The Holistic prevention, management and treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The Risk factors

Kyle J. Norton(Scholar, Master of Nutrients), all right reserved.
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

                          Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases among reproductive-age women caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries associated with a high risk for metabolic disorder(1) as resulting of enlarged ovaries(2), leading to hormone imbalance(excessive androgen and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) )(1)(3)(4)(5), induced Hirsutism(6)(7), reproductive disorder(10(12)), risks of type 2 diabetes(9)(10)(11), metabolic syndrome(10)(12) and early cardiovascular disease(8)(13), acne(10)(14), endometrial cancer(18)(19),weight gain and obesity(15)(16)(17). The syndrome effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.
Unfortunately, according to studies, women with PCOs after the reproductive age, are associated to continuously increase risk of type II diabetes, with no increasingaltered glucose tolerance(20), CVD and hypertension(21).

The Risk factors

1. Family history
Risk of PCOs is increase if your mother or sister has PCOS(29). According to North Staffordshire Hospital, polycystic ovaries are highly prevalent within families as an autosomal dominant trait, in the analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families(30).

2. Reproductive age women
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 4% to 18% of reproductive-aged women(31)

3. Environment risks
a. Eating plastic-packaged food(32), fruit with pericarp(32) and drinking alcohol(32) were associated to the independent risk factors for PCOS. According to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, risks of PCOs increased with the use of disposable plastic cup for drinking, cooking oil fume and indoor decoration(33).
b. Exposure to industrial products such as Bisphenol A (BPA)(36)were found to exacerbate the clinical course of PCOS(34) as they exhibited impairment of normal reproductive function and metabolic regulation(35).

4. Dietary factor
Over-nutrition with foods in advanced glycated end products (AGEs) is found to associated to risk of PCOs(34).

5. Metabolic perturbations begin early in adolescence are also found to elevate risk of PCOs(37).

6. Psychotropic medication
Prolonged period uses of psychotropic drugs such as mood stabilizers, lithium are also induced higher risk of PCOs(38). Women with epilepsy are also at risk of developed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) if treated by valproate sodium (VPA) therapy(39)(40).

7. Genetic mutations
Although it is uncleared, genetic mutation of certain genes may be associated to the risk of PCOs, according to studies, such as the zona pellucida 4 (ZP4)(41) gene, polymorphism of FXIIIVal34Leu gene(42), C/T single nucleotide polymorphism at exon 17(43), single nucleotide polymorphism-56 of calpain-10 gene(44), vaspin rs2236242 polymorphism(45), etc.

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References
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(2) A "kiss" before conception: triggering ovulation with kisspeptin-54 may improve IVF by Young SL.(PubMed)
(3.) Androgen hyperfunction and excessive heterosexual hair growth in women, with special attention to the polycystic ovarian syndrome by Lunde O1.(PubMed)
(4) Expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in letrozole rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome by Du DF1, Li XL, Fang F, Du MR.(PubMed)
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(6) [Current opinions on the etiology and pathophysiology of hirsutism].[Article in Polish] by Krysiak R1, Kedzia A, Okopień B.(PubMed)
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(20) Polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic consequences and long-term management by Carmina E1.(PubMed)
(21) Arterial stiffness is increased in asymptomatic nondiabetic postmenopausal women with a polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype by Armeni E1, Stamatelopoulos K, Rizos D, Georgiopoulos G, Kazani M, Kazani A, Kolyviras A, Stellos K, Panoulis K, Alexandrou A, Creatsa M, Papamichael C, Lambrinoudaki I.(PubMed)
(29) Hormonal abnormalities in first-degree relatives of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by Lenarcik A1, Bidzińska-Speichert B, Tworowska-Bardzińska U, Krępuła K.(PubMed)
(30) Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families by Govind A1, Obhrai MS, Clayton RN.(PubMed)
(31) Lifestyle changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Moran LJ1, Hutchison SK, Norman RJ, Teede HJ.(PubMed)
(32) Environmental risk factors for women with polycystic ovary syndrome in china: a population-based case-control study by Zhang J1, Liu XF1, Liu Y1, Xu LZ1, Zhou LL1, Tang LL1, Zhuang J1, Li TT1, Guo WQ2, Hu R3, Qiu DS3, Han DW3.(PubMed)
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(35) Industrial endocrine disruptors and polycystic ovary syndrome by Palioura E1, Diamanti-Kandarakis E.(PubMed)
(36) Bisphenol A (BPA) and its potential role in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by Rutkowska A1, Rachoń D.(PubMed)
(37) PCOS in adolescence and type 2 diabetes by Carreau AM1, Baillargeon JP.(PubMed)
(38) [Adverse events of psychotropic drugs]. [Article in Japanese] by Watanabe K, Kikuchi T.(PubMed)
(39) [Characteristics of women with epilepsy who developed polycystic ovary syndrome owing to the therapy with valproate sodium]. [Article in Japanese] Minagawa K1, Watanabe T, Oyanagi R.(PubMed)
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(41) Study on the zona pellucida 4 (ZP4) gene sequence and its expression in the ovaries of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome by Meczekalski B1, Nawrot R, Nowak W, Czyzyk A, Kedzia H, Gozdzicka-Jozefiak A.(PubMed)
(42) Association study of polymorphism of FXIIIVal34Leu gene and polycystic ovary syndrome by Wang X1, Yang Y1, Huang Y2, Wang Q3.(PubMed)
(43) [Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism of insulin receptor gene with polycystic ovary syndrome]. [Article in Chinese] by Chen ZJ1, Shi YH, Zhao YR, Li Y, Tang R, Zhao LX, Chang ZH.(PubMed)
(44) [Relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism-56 of calpain-10 gene and glucose and lipid metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome patients]. [Article in Chinese] by Diao XH1, Shi YH, Gao Q, Wang LC, Tang R, Chen ZJ.(PubMed)
(45) Association between vaspin rs2236242 gene polymorphism and polycystic ovary syndrome risk by Kohan L1, Zarei A2, Fallahi S3, Tabiee O4.(PubMed)