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The prevalence of upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases is increasing in subjects aged 65 years and over. Pathophysiological changes in esophageal functions that occur with aging may, at least in part, be responsible for the high prevalence of
1. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in old age.
2. The incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers and their bleeding complications is increasing in old-aged populations worldwide.
3. H. pylori infection in elderly patients with H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease and severe chronic gastritis.
4. Almost 40% of GU and 25% of DU in the elderly patients are associated with the use of NSAID(1) and/or aspirin(2).(a)
Gastric ulcers
Gastric ulcer, a type of peptic ulcer is defined as a condition of a localized tissue erosion in the lining the stomach.
The Treatment
In Herbal medicine perspective
Despite a number of reports on the toxicity of herbs and spices, they are generally accepted as safer alternatives to conventional therapy against gastric ulcers. But excessive consumption of spices may favor the pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer and some studies have substantiated this common perception(39).
1. Korean red ginseng
In the study to assess the effects of a KRG-containing drug (KRGCD) on gastric ulcer models in mice, found that KRGCD (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer compared with the vehicle-treated (control) group. KRGCD (100 and 300 mg/kg) also decreased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased gastric mucosal blood flow compared with the control group(40).
In the study to assess the effects of a KRG-containing drug (KRGCD) on gastric ulcer models in mice, found that KRGCD (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly decreased ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer compared with the vehicle-treated (control) group. KRGCD (100 and 300 mg/kg) also decreased the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and increased gastric mucosal blood flow compared with the control group(40).
2. Alchornea triplinervia
Alchornea triplinervia is a medicinal plant commonly used by people living in the Cerrado region of Brazil to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. According to the study by Departamentos de Fisiologia, São Paulo State University, ME displayed antibacterial activity against H. pylori. Liquid-liquid separation of ME indicated that active constituents responsible for the gastroprotective action are concentrated in the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) (50% protection) rather than in the aqueous fraction, which did not induce significant gastroprotection at the same dose (100 mg/kg). EAF induced an increase of gastric mucosa prostaglandin (PG) E(2) levels, which remained high even after previous administration of indomethacin. The phytochemical profile of ME revealed that EAF contains mainly flavonoids. In conclusion, all these results suggest that ME did not show acute toxicity, but exhibited an antisecretory property, anti-H. pylori effect, and gastroprotective action(41).
3. Davilla elliptica and Davilla nitida
Davilla elliptica and Davilla nitida are species commonly found in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. In the study to evaluate the gastroprotective action of both extracts in rodent experimental models (HCl/ethanol, ethanol or NSAID), researchers at the São Paulo State University, found that EDE and EDN (500 mg/kg) were able to protect gastric mucosa against HCl/ethanol solution (EDE 63%; EDN 59%), absolute ethanol (EDE 95%; EDN 88%), and also against injurious effect of NSAID (EDE 77%; EDN 67%). When EDE and EDN were challenged with sulfhydryl depleter compound, the gastroprotective action of both extracts was completely abolished. EDE had gastroprotective effect related to increase of glutathione bioavailability and stimulated higher levels of NO, H2O2 and TNF-alpha production(42).
4. Oxalis corniculata
In the study to investigate the antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Oxalis corniculata (whole plant) using pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in Wistar rats, found that pretreatment of test extract significantly (p<0.05) decreased the gastric volume, total acidity, free acidity and increase in the pH of the gastric fluid in pylorus-ligated rats. It also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in number of ulcers, ulcers score and ulcer index in pylorus ligated and indomethacin treated rats(43).
5. Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud
Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. is used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat peptic ulcer. In the study to evaluate the gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activity of Cedrus deodara, researchers at the Shobhit University, showed that he volatile oil showed significant antisecretory activity as evidenced by decreased gastric fluid volume, total acidity, free acidity and increase in the pH of the gastric fluid in pylorus-ligated rats. Pretreatment with Cedrus deodara significantly reduced the number of ulcer, ulcer score and ulcer index in pylorus-ligated and ethanol treated rats. The antiulcer activity of Cedrus deodara is further supported by histopathological study which showed protection of mucosal layer from ulceration and inflammation(44).
6. Hyptis spicigera Lam. (Lamiaceae)
Hyptis Jacq. (Lamiaceae) is being used in traditional medicine to treat fever, inflammation and gastric disturbances. Hyptis spicigera Lam. is a native plant distributed across the central region of Brazil. In the study to assess the effects of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Hyptis spicigera (OEH) for their gastroprotective and healing activities, showed that the efficacy and safety of Hyptis spicigera in combating and healing gastric ulcer. Considering the results, it is suggested that the OEH could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer(45).
7. Achyrocline satureoides (Lam.) DC (Asteraceae) (Marcela)
In the study to evaluate and contribute to validating the antiulcer activity of hydroalcoholic extract of inflorescences of Achyrocline satureoides, found that hydroalcoholic extract of Achyrocline satureoides displays antiulcer activity, as demonstrated by the significant inhibition of the formation of ulcers induced using different models. However, this activity appears not be related to the antisecretor mechanisms. Moreover, this work suggests that preparations obtained from Achyrocline satureoides could be used for the development of new phytotherapic drugs for the treatment of gastric ulcer(46).
8. Etc.
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Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15588798
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20533590
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718962
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19053863
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501275
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23204622
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182918
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21396435
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20546870
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