Herbal Anise may have a synergistic antibacterial activity effect in reduced risk and treatment of infection, some scientists suggested.
Bacteria are microorganisms consisted of consist of a single cell with a simple internal structure. harmless. most of them are harmless to humans and can be distinguished by the nature of their cell walls, by their shape, or by differences in their genetic makeup.
Bacteria reproduced through cell cycle division. in other words, they multiply by making a copy of the DNA and grows large in size by doubling its cellular content. before splitting it into two identical "daughter" cells.
Bacteria can also be beneficial to human health as they help to maintain the orderly functioning of the digestive system such as digesting the food that the stomach can not digest, producing the vitamins for our body needs, improving the immune function and most importantly, ensuring the optimal digestive functioning.
Some infectious bacteria are dangerous to human health. As they can divide quickly, after entering the body. Many produce chemicals called toxins, which not only fence off the attack from the immune system but also can damage.
Due to antibiotics overuse over a last 3 decades, some infected bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance, a phenomenon where infectious bacteria are no longer susceptible to previously effective antibiotics.
Synergistic antibacterial activity is a condition in which the whole herb application exerts a greater effect than the sum of individual ingredients combined.
Anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belonging to the family Apiaceae native to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as a fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, antiseptic, anti-spasmodic,...
Chemical constituents
Anethole, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.
In the comparison of the antibacterial effect against a wide range of foodborne Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts and molds by an agar well diffusion method in five different varieties of Ocimum basilicum L. plants, including Anise, researchers found that application Anise essential oil exhibited a strong effect in decreased expression the acid-tolerant microorganisms including Lactobacillus curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, synergistically, compared to mixtures of the predominant components of pure linalool and methyl chavicol.
In a tomato juice medium, Anise oil injection also exerted antibacterial activity at doses of 0·1% and 1% Anise oil, against Lact. curvatus and S. cerevisiae, respectively.
The inhibitory effect of Anise oil was substantially higher, comparison to the mixtures of the predominant components of pure linalool and methyl chavicol, against the acid-tolerant organisms, Lactobacillus curvatus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, examined in broth by an indirect impedance method.
Furthermore, essential oil extracted from the Anise seed used alone or combined with essential oil extracted from aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris, also displayed a significant effect in inhibiting nine Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus Vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Pimpinella anisum essential oils methanol extracts at doses of MIC 15.6 and 62.5mug/ml) were particularly effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Proteus vulgaris.
Some researchers suggested that Anise antibacterial effect probably was attributed to the bioactive major compound anethole in the modulation of the immunity.
According to some studies, application of essential oil in mice model, trans-anethole and estragole, a derivative of anethole improved the host immunity by reducing the expression of hypersensitivity response and increasing the numbers of white blood cells(leucocytes) in the circulatory system with function in counteracting foreign substances and diseases.
Further differentiation also found that trans-anethole improved the immune function in stimulating the transformation of B cells into plasma cells in the produced and secreted antibodies whether a foreign substance was scented.
Additionally, anethole isolated from Anise also exhibited a strong effect in protecting the immunity against mice fed with cyclophosphamide to induced chemo suppression of immunity.
Indeed, an Anise essential oil demonstrated a significant effect in the immune responses by modulating the levels of immune-inflammatory factors interleukins (IL6, IL8, and IL10) and tumor necrosis factor(TNFα ) against infectious microorganism in initiating the acute phase of infection.
Additionally, in animal-tested with E. acervulina-infected, the application of essential oil isolated from Anise also increased the expression of lymphocytes in the infectious intestinal area.
Taken all altogether, the findings suggested that Anise essential oil including the bioactive phytochemical anethole may be used as an antibacterial agent, particularly in the externally acute phase of infection.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) The synergistic preservative effects of the essential oils of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) against acid-tolerant food microflora K.J. Lachowicz1 , G.P. Jones1 , D.R. Briggs1 , F.E. Bienvenu2 , J. Wan3 , A. Wilcock3 and M.J. Coventry3 1School of Nutrition and Public Health, Deakin University, Geelong, 2Ovens Research Station, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Myrtleford, and 3Australian Food Industry Science Centre, Werribee, Victoria, Australia(Letters in Applied Microbiology Volume 26, Issue 3, Version of Record online: 4 JAN 2002)
(2) Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts by Al-Bayati FA1.(PubMed)
(3) Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of trans-anethole and estragole, and protective effect against cyclophosphamide-induced suppression of immunity in Swiss albino mice by Luiz Alexandre Marques Wiirzler, Francielli Maria de Souza Silva-Comar, Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho, Michael Jefferson Amorim de Oliveira, Ciomar Aparecida Bersani-Amado, Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman(International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products)
(4) Immune effects of dietary anethole on Eimeria acervulina infection by Kim DK1, Lillehoj HS, Lee SH, Jang SI, Park MS, Min W, Lillehoj EP, Bravo D.(PubMed)
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