Herbal Cascara sagrada may be the next generation of natural chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer, according to studies.
Breast cancer is a medical and chronic condition characterized by cell growth irregularly due to the alternation of DNA.
Most cases of breast cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of the breast tissue, including the milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk.
At the advanced, the large tumor may press on the nearby blood vessels and nerve cells, leading bleeding and severe pain. Cancer cells from the breast can also travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissue and organs at this stage.
The most common breast cancer secondary metastasis is the liver, brain, bones, or lungs.
According to the statistics, in 2010, over 250,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in the U.S. alone and the risk of getting invasive breast cancer during a lifetime of a woman is 1/8.
Researchers do not know the exact causes of breast cancer. However, family and personal history, women with dense breast tissue, use of hormone replacement therapy and oral contraceptives, genetic preposition, particularly BRCA1 and 2, tall adult heigh are some prevalent risk factors of the disease.
Some researchers suggested that the increase in the prevalence of breast cancer in overweight and obesity is also a major concern of the scientists' community.
Dr. Manuel Picon‐Ruiz, the lead scientists in the observation of obesity in risk of breast cancer wrote, "Obesity is associated both with a higher risk of developing breast cancer, particularly in postmenopausal women, and with worse disease outcome for women of all ages" and "... the effects of obesity to increase local and circulating proinflammatory cytokines, promote tumor angiogenesis and stimulate the most malignant cancer stem cell population to drive cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis".
And, "The effects of recent lifestyle interventions to decrease sex steroids, insulin/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 pathway activation and inflammatory biomarkers associated with worse breast cancer outcomes in obesity also are discussed. Although many observational studies indicate that exercise with weight loss is associated with improved breast cancer outcome".
The results strongly suggested that the risk of breast cancer is significantly elevated in the obese population compared to healthy adults.
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc.
The chemical constituents of Cascara Sagrada include Aloe-emodin, Anthrquinone glycosides (Barbaloin Cascarosides A, B, C and D ChrysaloinFrangul), Chrysophanol, Emodin, Heterodianthrones palmidin A, B, and C, dianthrones, Oxanthrone, Rhein, Tannins, etc.
Researchers on clarification of the effects of a bioactive ingredient emodin found abundantly in herbal Cascara Sagrada and Rhubarb. against breast cancer, examined the compound activity on estrogen receptor α (ERα).
Application of emodin demonstrated the capability in inhibiting breast cancer cell proliferation by suppressing the ER α protein levels, by blocking the ER α transcriptional activation.
Furthermore, emodin treatment led to the dissociation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) which plays a critical role in stabilizing the proteins against heat stress and ER α and increased ER α ubiquitination in initiation cell degradation.
Dr. Huang PH and colleagues in the final report wrote, "emodin,....specifically suppress breast cancer cell proliferation by targeting ER α protein stability through distinct mechanisms".
In order to reveal the additional information of emodin in the inhibition of breast cancer, researchers investigated the anticancer effects of emodin on growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 cells.
Emodin showed significant growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.22 µg/ml (∼30 μM) and exerted a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the colony-forming ability of MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.60 µg/ml (∼30 µM).
The bioactive compound induced breast cancer death observed by the single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells.
Moreover, emodin efficacy in causing breast cancer cell apoptosis was attributed to the activation of the gene expression involved the modulation of the immune response to stress and inhibition of the proteins associated with cancer cell proliferation and survival.
Dr. Li WY, the lead scientist after taking into account co and confounders said, "emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through the modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related genes".
Taken altogether, herbal Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) processed bioactive emodin may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention and combined with primary therapy for the treatment of breast cancer, pending to the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
References
(1) Emodin and Aloe-Emodin Suppress Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation through ER α Inhibition, byHuang PH, Huang CY, Chen MC, Lee YT, Yue CH, Wang HY, Lin H.(PubMed)
(2) Synergistic effects of curcumin with emodin against the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells through upregulation of miR-34a. by Guo J, Li W, Shi H, Xie X, Li L, Tang H, Wu M, Kong Y, Yang L, Gao J, Liu P, Wei W, Xie X.(PubMed)
(3) Emodin induces cytotoxic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell through modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes by Li WY, Chan RY, Yu PH, Chan SW.(PubMed)
(4) Obesity and adverse breast cancer risk and outcome: Mechanistic insights and strategies for intervention by Manuel Picon‐Ruiz, PhD, 1 Cynthia Morata‐Tarifa, PhD, 2 Janeiro J. Valle‐Goffin, MD, 3Eitan R. Friedman, MD, 4 and Joyce M. Slingerland, MD, PhD. (PMC)
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