters in the immunomodulatory activity.
Based on the findings, researchers said, "it may, therefore, be concluded that there was distinct modulation in the immune response exhibited by the three chemotypes of Withania somnifera and NMITLI 101R appeared to possess a better immunostimulatory activity than the other chemotypes at lower doses.".
Taken altogether, Ashwagandha may be considered an immunomodulatory herb, pending to the result of larger sample size and multicenter study
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Chemotypical variations in Withania somnifera lead to differentially modulated immune response in BALB/c mice by Kushwaha S1, Roy S, Maity R, Mallick A, Soni VK, Singh PK, Chaurasiya ND, Sangwan RS, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Mandal C. (PubMed)
(2) Withania somnifera chemotype NMITLI 101R significantly increases the efficacy of antileishmanial drugs by generating strong IFN-γ and IL-12 mediated immuneresponses in Leishmania donovani infected hamsters by Tripathi CD1, Kushawaha PK2, Sangwan RS3, Mandal C4, Misra-Bhattacharya S1, Dube A. (PubMed)
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